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Huszt
Хуст
Huszt
Hungarian:
Huszt
Ukrainian:
Хуст
German:
Hus(s)t
Historical Hungarian county:
Máramaros
Country:
Ukraine
Province:
Закарпатська область
River:
Tisza
Altitude:
168 m
GPS coordinates:
48.175311, 23.292205
Google map:
Population
Population:
28k
Hungarian:
6%
Population in 1910
| Total | 10292 |
|---|---|
| Hungarian | 34% |
| German | 15% |
| Rusin | 51% |
Coat of Arms
The castle of Huszt, evoced by the poem of Kölcsey Ferenc, the poet of the Hungarian Anthem, was built by King St. László of Hungary against the Cumans according to the legend. This might not be true, but we can be sure, that the privilege granted by King Charles I of Hungary in 1329 made Huszt the center of the four crown towns of Máramaros County along the river Tisza, and this proves the significance of the settlement. Its castle was of great strategic importance, as it protected the roads leading to the salt mines of Máramaros and the crown towns. In the turbulent times following the Battle of Mohács, its castellan, Kávássy Kristóf, was able to plunder the countryside undisturbed. Later, it became an important border fortress of the Principality of Transylvania, which was the bastion of Hungarian independence against Habsburg oppression. In the middle of the 17th century, the castle was owned by Rhédey Ferenc. This was its golden age, because even the nobility of the neighboring counties of the Kingdom of Hungary enrolled their children to its renowned school. It was an important stronghold of the insurgents during the War of Independence led by Rákóczi Ferenc II, and the castle, which survived every war, was eventually destroyed by mother nature. The town was taken from Hungary and given to Czechoslovakia in 1920. Huszt took on a disgraceful leading role for a short time in 1938, when it became the seat of the autonomous region led by Avgustin Voloshin. Volosin began violent Ukrainianization and set up a concentration camp for the Hungarian and Rusyn opposition. Voloshin's republic proclaimed in Huszt on March 14, 1939 pleading immediately for German patronage was ended the next day by Hungarian troops liberating Subcarpathia. Perhaps the most beautiful attraction of the town is the Reformed church, built in the late 14th century and originally dedicated to St. Elizabeth of Hungary.
Check out other towns in Subcarpathia (Ukraine) as well!
History
Sights
© OpenStreetMap contributors
895
Arrival of the Hungarians
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895
The alliance of the seven Hungarian tribes took possession of the then largely uninhabited Carpathian Basin. Until then, the sparse Slavic population of the north-western Carpathians had lived under Moravian rule for a few decades after the collapse of the Avar Khaganate in the early 9th century.
895
The Hungarian tribes arrived in the Carpathian Basin through the Verecke Pass 60 kilometers north of the town. The present-day Subcarpathia was mostly uninhabited at that time.
1000
Foundation of the Hungarian Kingdom
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1000
The Kingdom of Hungary was established with the coronation of King Stephen I. He converted the Hungarians to Christianity and created two archdioceses (Esztergom and Kalocsa) and ten dioceses. He divided Hungary into counties led by ispáns, who were appointed by the king.
1090
According to the legends the castle was built by King László I of Hungary against the Cumans. This was not confirmed by written documents.
after 1235
King Béla IV of Hungary started populating Subcarpathia with Hungarian soldiers and nobles at the beginning of his reign.
1241-1242
Mongol Invasion
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1241-1242
The hordes of the Mongol Empire invaded Hungary and almost completely destroyed it. One third to one half of the population was destroyed. The Mongols also suffered heavy losses in the battle of Muhi and they could not hunt down the king. After their withdrawal, King Béla IV reorganized Hungary. He allowed the feudal lords to build stone castles because they were able to successfully resist the nomadic Mongols. The vast majority of stone castles were built after this. The king called in German, Vlach (Romanian) and Slavic settlers to replace the destroyed population.
1241-1242
The Mongol Invasion caused large destruction in the population of Subcarpathia. During the repopulation Germans settlers, later Rusyn migrants arrived from Halych.
after 1242
The castle was most likely built after the Mongol Invasion. It had great strategic importance, because it protected the road to the salt mines of Máramaros County and also the five crown towns of Máramaros (Huszt, Visk, Técső, Hosszúmező and Máramarossziget).
1301
The extinction of the House of Árpád
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1301
The House of Árpád, the first Hungarian royal dynasty, died out with the death of King Andrew III. Hungary was ruled by oligarchs, the most powerful of whom was Csák Máté, whose main ally was the Aba family. King Charles I (1308-1342), supported by the Pope, eventually emerged as the most prominent of the contenders for the Hungarian throne. But it took decades to break the power of the oligarchs.
1329
The settlement was mentioned by the name Huszth. The privilege granted by King Charles I of Hungary made Huszt the center of the four crown towns (Máramarossziget joined them in 1352). The town's name comes from the name of the Husztica stream, and it comes from the Slavic husztka (=kerchief) noun, refering to shape of the valley where it lies.
1353
The castle of Huszt was mentioned for the first time.
1365
King Sigismund of Hungary gave the area to the Vlach vajdas Drág and Balk, the ancestors of the Drágffy family, in order to protect the border of Hungary against the attacks of the vajda of Moldavia. They inherited the positions of the ispán of Máramaros County and of the head of the salt chamber, and they were the largest lanowners in the area. Later King Sigismund gave Huszt to the secret chancellor Perényi Imre, which started the hundred-years long conflict of the two families.
late 15th century
The town returned to the possession of the crown. It was owned by the king, later by the queens together with the salt mines. The incomes flowed to the treasury of Queen Beatrice, the wife of King Matthias of Hungary.
1498
The castle and the estate was recovered by Perényi Gábor for his family.
1516
The nobility of the neighborhood sought refuge in the castle during the Peasants' War of Dózsa György. The insurgents besieged the castle unsuccesfully. Afterwards the castle was again in royal hands.
1526
Battle of Mohács and the splitting of Hungary into two parts
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1526
Sultan Suleiman I launched a war against Vienna, instigated by the French. Ferdinand I, Duke of Austria, was the brother-in-law of King Louis II of Hungary. The army of the Ottoman Empire defeated the much smaller Hungarian army at Mohács, and King Louis II died in the battle. A group of the barons elected Ferdinand I of the House of Habsburg to the throne, who promised to defend Hungary from the Turks. He was the younger brother of the most powerful European monarch Emperor Charles V. But the nobility chose the most powerful Hungarian baron, Szapolyai János, who was also crowned as King John I. The country was split in two and a decades-long struggle for power began.
after 1526
The widow Queen Mary owned the castle for a while. It changed owners multiple times, then Nádasdy Tamás received it, who switched to the side of King Ferdinand. However, the castellan of Huszt, Kristóf Kávássy, still supported King John I, and continued to hold the castle.
1530
Kávássy Kristóf ruthlessly sacked the town of Huszt. Because of his actions, he is referred to in the chronicles as a predator and a killer. According to the sources, he plundered three counties. Kávássy was also involved in counterfeiting money.
January 1533
King John I of Hungary stayed in the castle.
1541
The Turkish occupation of the capital, Buda, and the division of Hungary into three parts
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1541
The Turks conquered Buda, the capital of Hungary, after the death of King John I. The central part of the country was under Turkish rule for 150 years. The western and northern parts (including present-day Slovakia) formed the Kingdom of Hungary ruled by the Habsburg emperors. The eastern parts (now mainly under Romanian rule) were ruled by the successors of King John I of Hungary, who later established the Principality of Transylvania.
1546
King Ferdinand I captured the castle.
1556
The army of Queen Isabella, the widow of King John I of Hungary, besieged the castle, but they could capture it only by starving out the guards.
1570
The establishment of the Principality of Transylvania
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1570
John II (John Sigismund), the son of King John I of Hungary, renounced the title of King of Hungary in favor of King Maximilian of the House of Habsburg, and henceforth held the title of Prince. This formally created the Principality of Transylvania, which was the eastern half of Hungary not ruled by the Habsburgs and was also a vassal of the Ottoman Empire. John II died in 1571, after which the three nations of Transylvania (the Hungarian nobility, the Székelys and the Saxons) elected the prince.
1570
According to the Treaty of Speyer between King Maximilian and King John II, the castle was attached to the Principality of Transylvania, and it became one of its most important border castles.
1570
According to the Treaty of Speyer, Ung, Bereg and Ugocsa counties came under control of the Kingdom of Hungary (Habsburg ruled part of Hungary), while Máramaros County became part of Principality of Transylvania (the former kingdom of King John II of Hungary). As part of Máramaros County, Huszt belonged to the Principality of Transylvania, and became one of its most important frontier castles. According to the treaty, John II renounced the Hungarian crown in favor of King Maximilian, in exchange for becoming the prince of Transylvania and the Parts, but it was stated that Transylvania was an inalienable part of the Hungarian Crown.
1571
Prince John of Trasylvania left the castle on Hagymássy Kristóf, Békés Gáspár and Csáky Mihály in his will. With the death of the prince, Transylvania was supposed to fall in the hands of King Maximilian according to the Treaty of Speyer. But the Estates elected Báthory István Prince of Transylvania instead. When Békés Gáspár turned against the Prince, Hagymássy Kristóf handed over the castle to the Prince. The poet Balassa Bálint came to the aid of Békés with his army. He first beat the men of the captain of Huszt, Kornis Gáspár, but then he fell in the trap of Hagymássy Kristóf. The rich estate was owned by the princes of Transylvania afterwards.
1594
The settlement was destroyed by the Tatars, but they couldn't capture the castle.
1619
The campaign of Prince Bethlen Gábor of Transylvania in the Thirty Years' War
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1619
At the beginning of the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648), Prince Bethlen Gábor of Transylvania went to war against the Habsburg emperor as an ally of the rebelling Czech-Moravian-Austrian estates. The whole Kingdom of Hungary joined him, only the Austrian defenders of Pozsony had to be put to the sword. With his allies, he laid siege to Vienna. However, he was forced to abandon the siege because the Habsburg-loyal Hungarian aristocrat Homonnai Drugeth György attacked his heartland with Polish mercenaries. On 25 August 1620, the Diet of Besztercebánya elected Bethlen Gábor King of Hungary as vassal of the Turks. He continued to fight after the defeat of the Czechs at White Mountain on 8 November 1620, but without real chance to achieve decisive victory, he decided to come to an agreement with Emperor Ferdinand II.
31 December 1621
Peace of Nikolsburg
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31 December 1621
Prince Bethlen Gábor of Transylvania made peace with Emperor Ferdinand II. Their agreement secured the constitutional rights of the Estates of Hungary, and later it was supplemented with the freedom of religion. Bethlen renounced the title of King of Hungary in exchange for seven counties of the Upper Tisza region (Szabolcs, Szatmár, Bereg, Ugocsa, Zemplén, Borsod, Abaúj) for the rest of his life, other estates in Hungary as his private property and the imperial title of Duke of Oppeln and Ratibor (Opole and Racibórz), one of the Duchies of Silesia. Prince Bethlen went to war against the Habsburgs in 1623 and 1626, but was unable to negotiate more favourable terms.
first half of the 17th century
Prince Bethlen Gábor of Transylvania gave the estate to his younger brother István, thus it became the estate of the Bethlen family. Bethlen István married Károlyi Kata, the widow of the captain of Várad Rhédey Ferenc, so the castle was inherited by his son, Rhédey Ferenc III.
1644-1645
The campaign of Prince Rákóczi György I of Transylvania in the Thirty Years' War
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1644-1645
Prince Rákóczi György I of Transylvania allied with the Swedes and the French in the Thirty Years' War and went to war against the Habsburg Emperor Ferdinand III. On 18 July 1645 his army joined forces with Torstenson's Swedish army under Brno (Moravia). The excellent artillery of Transylvania opened fire on the city walls. However, Rákóczi had to give up the siege, having been informed that the Turks were planning a punitive campaign against Transylvania, because he went to war against the Sultan's prohibition.
1644
Prince Rákóczi György I of Transylvania besieged the castle.
16 December 1645
Peace of Linz
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16 December 1645
Prince Rákóczi György I of Transylvania made peace with Emperor Ferdinand III. It secured the freedom of religion for the Protestants and extended it also to the serfs. Rákóczi received the same seven Hungarian counties that Prince Bethlen Gábor had also held (Abauj, Zemplén, Borsod, Bereg, Ugocsa, Szabolcs, Szatmár) until his death, and the counties of Szabolcs and Szatmár were also to be inherited by his sons. The Rákóczi family also received several new estates.
1648
Prince Rákóczy György I of Transylvania granted Rhédey Ferenc the title of eternal ispán of Máramaros County. This was the golden age of Huszt Castle, because even the nobility of the neighboring counties (in the Kingdom of Hungary) enrolled their children to its renowned school.
January 1657
Prince Rákóczi György II of Transylvania launched a campaign against Poland in alliance with Carl X Gustaf of Sweden. His goal was to take the Polish crown and unite the Hungarian-Polish-Wallachian forces against the Turks. The campaign started successfully, the Prince even occupied Kraków and Warsawa, but afterwards the King of Sweden let him down. The vengeful Poles led by Marshall Jerzy Lubomirski broke into northern Transylvania.
1657
After the unsuccesful Polish campaign of Prince Rákóczi György II of Transylvania, the Poles besieged the castle.
1657
Turkish and Tatar armies attacked Transylvania as a retaliation for the campaign of Prince Rákóczi György II for Poland previously forbidden by the Sultan. The Estates made Rákóczi resign and elected Rhédey Ferenc in his place.
January 24, 1658
Rhédey Ferenc resigned of his own accord, but he became one of the councilor of the new prince, Apaffy Mihály.
1661-62
Turkish and Tatar armies besieged the castle.
1664
Victory over the Turks at Szentgotthárd and the shameful Peace of Vasvár
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1664
The imperial army achieved a significant victory over the Turks at the battle of Szentgotthárd. Despite this, Emperor Leopold I concluded a 20-year peace treaty with the Turks at Vasvár on terms that made it look as if the Turks had won. This caused a huge outcry in Europe and among the Hungarian nobility, who expected the country to be liberated after the victory. The formerly Habsburg-loyal Catholic Hungarian barons began to plot against the Emperor with the leadership of Wesselényi Ferenc. In 1668, at the end of the Franco-Spanish War, King Louis XIV of France withdrew his support for the conspiracy, and the support of the Turks was not obtained.
May 13, 1667
Count Rhédey Ferenc, ispán of Máramaros County, died in the castle. Later Chancellor Teleki Mihály became the ispán of Máramaros and the captain of Huszt and acquired the estate that belonged to it.
1670
During the Wesselényi-conspiracy one part of the army of Rákóczi Ferenc I retreated to the castle from the army of General Spork. The owner of the castle was at that time Thököly Imre (the close relative of the Rhédey and the Bethlen families), who was expelled from the Kingdom of Hungary. Huszt Castle became one of the centers of the unfolding kuruc movement.
1671
Exposure of the Wesselényi conspiracy
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1671
After the exposure of the anti-Hapsburg Wesselényi conspiracy, the main organisers, Zrínyi Péter, Nádasdy Ferenc and Frangepán Ferenc were executed. Wesselényi Ferenc died in 1667. The Croatian uprising, which was part of the conspiracy, was crushed by the Habsburgs in 1670.
after 1671
Kuruc Movement
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after 1671
Many noble, burgher and preacher fled to the Principality of Transylvania and the territory under Turkish occupation from the reprisals after the exposure of the anti-Habsburg Wesselényi-conspiracy and from the violent Counter-Reformation. They were joined by dismissed Hungarian soldiers of the Turkish border forts, who were replaced by German mercenaries. They were called the fugitives (bujdosók). They started an armed movement against the Habsburg rule. Because of the Turkish ban, the Principality of Transylvania could not openly support them. From 1677, the French supported their cause with money and Polish mercenaries. They achieved their first serious success when they temporarily occupied the mining towns of northern Hungary (now central Slovakia) under the command of Thököly lmre. He then became the sole leader of the movement. In 1679, the French made peace with Emperor Leopold I and withdrew their support for the fugitives. Between 1678 and 1681 Thököly Imre led successful raids against the Habsburgs and their supporters in the territory of the Kingdom of Hungary. The insurgents were called kurucs.
1682
Thököly Imre, Prince of Upper Hungary
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1682
Thököly Imre, the leader of the kuruc insurgents, gained the support of the Turks. He launched a campaign against the Habsburgs in the Kingdom of Hungary. With the support of the Turkish army, he occupied the town of Kassa and also the important stronghold of Fülek. He was then recognized by the Turks as King of Hungary, but he chose the title of Prince of Upper Hungary.
1683
Turkish defeat at Vienna and the formation of the Holy League
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1683
The combined armies of the Habsburg Empire and the Kingdom of Poland defeated the Turkish army besieging Vienna. Emperor Leopold I wanted to make peace with the Turks, but was refused by Sultan Mehmed IV. In 1684, at the persistent urging of Pope Innocent XI, the Holy League, an alliance of the Kingdom of Poland, the Habsburg Empire, the Republic of Venice and the Papal States, was formed to expel the Turks from Hungary. Thököly Imre, who had allied himself with the Turks, was gradually driven out of northern Hungary.
1685
The Turkish captivity of Thököly Imre and the fall of the kuruc movement
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1685
The Pasha of Várad captured Thököly Imre as he was asking for Turkish help and offered him to Emperor Leopold I for peace. But the Imperial emissaries laughed at his face, because, having the upper hand, they no longer cared for Thököly. On the news of his capture, the town of Kassa and the kuruc strongholds surrendered to the Emperor one after the other. The Turks, seeing their fatal mistake, released Thököly the following year and tried to restore his authority, but his power was broken forever and the Hungarian insurgents no longer trusted the Turks. Most of the insurgents joined the imperial army and helped to liberate the rest of Hungary from the Turks.
1686
Recapture of Buda and the liberation of Hungary from the Turks
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1686
The army of the Holy League recaptured Buda from the Turks by siege. In 1687, the Imperial army invaded the Principality of Transylvania. The liberation was hindered by the French breaking their promise of peace in 1688 and attacking the Habsburg Empire. By 1699, when the Peace of Karlóca was signed, all of Hungary and Croatia had been liberated from the Ottoman Empire with the exception of Temesköz, the area bounded by the Maros, the Tisza and the Danube rivers. It was not until the Peace of Požarevac in 1718 that Temesköz was liberated from the Turks. However, the continuous war against the Turkish invaders and the Habsburg autocracy, which lasted for more than 150 years, wiped out large areas of the Hungarian population, which had previously made up 80% of the country's population, and was replaced by Vlachs (Romanians), Serbs and other Slavic settlers and Germans. The Habsburgs also favoured the settlement of these foreign peoples over the 'rebellious' Hungarians.
1690
Transylvania became part of the Kingdom of Hungary again, with internal autonomy and freedom of religion
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1690
According to the Diploma Leopoldinum issued by Emperor Leopold I, Transylvania became part of the Kingdom of Hungary again and Hungarian law remained in force. The three nations (the Hungarians, the Székelys – who are also Hungarians –, and the Saxons) administered its internal affairs with autonomy and the freedom of religion was also preserved. The incorporation of Transylvania into the Habsburg Empire was prevented by the temporary election of Thököly Imre as Prince of Transylvania in 1690 with Turkish help.
1703-1711
Hungarian War of Independence led by Prince Rákóczi Ferenc II
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1703-1711
After the expulsion of the Turks, the Habsburgs treated Hungary as a newly conquered province and did not respect its constitution. The serfs rose up against the Habsburg ruler because of the sufferings caused by the war and the heavy burdens, and they invited Rákóczi Ferenc II to lead them. Trusting in the help promised by King Louis XIV of France, he accepted. Rákóczi rallied the nobility to his side, and soon most of the country was under his control. The rebels were called the kurucs. In 1704, the French and the Bavarians were defeated at the Battle of Blenheim, depriving the Hungarians of their international allies. The Rusyn, Slovak and Vlach peasants and the Saxons of Szepes supported the fight for freedom, while the Serbs in the south and the Saxons in Transylvania served the Habsburgs. Due to lack of funds Rákóczi could not raise a strong regular army, and in 1710, Hungary was also hit by a severe plague. Rákóczi tried unsuccessfully to forge an alliance with Tsar Peter the Great of Russia. In his absence, without his knowledge, his commander-in-chief, Károlyi Sándor, accepted Emperor Joseph I's peace offer. The Peace of Szatmár formally restored the Hungarian constitution and religious freedom and granted amnesty, but did not ease the burden of serfdom. Rákóczi refused to accept the pardon and went into exile. He died in Rodosto, Turkey.
August 17, 1703
After the beginning of the War of Independence, one of the supporters of Rákóczi Ferenc II, Ilosvay Imre, managed to convince the unpaid German garrison of the castle to join the side of the Prince. The insurgents proclaimed the independence of Transylvania here.
March 18, 1706
The Estates of Transylvania made an alliance with those of Hungary in the castle, according to which none of them would make peace with the Emperor without the other, and the Estates of the Kingdom of Hungary recognized Rákóczi Ferenc II as Prince of Transylvania.
April 27, 1711
Prince Rákóczi Ferenc II called together the country assembly to Huszt for that day, but by that time the Peace of Szatmár had already been made. The castle was occupied by an Austrian garrison and started to decay slowly. This was the last Hungarian castle the Imperials captured at the end of the War of Independence.
July 3, 1766
More than one lightnings struck the castle. The fire reached the tower, where the gunpowder was stored. The explosion destroyed most of the buildings and the walls.
1798
The tower of the castle was torn down by a storm. It has been a ruin ever since.
1848-1849
Hungarian Revolution and War of Independence
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1848-1849
Following the news of the Paris Revolution on 22 February 1848, the Hungarian liberal opposition led by Kossuth Lajos demanded the abolition of serfdom, the abolition of the tax exemption of the nobility, a parliament elected by the people, and an independent and accountable national government. The revolution that broke out in Pest on 15 March expressed its demands in 12 points, which, in addition to the above mentioned, included the freedom of the press, equality before the law, the release of the political prisoners and the union with Transylvania. A Hungarian government was formed, Batthyány Lajos became prime minister, and on 11 April Emperor Ferdinand V ratified the reform laws. On August 31 the Emperor demanded the repeal of the laws threatening with military intervention. In September the Emperor unleashed the army of Jelacic, Ban of Croatia, on Hungary, but they were defeated by the Hungarians in the Battle of Pákozd on 29 September. An open war began for the independence of Hungary. The Habsburgs incited the nationalities against the Hungarians. The Rusyns, the Slovenes and most of the Slovaks and Germans supported the cause persistently, but the Vlachs (Romanians) and the Serbians turned against the Hungarians. The glorious Spring Campaign in 1849 led by General Görgei Artúr liberated almost all of Hungary. On 1 May 1849, Emperor Franz Joseph, effectively admitting defeat, asked for the help of Tsar Nicholas I of Russia, who sent an intervention army of 200,000 soldiers against Hungary. The resistance became hopeless against the overwhelming enemy forces and on 13 August Görgei Artúr surrendered to the Russians at Világos. Bloody reprisals followed, and on 6 October 1849, 12 generals and a colonel of the Hungarian Revolution, the martyrs of Arad, were executed in Arad. On the same day, Batthyány Lajos, the first Hungarian Prime Minister, was executed by firing squad in Pest. The Habsburgs introduced total authoritarianism in Hungary, but they also failed to fulfil their promises to the nationalities that had betrayed the Hungarians.
1848-1849
The population of present-day Subcarpathia, including the Rusyn minority, fought on the side of the Hungarian War of Independence.
1867
Austro-Hungarian Compromise
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1867
The Habsburg Empire was weakened by the defeats it suffered in the implementation of Italian and German unity. The Hungarians wanted to return to the reform laws of 1848, but they did not have the strength to do so. Emperor Franz Joseph and the Hungarian opposition, led by Deák Ferenc, finally agreed to restructure the Empire and abolish absolutism. Hungary was given autonomy in its internal affairs, with its own government and parliament, which was essential for the development of its economy and culture. However, foreign and military affairs remained in the hands of the Habsburgs and served their aspiration for becoming a great power. The majority wanted Hungary's independence, but they were excluded from political power.
1910
According to the census the town had 10,292 inhabitants, of whom 5,230 were Rusyns, 3,505 were Hungarians, and 1535 were Germans.
1914-1918
World War I
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1914-1918
As part of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, Hungary took part in the war on the side of the Central Powers.
November 1918 - January 1919
The Czech, Romanian and Serbian occupation of Hungary
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November 1918 - January 1919
In Hungary, the freemasonic subversion brought the pro-Entente Károlyi Mihály to power. The new government, naively trusting the Entente powers, met all their demands and disbanded the Hungarian military, which rendered the country completely defenseless in the most dire need. Under French and Italian command, Czech, Romanian and Serbian troops invaded large parts of Hungary, where they immediately began the takeover. They fired Hungarian railway workers, officials and teachers, banned the use of the Hungarian language, abolished Hungarian education, and disposed of everything that reminded them of the country's Hungarian past. Hundreds of thousands of Hungarians were forced to leave their homeland, and the forcible assimilation of the remaining Hungarians was begun.
November 1918
The revolutionary government of Hungary created Ruszka Krajna autonomous region to give autonomy to the Rusyn minority of Subcarpathia.
Summer 1919
The Romanian army invaded the town.
until 1920
The town was the seat of the District of Huszt within Máramaros County until the Trianon Dictate.
4 June 1920
Trianon Dictate
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4 June 1920
Hungary was forced to sign the Treaty of Trianon, although the country was not invited to the peace talks. Hungary lost two thirds of its territory that had belonged to it for more than 1000 years. One-third of the Hungarian population came under foreign rule. On the basis of the national principle, countries with a more mixed and less ethnically balanced composition than the former Hungary were created, such as Czechoslovakia and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later Yugoslavia). For example, while 48% of the population of the territory ceded to Czechoslovakia was Slovak and 30% Hungarian, 54% of the population of the former Hungary was Hungarian and 10.6% Slovak. And in the territory that is now part of Serbia, the Hungarians outnumbered the Serbs. The part of the territory allocated to Romania from Hungary was larger than the remaining territory of Hungary, despite the fact that there were 10 million Hungarians and less than 3 million Romanians in the former Hungary. While Hungary used to have the most liberal nationality policy in Europe, the successor states had no respect at all for the national and cultural rights of the indigenous Hungarians and engaged in forced assimilation. The Trianon Dictate destroyed the organic economic unity of the region. Before the First World War, Hungary had a dynamic economy, more advanced than Spain's. After 1920, the successor states formed the so-called "Little Entente", putting Hungary under an economic blockade and sabotaging it on the international stage.
June 4, 1920
Subcarpathia was attached to Czechoslovakia without holding a referendum, despite the fact that it had hardly any Slovak inhabitants. The Hungarian and Rusyn inhabited Subcarpathia was given to Czechoslovakia on condition that they had to provide the area autonomy, which they did not fulfill.
September 29, 1938
The Munich Agreement between the great powers obliged Czecholsovakia to start negotiations with Hungary to fulfill its territorial demands, but the Czechoslovaks had absolutely no intention to give Hungary back the areas inhabited by Hungarians.
October 9, 1938
The Czechoslovaks finally granted autonomy to Subcarpathia (which they had been obliged to provide according to the the Trianon Dictate that took the area from Hungary in 1920), so that the Rusyns would not want to return to Hungary. But the Czechoslovak authorities soon arrested Andrej Bródy, the head of the autonomous Rusyn government of Subcarpathia, because he demanded self-determination for his people.
October 26, 1938
Avgusztin Voloshin became the new Prime Minister of the autonomous Subcarpathia. But he demanded independence even more openly. He banned Hungarian and Rusyn newspapers and associations, and set up the Sich Guard, which was recruited from foreign Ukrainian volunteers from Galicia. His goal was the Ukrainization of Subcarpathia.
2 November 1938
First Vienna Award
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2 November 1938
Under the First Vienna Award, Hungary regained 11,927 km2 of territory from Czechoslovakia. Its population was 869 thousand people, 86.5% of whom were Hungarian. France and Great Britain did not take part in the decision taken by Germany and Italy, citing disinterest, but acknowledged its validity.
November 2, 1938
According to the First Vienna Award based on the Munich Agreement between the great powers, Hungary recovered the southern part of Subcarpathia, which was inhabited predominantly by Hungarians. The rest of Subcarpathia remained part of Czechoslovakia, although it had insignificant Slovak population. The autonomous Subcarpthia included Nagyszőlős and several other Hungarian settlements, and had a Rusyn majority. Its seat became Huszt, because Ungvár was given back to Hungary.
November 20, 1938
Avgusztin Volosin, the the leader of the autonomous Subcarpathia, created a concentration camp for his Hungarian and Rusyn opposition.
January 6, 1939
The Czechoslovak army together with the Ukrainian guard of Voloshin attacked Munkács, which was given back to Hungary according to the First Vienna Award. The attack was repelled thanks to the heroic defenders of the Hungarian town.
March 14, 1939
Because of the Ukrainian atrocities against the Hungarian inhabitants, Hungarian troops marched into Subcarpathia. Josef Tiso proclaimed the independence of Slovakia the same day. Voloshin declared the independent Carpathian-Ukrainian Republic in Huszt and pleaded for German patronage.
March 15-18, 1939
The Hungarian offensive took back Subcarpathia from the Czechs and from the Ukrainian guard of Voloshin. The captives of Voloshin's concentration camp were liberated. Voloshin died in a prison in Moscow on July 11, 1945. Voloshin has been treated as a Unkrainian hero since the fall of the Soviet Union. Huszt belonged to Hungary again until the Soviet invasion in 1944, and it was the seat of the administrative unit of Máramaros.
September, 1939
Poland was invaded by the Soviet Union and Germany. Thousands of Polish people found refuge in Hungary thanks to the restored historical Polish-Hungarian border.
spring 1944
The Jewish inhabitants of the town were deported after the German invasion of Hungary.
October 24, 1944
The Soviet Red Army invaded Huszt and most of the Hungarian and German inhabitants were deported.
November 3, 1944
Every Hungarian and German inhabitant of Subcarpathia between the age of 18 and 50 was obliged to present themselves to the authorities according to a decree. The disinformation was spread that they were needed for a 3 days work to restore the damages caused by the war (so called 'málenkij robot' meaning little work). In fact, they went to the concentration camp in Solyva, and from there to Siberian labor camps, where most of the died, and those who survived could return home only years later.
June 29, 1945
Subcarpathia was annexed by the Soviet Union and was attached to the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. The Rusyns were no longer recognized as a separate ethnic group and were declared Ukrainian. Hundreds of thousands of ethnic Ukrainians were moved to Subcarpathia from over the Carpathians.
1947
Paris Dictate
Little more...
1947
The Paris Dictate, in accordance with Soviet interests, did not recognise the just territorial revisions made by the two Vienna decisions and handed the reclaimed Hungarian-majority territories back to Czechoslovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia, where the Hungarians were subjected to severe atrocities, expulsions and deprivation of rights. It also seceded three more villages south of Pozsony from Hungary to Czechoslovakia.
1991. augusztus 24.
Ukraine became independent from the Soviet Union.
Source: Wikipedia, arcanum.hu - Bánlaky József: A magyar nemzet hadtörténelme
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Churches, religious buildings
Memorials
Churches, religious buildings
Calvinist Church
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© Raimond Spekking
Originally:
church
Currently:
church
Church:
Calvinist
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Calvinist Church
History
The church was built in the late 14th century and consecrated to St. Elizabeth of Hungary. It was taken over by the Calvinists in 1524, who established one of the oldest Calvinist congregations in Hungary, thanks to the Calvinist pastor Huszti Lovász Tamás. The church was renovated and expanded many times: by Bethlen István in 1638, by Prince Rákóczi György I of Transylvania in 1644, by the wife of Prince Kemény János of Transylvania, Lónyai Anna, in 1661, and by Prince Apafi Mihály of Transylvania in 1670. It was originally surrounded by a thick strong wall with bastions, which had two 16th century gates. The rectangular bell tower of the church was built in the 15th century. Originally, its inner walls were decorated with frescoes, which the Calvinists whitewashed. However, in 1888, the Hungarian art historian Sztehlo Ottó managed to draw some of the frescoes during the restoration.
St. Anne Church
Костел святої Анни
,_%D0%BC.%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82.jpg){kind=link}
Originally:
church
Currently:
church
Church:
Roman Catholic
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St. Anne Church
History
In 1524, the Calvinists took possession of the 14th-century Church of St. Elizabeth of Hungary as the entire population of the settlement converted to the new faith. In 1799, the foundation stone of the new Baroque Catholic church was laid. After 1945, church documents and priceless historical records were destroyed by the communists.
Greek Catholic Church
Собор Вознесіння Господнього УГКЦ
Originally:
church
Currently:
church
Church:
Greek Catholic
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Greek Catholic Church
History
The church was built in 1789. The towers date back to 1855. Petrőczi Kata Szinódia (1658-1708), the first Hungarian poetess, rests here.
Memorials
Plaque of Voloshin
History
The plaque was placed on the wall of a house next to a Greek Catholic church.
Check out other towns in Subcarpathia (Ukraine) as well!
{"item":"town","set":{"mapcenter":{"lat":"48.1753110000","long":"23.2922050000"},"townlink":"huszt-khust","town":{"townId":52,"active":1,"name_HU":"Huszt","name_LO":"\u0425\u0443\u0441\u0442","name_GE":"Hus(s)t","name_LT":"","seolink":"huszt-khust","listorder":5,"oldcounty":23,"country":3,"division":9,"altitude":"168","gps_lat":"48.1753110000","gps_long":"23.2922050000","population":28,"hungarian_2011":6,"population_1910":10292,"hungarian_1910":34,"german_1910":15,"slovak_1910":0,"romanian_1910":0,"rusin_1910":51,"serbian_1910":0,"croatian_1910":0,"slovenian_1910":0,"coatofarms":"","coatofarms_ref":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022\u041f\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0433 \u0421\u0432\u0456\u0442\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0430 \/ CC BY-SA (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0)\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:%D0%84%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB_(%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80.),_%D0%BC.%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022\u0404\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043b (\u043c\u0443\u0440.), \u043c.\u0425\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/61\/%D0%84%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB_%28%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80.%29%2C_%D0%BC.%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82.jpg\/512px-%D0%84%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB_%28%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80.%29%2C_%D0%BC.%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:%D0%84%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB_(%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80.),_%D0%BC.%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82.jpg\u0022 title=\u0022via Wikimedia Commons\u0022\u003E\u041f\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0433 \u0421\u0432\u0456\u0442\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0430\u003C\/a\u003E \/ \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA\u003C\/a\u003E","georegion":"M\u00e1ramaros Basin","river":"Tisza","description":"The castle of Huszt, evoced by the poem of K\u00f6lcsey Ferenc, the poet of the Hungarian Anthem, was built by King St. L\u00e1szl\u00f3 of Hungary against the Cumans according to the legend. This might not be true, but we can be sure, that the privilege granted by King Charles I of Hungary in 1329 made Huszt the center of the four crown towns of M\u00e1ramaros County along the river Tisza, and this proves the significance of the settlement. Its castle was of great strategic importance, as it protected the roads leading to the salt mines of M\u00e1ramaros and the crown towns. In the turbulent times following the Battle of Moh\u00e1cs, its castellan, K\u00e1v\u00e1ssy Krist\u00f3f, was able to plunder the countryside undisturbed. Later, it became an important border fortress of the Principality of Transylvania, which was the bastion of Hungarian independence against Habsburg oppression. In the middle of the 17th century, the castle was owned by Rh\u00e9dey Ferenc. This was its golden age, because even the nobility of the neighboring counties of the Kingdom of Hungary enrolled their children to its renowned school. It was an important stronghold of the insurgents during the War of Independence led by R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Ferenc II, and the castle, which survived every war, was eventually destroyed by mother nature. The town was taken from Hungary and given to Czechoslovakia in 1920. Huszt took on a disgraceful leading role for a short time in 1938, when it became the seat of the autonomous region led by Avgustin Voloshin. Volosin began violent Ukrainianization and set up a concentration camp for the Hungarian and Rusyn opposition. Voloshin's republic proclaimed in Huszt on March 14, 1939 pleading immediately for German patronage was ended the next day by Hungarian troops liberating Subcarpathia. Perhaps the most beautiful attraction of the town is the Reformed church, built in the late 14th century and originally dedicated to St. Elizabeth of Hungary.","nameorigin":"","history":"#1|@895|The Hungarian tribes arrived in the Carpathian Basin through the Verecke Pass 60 kilometers north of the town. The present-day Subcarpathia was mostly uninhabited at that time.@#3|@1090|According to the legends the castle was built by King L\u00e1szl\u00f3 I of Hungary against the Cumans. This was not confirmed by written documents.@after 1235|King B\u00e9la IV of Hungary started populating Subcarpathia with Hungarian soldiers and nobles at the beginning of his reign.@#5|@1241-1242|The Mongol Invasion caused large destruction in the population of Subcarpathia. During the repopulation Germans settlers, later Rusyn migrants arrived from Halych.@after 1242|The castle was most likely built after the Mongol Invasion. It had great strategic importance, because it protected the road to the salt mines of M\u00e1ramaros County and also the five crown towns of M\u00e1ramaros (Huszt, Visk, T\u00e9cs\u0151, Hossz\u00famez\u0151 and M\u00e1ramarossziget).@#6|@1329|The settlement was mentioned by the name Huszth. The privilege granted by King Charles I of Hungary made Huszt the center of the four crown towns (M\u00e1ramarossziget joined them in 1352). The town's name comes from the name of the Husztica stream, and it comes from the Slavic husztka (=kerchief) noun, refering to shape of the valley where it lies.@1353|The castle of Huszt was mentioned for the first time.@1365|King Sigismund of Hungary gave the area to the Vlach vajdas Dr\u00e1g and Balk, the ancestors of the Dr\u00e1gffy family, in order to protect the border of Hungary against the attacks of the vajda of Moldavia. They inherited the positions of the isp\u00e1n of M\u00e1ramaros County and of the head of the salt chamber, and they were the largest lanowners in the area. Later King Sigismund gave Huszt to the secret chancellor Per\u00e9nyi Imre, which started the hundred-years long conflict of the two families.@late 15th century|The town returned to the possession of the crown. It was owned by the king, later by the queens together with the salt mines. The incomes flowed to the treasury of Queen Beatrice, the wife of King Matthias of Hungary.@1498|The castle and the estate was recovered by Per\u00e9nyi G\u00e1bor for his family.@1516|The nobility of the neighborhood sought refuge in the castle during the Peasants' War of D\u00f3zsa Gy\u00f6rgy. The insurgents besieged the castle unsuccesfully. Afterwards the castle was again in royal hands.@#8|@after 1526|The widow Queen Mary owned the castle for a while. It changed owners multiple times, then N\u00e1dasdy Tam\u00e1s received it, who switched to the side of King Ferdinand. However, the castellan of Huszt, Krist\u00f3f K\u00e1v\u00e1ssy, still supported King John I, and continued to hold the castle.@1530|K\u00e1v\u00e1ssy Krist\u00f3f ruthlessly sacked the town of Huszt. Because of his actions, he is referred to in the chronicles as a predator and a killer. According to the sources, he plundered three counties. K\u00e1v\u00e1ssy was also involved in counterfeiting money.@January 1533|King John I of Hungary stayed in the castle.@#9|@1546|King Ferdinand I captured the castle.@1556|The army of Queen Isabella, the widow of King John I of Hungary, besieged the castle, but they could capture it only by starving out the guards.@#10|@1570|According to the Treaty of Speyer between King Maximilian and King John II, the castle was attached to the Principality of Transylvania, and it became one of its most important border castles.@1570|According to the Treaty of Speyer, Ung, Bereg and Ugocsa counties came under control of the Kingdom of Hungary (Habsburg ruled part of Hungary), while M\u00e1ramaros County became part of Principality of Transylvania (the former kingdom of King John II of Hungary). As part of M\u00e1ramaros County, Huszt belonged to the Principality of Transylvania, and became one of its most important frontier castles. According to the treaty, John II renounced the Hungarian crown in favor of King Maximilian, in exchange for becoming the prince of Transylvania and the Parts, but it was stated that Transylvania was an inalienable part of the Hungarian Crown.@1571|Prince John of Trasylvania left the castle on Hagym\u00e1ssy Krist\u00f3f, B\u00e9k\u00e9s G\u00e1sp\u00e1r and Cs\u00e1ky Mih\u00e1ly in his will. With the death of the prince, Transylvania was supposed to fall in the hands of King Maximilian according to the Treaty of Speyer. But the Estates elected B\u00e1thory Istv\u00e1n Prince of Transylvania instead. When B\u00e9k\u00e9s G\u00e1sp\u00e1r turned against the Prince, Hagym\u00e1ssy Krist\u00f3f handed over the castle to the Prince. The poet Balassa B\u00e1lint came to the aid of B\u00e9k\u00e9s with his army. He first beat the men of the captain of Huszt, Kornis G\u00e1sp\u00e1r, but then he fell in the trap of Hagym\u00e1ssy Krist\u00f3f. The rich estate was owned by the princes of Transylvania afterwards.@1594|The settlement was destroyed by the Tatars, but they couldn't capture the castle.@#15|@#16|@first half of the 17th century|Prince Bethlen G\u00e1bor of Transylvania gave the estate to his younger brother Istv\u00e1n, thus it became the estate of the Bethlen family. Bethlen Istv\u00e1n married K\u00e1rolyi Kata, the widow of the captain of V\u00e1rad Rh\u00e9dey Ferenc, so the castle was inherited by his son, Rh\u00e9dey Ferenc III.@#17|@1644|Prince R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Gy\u00f6rgy I of Transylvania besieged the castle.@#18|@1648|Prince R\u00e1k\u00f3czy Gy\u00f6rgy I of Transylvania granted Rh\u00e9dey Ferenc the title of eternal isp\u00e1n of M\u00e1ramaros County. This was the golden age of Huszt Castle, because even the nobility of the neighboring counties (in the Kingdom of Hungary) enrolled their children to its renowned school.@January 1657|Prince R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Gy\u00f6rgy II of Transylvania launched a campaign against Poland in alliance with Carl X Gustaf of Sweden. His goal was to take the Polish crown and unite the Hungarian-Polish-Wallachian forces against the Turks. The campaign started successfully, the Prince even occupied Krak\u00f3w and Warsawa, but afterwards the King of Sweden let him down. The vengeful Poles led by Marshall Jerzy Lubomirski broke into northern Transylvania.@1657|After the unsuccesful Polish campaign of Prince R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Gy\u00f6rgy II of Transylvania, the Poles besieged the castle.@1657|Turkish and Tatar armies attacked Transylvania as a retaliation for the campaign of Prince R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Gy\u00f6rgy II for Poland previously forbidden by the Sultan. The Estates made R\u00e1k\u00f3czi resign and elected Rh\u00e9dey Ferenc in his place.@January 24, 1658|Rh\u00e9dey Ferenc resigned of his own accord, but he became one of the councilor of the new prince, Apaffy Mih\u00e1ly.@1661-62|Turkish and Tatar armies besieged the castle.@#19|@May 13, 1667|Count Rh\u00e9dey Ferenc, isp\u00e1n of M\u00e1ramaros County, died in the castle. Later Chancellor Teleki Mih\u00e1ly became the isp\u00e1n of M\u00e1ramaros and the captain of Huszt and acquired the estate that belonged to it.@1670|During the Wessel\u00e9nyi-conspiracy one part of the army of R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Ferenc I retreated to the castle from the army of General Spork. The owner of the castle was at that time Th\u00f6k\u00f6ly Imre (the close relative of the Rh\u00e9dey and the Bethlen families), who was expelled from the Kingdom of Hungary. Huszt Castle became one of the centers of the unfolding kuruc movement.@#20|@#21|@#22|@#23|@#24|@#25|@#26|@#27|@August 17, 1703|After the beginning of the War of Independence, one of the supporters of R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Ferenc II, Ilosvay Imre, managed to convince the unpaid German garrison of the castle to join the side of the Prince. The insurgents proclaimed the independence of Transylvania here.@March 18, 1706|The Estates of Transylvania made an alliance with those of Hungary in the castle, according to which none of them would make peace with the Emperor without the other, and the Estates of the Kingdom of Hungary recognized R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Ferenc II as Prince of Transylvania.@April 27, 1711|Prince R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Ferenc II called together the country assembly to Huszt for that day, but by that time the Peace of Szatm\u00e1r had already been made. The castle was occupied by an Austrian garrison and started to decay slowly. This was the last Hungarian castle the Imperials captured at the end of the War of Independence.@July 3, 1766|More than one lightnings struck the castle. The fire reached the tower, where the gunpowder was stored. The explosion destroyed most of the buildings and the walls.@1798|The tower of the castle was torn down by a storm. It has been a ruin ever since.@#28|@1848-1849|The population of present-day Subcarpathia, including the Rusyn minority, fought on the side of the Hungarian War of Independence.@#30|@1910|According to the census the town had 10,292 inhabitants, of whom 5,230 were Rusyns, 3,505 were Hungarians, and 1535 were Germans.@#31|@#32|@November 1918|The revolutionary government of Hungary created Ruszka Krajna autonomous region to give autonomy to the Rusyn minority of Subcarpathia.@Summer 1919|The Romanian army invaded the town.@until 1920|The town was the seat of the District of Huszt within M\u00e1ramaros County until the Trianon Dictate.@#36|@June 4, 1920|Subcarpathia was attached to Czechoslovakia without holding a referendum, despite the fact that it had hardly any Slovak inhabitants. The Hungarian and Rusyn inhabited Subcarpathia was given to Czechoslovakia on condition that they had to provide the area autonomy, which they did not fulfill.@September 29, 1938|The Munich Agreement between the great powers obliged Czecholsovakia to start negotiations with Hungary to fulfill its territorial demands, but the Czechoslovaks had absolutely no intention to give Hungary back the areas inhabited by Hungarians.@October 9, 1938|The Czechoslovaks finally granted autonomy to Subcarpathia (which they had been obliged to provide according to the the Trianon Dictate that took the area from Hungary in 1920), so that the Rusyns would not want to return to Hungary. But the Czechoslovak authorities soon arrested Andrej Br\u00f3dy, the head of the autonomous Rusyn government of Subcarpathia, because he demanded self-determination for his people.@October 26, 1938|Avgusztin Voloshin became the new Prime Minister of the autonomous Subcarpathia. But he demanded independence even more openly. He banned Hungarian and Rusyn newspapers and associations, and set up the Sich Guard, which was recruited from foreign Ukrainian volunteers from Galicia. His goal was the Ukrainization of Subcarpathia.@#37|@November 2, 1938|According to the First Vienna Award based on the Munich Agreement between the great powers, Hungary recovered the southern part of Subcarpathia, which was inhabited predominantly by Hungarians. The rest of Subcarpathia remained part of Czechoslovakia, although it had insignificant Slovak population. The autonomous Subcarpthia included Nagysz\u0151l\u0151s and several other Hungarian settlements, and had a Rusyn majority. Its seat became Huszt, because Ungv\u00e1r was given back to Hungary.@November 20, 1938|Avgusztin Volosin, the the leader of the autonomous Subcarpathia, created a concentration camp for his Hungarian and Rusyn opposition.@January 6, 1939|The Czechoslovak army together with the Ukrainian guard of Voloshin attacked Munk\u00e1cs, which was given back to Hungary according to the First Vienna Award. The attack was repelled thanks to the heroic defenders of the Hungarian town.@March 14, 1939|Because of the Ukrainian atrocities against the Hungarian inhabitants, Hungarian troops marched into Subcarpathia. Josef Tiso proclaimed the independence of Slovakia the same day. Voloshin declared the independent Carpathian-Ukrainian Republic in Huszt and pleaded for German patronage.@March 15-18, 1939|The Hungarian offensive took back Subcarpathia from the Czechs and from the Ukrainian guard of Voloshin. The captives of Voloshin's concentration camp were liberated. Voloshin died in a prison in Moscow on July 11, 1945. Voloshin has been treated as a Unkrainian hero since the fall of the Soviet Union. Huszt belonged to Hungary again until the Soviet invasion in 1944, and it was the seat of the administrative unit of M\u00e1ramaros.@September, 1939|Poland was invaded by the Soviet Union and Germany. Thousands of Polish people found refuge in Hungary thanks to the restored historical Polish-Hungarian border.@spring 1944|The Jewish inhabitants of the town were deported after the German invasion of Hungary.@October 24, 1944|The Soviet Red Army invaded Huszt and most of the Hungarian and German inhabitants were deported.@November 3, 1944|Every Hungarian and German inhabitant of Subcarpathia between the age of 18 and 50 was obliged to present themselves to the authorities according to a decree. The disinformation was spread that they were needed for a 3 days work to restore the damages caused by the war (so called 'm\u00e1lenkij robot' meaning little work). In fact, they went to the concentration camp in Solyva, and from there to Siberian labor camps, where most of the died, and those who survived could return home only years later.@June 29, 1945|Subcarpathia was annexed by the Soviet Union and was attached to the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. The Rusyns were no longer recognized as a separate ethnic group and were declared Ukrainian. Hundreds of thousands of ethnic Ukrainians were moved to Subcarpathia from over the Carpathians.@#43|@1991. augusztus 24.|Ukraine became independent from the Soviet Union.&"},"castles":[{"castleId":111,"townId":52,"active":1,"name_LO":"\u0425\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043a","settlement_HU":"Huszt","settlement_LO":"\u0425\u0443\u0441\u0442 (Khust)","address":"","listorder":4,"gps_lat":"48.1681420000","gps_long":"23.3015060000","oldcounty":23,"country":3,"division":9,"cond":5,"entrance":2,"varaklink":"https:\/\/varak.hu\/latnivalo\/index\/1874-Huszt-Var\/","homepage":"http:\/\/hust-castle.org\/","openinghours":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022V1snyk \/ CC BY-SA (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0)\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Khust_castle_3.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Khust castle 3\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/8d\/Khust_castle_3.jpg\/512px-Khust_castle_3.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Khust_castle_3.jpg\u0022 title=\u0022via Wikimedia Commons\u0022\u003EV1snyk\u003C\/a\u003E \/ \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA\u003C\/a\u003E","name":"Huszt Castle","seolink":"huszt-castle","georegion":"M\u00e1ramaros Basin","description":"","nameorigin":"","history":"#1|@895|The Hungarian tribes arrived in the Carpathian Basin through the Verecke Pass 60 kilometers north of the town. The present-day Subcarpathia was mostly uninhabited at that time.@#3|@1090|According to the legends the castle was built by King L\u00e1szl\u00f3 I of Hungary against the Cumans. This was not confirmed by written documents.@after 1235|King B\u00e9la IV of Hungary started populating Subcarpathia with Hungarian soldiers and nobles at the beginning of his reign.@#5|@1241-1242|The Mongol Invasion caused large destruction in the population of Subcarpathia. During the repopulation Germans settlers, later Rusyn migrants arrived from Halych.@after 1242|The castle was most likely built after the Mongol Invasion. It had great strategic importance, because it protected the road to the salt mines of M\u00e1ramaros County and also the five crown towns of M\u00e1ramaros (Huszt, Visk, T\u00e9cs\u0151, Hossz\u00famez\u0151 and M\u00e1ramarossziget).@#6|@1353|The castle of Huszt was mentioned for the first time.@1365|King Sigismund of Hungary gave the area to the Vlach vajdas Dr\u00e1g and Balk, the ancestors of the Dr\u00e1gffy family, in order to protect the border of Hungary against the attacks of the vajda of Moldavia. They inherited the positions of the isp\u00e1n of M\u00e1ramaros County and of the head of the salt chamber, and they were the largest lanowners in the area. Later King Sigismund gave Huszt to the secret chancellor Per\u00e9nyi Imre, which started the hundred-years long conflict of the two families.@late 15th century|The town returned to the possession of the crown. It was owned by the king, later by the queens together with the salt mines. The incomes flowed to the treasury of Queen Beatrice, the wife of King Matthias of Hungary.@1498|The castle and the estate was recovered by Per\u00e9nyi G\u00e1bor for his family.@1516|The nobility of the neighborhood sought refuge in the castle during the Peasants' War of D\u00f3zsa Gy\u00f6rgy. The insurgents besieged the castle unsuccesfully. Afterwards the castle was again in royal hands.@#8|@after 1526|The widow Queen Mary owned the castle for a while. It changed owners multiple times, then N\u00e1dasdy Tam\u00e1s received it, but the castle was still held by the infamous castellan K\u00e1v\u00e1ssy Krist\u00f3f, who kept the population of three counties in terror.@January 1533|King John I of Hungary stayed in the castle.@#9|@1546|King Ferdinand I captured the castle.@1556|The army of Queen Isabella, the widow of King John I of Hungary, besieged the castle, but they could capture it only by starving out the guards.@#10|@1570|According to the Treaty of Speyer between King Maximilian and King John II, the castle was attached to the Principality of Transylvania, and it became one of its most important border castles.@1570|According to the Treaty of Speyer, Ung, Bereg and Ugocsa counties came under control of the Kingdom of Hungary (Habsburg ruled part of Hungary), while M\u00e1ramaros County became part of Principality of Transylvania (the former kingdom of King John II of Hungary). As part of M\u00e1ramaros County, Huszt belonged to the Principality of Transylvania, and became one of its most important frontier castles. According to the treaty, John II renounced the Hungarian crown in favor of King Maximilian, in exchange for becoming the prince of Transylvania and the Parts, but it was stated that Transylvania was an inalienable part of the Hungarian Crown.@1571|Prince John of Trasylvania left the castle on Hagym\u00e1ssy Krist\u00f3f, B\u00e9k\u00e9s G\u00e1sp\u00e1r and Cs\u00e1ky Mih\u00e1ly in his will. With the death of the prince, Transylvania was supposed to fall in the hands of King Maximilian according to the Treaty of Speyer. But the Estates elected B\u00e1thory Istv\u00e1n Prince of Transylvania instead. When B\u00e9k\u00e9s G\u00e1sp\u00e1r turned against the Prince, Hagym\u00e1ssy Krist\u00f3f handed over the castle to the Prince. The poet Balassa B\u00e1lint came to the aid of B\u00e9k\u00e9s with his army. He first beat the men of the captain of Huszt, Kornis G\u00e1sp\u00e1r, but then he fell in the trap of Hagym\u00e1ssy Krist\u00f3f. The rich estate was owned by the princes of Transylvania afterwards.@1594|The settlement was destroyed by the Tatars, but they couldn't capture the castle.@#15|@#16|@first half of the 17th century|Prince Bethlen G\u00e1bor of Transylvania gave the estate to his younger brother Istv\u00e1n, thus it became the estate of the Bethlen family. Bethlen Istv\u00e1n married K\u00e1rolyi Kata, the widow of the captain of V\u00e1rad Rh\u00e9dey Ferenc, so the castle was inherited by his son, Rh\u00e9dey Ferenc III.@#17|@1644|Prince R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Gy\u00f6rgy I of Transylvania besieged the castle.@#18|@1648|Prince R\u00e1k\u00f3czy Gy\u00f6rgy I of Transylvania granted Rh\u00e9dey Ferenc the title of eternal isp\u00e1n of M\u00e1ramaros County. This was the golden age of Huszt Castle, because even the nobility of the neighboring counties (in the Kingdom of Hungary) enrolled their children to its renowned school.@January 1657|Prince R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Gy\u00f6rgy II of Transylvania launched a campaign against Poland in alliance with Carl X Gustaf of Sweden. His goal was to take the Polish crown and unite the Hungarian-Polish-Wallachian forces against the Turks. The campaign started successfully, the Prince even occupied Krak\u00f3w and Warsawa, but afterwards the King of Sweden let him down. The vengeful Poles led by Marshall Jerzy Lubomirski broke into northern Transylvania.@1657|After the unsuccesful Polish campaign of Prince R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Gy\u00f6rgy II of Transylvania, the Poles besieged the castle.@1657|Turkish and Tatar armies attacked Transylvania as a retaliation for the campaign of Prince R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Gy\u00f6rgy II for Poland previously forbidden by the Sultan. The Estates made R\u00e1k\u00f3czi resign and elected Rh\u00e9dey Ferenc in his place.@January 24, 1658|Rh\u00e9dey Ferenc resigned of his own accord, but he became one of the councilor of the new prince, Apaffy Mih\u00e1ly.@1661-62|Turkish and Tatar armies besieged the castle.@#19|@May 13, 1667|Count Rh\u00e9dey Ferenc, isp\u00e1n of M\u00e1ramaros County, died in the castle. Later Chancellor Teleki Mih\u00e1ly became the isp\u00e1n of M\u00e1ramaros and the captain of Huszt and acquired the estate that belonged to it.@1670|During the Wessel\u00e9nyi-conspiracy one part of the army of R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Ferenc I retreated to the castle from the army of General Spork. The owner of the castle was at that time Th\u00f6k\u00f6ly Imre (the close relative of the Rh\u00e9dey and the Bethlen families), who was expelled from the Kingdom of Hungary. Huszt Castle became one of the centers of the unfolding kuruc movement.@#20|@#21|@#22|@#23|@#24|@#25|@#26|@#27|@August 17, 1703|After the beginning of the War of Independence, one of the supporters of R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Ferenc II, Ilosvay Imre, managed to convince the unpaid German garrison of the castle to join the side of the Prince. The insurgents proclaimed the independence of Transylvania here.@March 18, 1706|The Estates of Transylvania made an alliance with those of Hungary in the castle, according to which none of them would make peace with the Emperor without the other, and the Estates of the Kingdom of Hungary recognized R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Ferenc II as Prince of Transylvania.@April 27, 1711|Prince R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Ferenc II called together the country assembly to Huszt for that day, but by that time the Peace of Szatm\u00e1r had already been made. The castle was occupied by an Austrian garrison and started to decay slowly. This was the last Hungarian castle the Imperials captured at the end of the War of Independence.@July 3, 1766|More than one lightnings struck the castle. The fire reached the tower, where the gunpowder was stored. The explosion destroyed most of the buildings and the walls.@1798|The tower of the castle was torn down by a storm. It has been a ruin ever since.&"}],"sights":[{"sightId":1046,"townId":52,"active":1,"name_LO":"\u041a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043b \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0457 \u0410\u043d\u043d\u0438","address":"Karpatskoyi Sichi St, 45","mapdata":"1|607|550","gps_lat":"48.1747140000","gps_long":"23.2934820000","religion":1,"oldtype":"1","newtype":"1","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"https:\/\/www.karpatinfo.net\/latnivalok\/huszti-romai-katolikus-templom","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022User:\u0412\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \/ CC BY-SA (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0)\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Roman_Catholic_church_in_Khust.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022256\u0022 alt=\u0022Roman Catholic church in Khust\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/e9\/Roman_Catholic_church_in_Khust.jpg\/256px-Roman_Catholic_church_in_Khust.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Roman_Catholic_church_in_Khust.jpg\u0022 title=\u0022via Wikimedia Commons\u0022\u003EUser:\u0412\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u003C\/a\u003E \/ \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA\u003C\/a\u003E","name":"St. Anne Church","seolink":"st-anne-church","note":"","history":"In 1524, the Calvinists took possession of the 14th-century Church of St. Elizabeth of Hungary as the entire population of the settlement converted to the new faith. In 1799, the foundation stone of the new Baroque Catholic church was laid. After 1945, church documents and priceless historical records were destroyed by the communists.\n\n"},{"sightId":1047,"townId":52,"active":2,"name_LO":"","address":"Karpatskoyi Sichi St, 17","mapdata":"1|622|740","gps_lat":"48.1736390000","gps_long":"23.2937100000","religion":2,"oldtype":"1","newtype":"1","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"https:\/\/www.muemlekem.hu\/hatareset\/Reformatus-templom-Huszt-80","csemadoklink":"https:\/\/www.karpatinfo.net\/latnivalok\/huszti-reformatus-templom","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022\u00a9 Raimond Spekking\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Church_in_Khust_(5680).jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022256\u0022 alt=\u0022Church in Khust (5680)\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/98\/Church_in_Khust_%285680%29.jpg\/256px-Church_in_Khust_%285680%29.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u00a9 Raimond Spekking","name":"Calvinist Church","seolink":"calvinist-church","note":"","history":"The church was built in the late 14th century and consecrated to St. Elizabeth of Hungary. It was taken over by the Calvinists in 1524, who established one of the oldest Calvinist congregations in Hungary, thanks to the Calvinist pastor Huszti Lov\u00e1sz Tam\u00e1s. \nThe church was renovated and expanded many times: by Bethlen Istv\u00e1n in 1638, by Prince R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Gy\u00f6rgy I of Transylvania in 1644, by the wife of Prince Kem\u00e9ny J\u00e1nos of Transylvania, L\u00f3nyai Anna, in 1661, and by Prince Apafi Mih\u00e1ly of Transylvania in 1670. It was originally surrounded by a thick strong wall with bastions, which had two 16th century gates. The rectangular bell tower of the church was built in the 15th century. \nOriginally, its inner walls were decorated with frescoes, which the Calvinists whitewashed. However, in 1888, the Hungarian art historian Sztehlo Ott\u00f3 managed to draw some of the frescoes during the restoration.\n\n"},{"sightId":1048,"townId":52,"active":1,"name_LO":"\u0421\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u0412\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0456\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0423\u0413\u041a\u0426","address":"Dukhnovycha St","mapdata":"1|888|231","gps_lat":"48.1765560000","gps_long":"23.2959170000","religion":4,"oldtype":"1","newtype":"1","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"https:\/\/www.karpatinfo.net\/latnivalok\/huszti-gorog-katolikus-templom","picture":"","picture_ref":"","name":"Greek Catholic Church","seolink":"greek-catholic-church","note":"","history":"The church was built in 1789. The towers date back to 1855. Petr\u0151czi Kata Szin\u00f3dia (1658-1708), the first Hungarian poetess, rests here."},{"sightId":1049,"townId":52,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"Ploshcha Bohdana Khmel\u02b9nyts\u02b9koho, 1","mapdata":"1|843|280","gps_lat":"48.1763030000","gps_long":"23.2956110000","religion":0,"oldtype":"39","newtype":"39","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"https:\/\/www.karpatinfo.net\/latnivalok\/augusztin-volosin-emlektablaja-huszton","picture":"","picture_ref":"","name":"Plaque of Voloshin","seolink":"plaque-of-voloshin","note":"","history":"The plaque was placed on the wall of a house next to a Greek Catholic church."}]},"language":"en","region":"ukraine","regionid":3,"offer":[],"gallery":false,"album":false}