Vajdahunyad Castle
Castelul Corvinilor
Vajdahunyad Castle
Carcea Daniel, CC BY-SA 3.0 RO, via Wikimedia Commons
Condition:
Renovated / Good
Entrance:
Entrance fee
Address:
Curtea Corvineștilor nr. 1-3
Settlement:
Historical Hungarian county:
Hunyad
Country:
Romania
County:
Hunedoara
Geographic region:
Hunyad
GPS coordinates:
45.749158, 22.888139
Google map:
History
895
Arrival of the Hungarians
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895
The alliance of the seven Hungarian tribes took possession of the then largely uninhabited Carpathian Basin. Until then, the sparse Slavic population of the north-western Carpathians had lived under Moravian rule for a few decades after the collapse of the Avar Khaganate in the early 9th century.
1000
Foundation of the Hungarian Kingdom
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1000
The Kingdom of Hungary was established with the coronation of King Stephen I. He converted the Hungarians to Christianity and created two archdioceses (Esztergom and Kalocsa) and ten dioceses. He divided Hungary into counties led by ispáns, who were appointed by the king.
11th century
King Stephen I established a royal county whose centre was the hillfort (Óhunyad, Old Hunyad) on Saint Peter Hill (Szent Péter, Sânpetru) south of the present day castle. It was the military and political centre of the county led by the royal ispán. The fort lost its significance after the Mongol invasion. The name Hunyad probably comes from a personal name with the d affix. The Vajda prefix refers to the fact that it was the estate of the vajda of Transylvania. The Romanian name comes from the Hunyadvára (meaning Hunyad’s caste) form of the Hungarian name.
1241-1242
Mongol Invasion
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1241-1242
The hordes of the Mongol Empire invaded Hungary and almost completely destroyed it. One third to one half of the population was destroyed. The Mongols also suffered heavy losses in the battle of Muhi and they could not hunt down the king. After their withdrawal, King Béla IV reorganized Hungary. He allowed the feudal lords to build stone castles because they were able to successfully resist the nomadic Mongols. The vast majority of stone castles were built after this. The king called in German, Vlach (Romanian) and Slavic settlers to replace the destroyed population.
1267
István, the son of King Béla IV of Hungary, retreated to the castle of Feketehalom after the battle fought against his father at Déva, and ordered the castellan of Hunyad Castle to recruit soldiers and hurry to liberate Feketehalom besieged by the army led by Lőrinc son of Kemény. It is not certain that this referred to the hillfort of Hunyad or the stone castle already existed at this time.
1301
The extinction of the House of Árpád
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1301
The House of Árpád, the first Hungarian royal dynasty, died out with the death of King Andrew III. Hungary was ruled by oligarchs, the most powerful of whom was Csák Máté, whose main ally was the Aba family. King Charles I (1308-1342), supported by the Pope, eventually emerged as the most prominent of the contenders for the Hungarian throne. But it took decades to break the power of the oligarchs.
14th century
The castle that is now known as Sebes Castle located in the historical Kolozs County was called Hunyad, therefore every document from the reign of the Anjou kings refer to that castle.
after 1330
According to a theory, King Charles I of Hungary ordered the construction of the stone castles of Hunyad and Hátszeg after his unsuccessful campaign against Wallachia, in order to protect the borders of Hungary, because Déva Castle to the north lay too far from the border.
October 18, 1409
King Sigismund of Hungary donated the estate to kenéz Vajk (Woyk) son of Serbe, the father of Hunyadi János. Vajk fled to Transylvania from Wallachia. This estate gave the family its name. Romanians spread that Vajk was Vlach, but in fact his origin is unknown. It is also known, that he was a kenéz, a leader, and the leading class of the Vlachs (the nobility of Wallachia) was of Cuman origin at that time. His name also is of Turk origin. Cumans later assimilated to the Vlach majority of Wallachia, just like the originally Turk Bulgars assimilated to the Slavic majority. An extensive, but scarcely populated estate belonged to the castle, which didn’t generate much income.
February 10, 1410
King Sigismund issued the permanent letter of donation, in which Vajk was already called Hunyadi. It is most likely the castle did not exist at that time based on the fact, that it was not mentioned in the document. The present day castle was probably built by Vajk's son Hunyadi János as the centre of the estate.
1446
The castle was mentioned for the first time by written sources.
1446-1453
Hunyadi János was the governor of Hungary. During this period, his wife, Szilágyi Erzsébet, lived in the castle. The castle was transformed and expanded around that time. The castle lay far from the battlefields of the Turkish wars at that time and was considered an aristocratic residence rather than a military fortress.
1456
Siege of Nándorfehérvár (Belgrade)
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1456
The Turkish army of Sultan Mehmed II, the conqueror of Constantinople, besieged the castle of Nándorfehérvár (Belgrade), which was the southern gateway to Hungary. But the Hungarian army, led by Hunyadi János, won a decisive victory over the twice to three times larger Turkish army. The Pope had earlier ordered that church bells should be rung every noon to pray for the victory of the defenders. Hunyadi János died of plague in the camp after the battle.
1482
King Matthias of Hungary gave the castle to his illegitimate son, Corvin János, Prince of Liptó, who was later forced to pawn it to Kinizsi Pál, the ispán of Temes County.
1490
King Matthias died.
1494
Corvin János pawned the castle to Kinizsi Pál and his wife, Magyar Benigna.
1496
Bishop Bakócz Tamás of Eger acquired the pawn, but he could not take the castle into his possession.
1504
Corvin János died.
1505
The only son of Corvin János, the child Kristóf, died. He was the last male member of the family.
1508
Erzsébet, the daughter of Corvin János also died. The castle was inherited by the widow of Corvin János, Frangepán Beatrix.
1508
Bishop Bakócz Tamás tried to take the castle into his possession, but Castellan Nagy György and his hussars drove away the chapter of Transylvania and the men of the vajda of Transylvania coming to the official registration. After that, King Ulászló II of Hungary issued a letter of donation for the castle to Frangepán Beatrix.
1509
Frangepán Beatrix married George, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach, the nephew of King Ulászló II.
1510
After the death of Frangepán Beatrix, George, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach, inherited the Hunyadi estates.
1526
Battle of Mohács and the splitting of Hungary into two parts
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1526
Sultan Suleiman I launched a war against Vienna, instigated by the French. Ferdinand I, Duke of Austria, was the brother-in-law of King Louis II of Hungary. The army of the Ottoman Empire defeated the much smaller Hungarian army at Mohács, and King Louis II died in the battle. A group of the barons elected Ferdinand I of the House of Habsburg to the throne, who promised to defend Hungary from the Turks. He was the younger brother of the most powerful European monarch Emperor Charles V. But the nobility chose the most powerful Hungarian baron, Szapolyai János, who was also crowned as King John I. The country was split in two and a decades-long struggle for power began.
1528
A fire devastated the castle.
17 September 1531
George, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach, handed the castle over to King Ferdinand I. He was a supporter of Ferdinand against King John I.
June 1534
Bishop Czibak Imre of Várad captured the castle on behalf of King John I by siege. Czibak Imre was assassinated by Lodovico Gritti's men later that year.
1536
King John I of Hungary donated it to Török Bálint of Enying.
1541
The Turkish occupation of the capital, Buda, and the division of Hungary into three parts
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1541
The Turks conquered Buda, the capital of Hungary, after the death of King John I. The central part of the country was under Turkish rule for 150 years. The western and northern parts (including present-day Slovakia) formed the Kingdom of Hungary ruled by the Habsburg emperors. The eastern parts (now mainly under Romanian rule) were ruled by the successors of King John I of Hungary, who later established the Principality of Transylvania.
1557
Török János had his adulterous wife, Kendi Anna, beheaded in the castle courtyard.
1570
The establishment of the Principality of Transylvania
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1570
John II (John Sigismund), the son of King John I of Hungary, renounced the title of King of Hungary in favor of King Maximilian of the House of Habsburg, and henceforth held the title of Prince. This formally created the Principality of Transylvania, which was the eastern half of Hungary not ruled by the Habsburgs and was also a vassal of the Ottoman Empire. John II died in 1571, after which the three nations of Transylvania (the Hungarian nobility, the Székelys and the Saxons) elected the prince.
1591-1606
Fifteen Years' War
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1591-1606
The Ottoman Empire started a war against the Habsburg Empire. The war was waged in the territory of Hungary. The Turks defeated the combined armies of the Habsburg Empire and the Principality of Transylvania in the battle of Mezőkeresztes in 1596, but their victory was not decisive. The war devastated the Principality of Transylvania, which was occupied by the Habsburg army, and General Basta introduced a reign of terror.
1601
Mihai Viteazul, Voivode of the Wallachia, besieged the castle without any success, although he burnt the roofs of the castle buildings.
1604-1606
Uprising of Bocskai István
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1604-1606
The alliance of the Habsburgs and the Principality of Transylvania was defeated by the Ottoman Empire in the Fifteen Years' War. The war devastated Transylvania, which was occupied by the Habsburg imperial army, and General Basta introduced a reign of terror. The nobility and the burghers were upset about the terror, the plundering mercenaries and the violent Counter-Reformation. Bocskai István decided to lead their uprising after the Habsburg emperor tried to confiscate his estates. Bocskai also rallied the hajdú warriors to his side. He was elected Prince of Transylvania and soon liberated the Kingdom of Hungary from the Habsburgs. In 1605 Bocskai István was crowned King of Hungary with the crown he received from the Turks.
23 June 1606
Peace of Vienna
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23 June 1606
Bocski István made peace with Emperor Rudolf. Their agreement secured the constitutional rights of the Estates of Hungary, and the freedom of religion. The counties of Szatmár, Bereg and Ugocsa were annexed to the Principality of Transylvania. Bocskai died of illness in the same year, leaving to his successors the idea of unifying Hungary from Transylvania.
1618
The castle was acquired by the Bethlens of Iktár. Prince Bethlen Gábor of Transylvania transformed the castle and reinforced it with outer defences, then gave it to his nephew, Bethlen István, in 1622 together with the estate. After the death of Bethlen István in 1632, his wife, Széchy Mária, lived in the castle for a short time.
1619
The campaign of Prince Bethlen Gábor of Transylvania in the Thirty Years' War
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1619
At the beginning of the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648), Prince Bethlen Gábor of Transylvania went to war against the Habsburg emperor as an ally of the rebelling Czech-Moravian-Austrian estates. The whole Kingdom of Hungary joined him, only the Austrian defenders of Pozsony had to be put to the sword. With his allies, he laid siege to Vienna. However, he was forced to abandon the siege because the Habsburg-loyal Hungarian aristocrat Homonnai Drugeth György attacked his heartland with Polish mercenaries. On 25 August 1620, the Diet of Besztercebánya elected Bethlen Gábor King of Hungary as vassal of the Turks. He continued to fight after the defeat of the Czechs at White Mountain on 8 November 1620, but without real chance to achieve decisive victory, he decided to come to an agreement with Emperor Ferdinand II.
31 December 1621
Peace of Nikolsburg
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31 December 1621
Prince Bethlen Gábor of Transylvania made peace with Emperor Ferdinand II. Their agreement secured the constitutional rights of the Estates of Hungary, and later it was supplemented with the freedom of religion. Bethlen renounced the title of King of Hungary in exchange for seven counties of the Upper Tisza region (Szabolcs, Szatmár, Bereg, Ugocsa, Zemplén, Borsod, Abaúj) for the rest of his life, other estates in Hungary as his private property and the imperial title of Duke of Oppeln and Ratibor (Opole and Racibórz), one of the Duchies of Silesia. Prince Bethlen went to war against the Habsburgs in 1623 and 1626, but was unable to negotiate more favourable terms.
1644-1645
The campaign of Prince Rákóczi György I of Transylvania in the Thirty Years' War
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1644-1645
Prince Rákóczi György I of Transylvania allied with the Swedes and the French in the Thirty Years' War and went to war against the Habsburg Emperor Ferdinand III. On 18 July 1645 his army joined forces with Torstenson's Swedish army under Brno (Moravia). The excellent artillery of Transylvania opened fire on the city walls. However, Rákóczi had to give up the siege, having been informed that the Turks were planning a punitive campaign against Transylvania, because he went to war against the Sultan's prohibition.
16 December 1645
Peace of Linz
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16 December 1645
Prince Rákóczi György I of Transylvania made peace with Emperor Ferdinand III. It secured the freedom of religion for the Protestants and extended it also to the serfs. Rákóczi received the same seven Hungarian counties that Prince Bethlen Gábor had also held (Abauj, Zemplén, Borsod, Bereg, Ugocsa, Szabolcs, Szatmár) until his death, and the counties of Szabolcs and Szatmár were also to be inherited by his sons. The Rákóczi family also received several new estates.
1648
Bethlen Katalin, the wife of Zólyomi Dávid, acquired the castle.
1664
Victory over the Turks at Szentgotthárd and the shameful Peace of Vasvár
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1664
The imperial army achieved a significant victory over the Turks at the battle of Szentgotthárd. Despite this, Emperor Leopold I concluded a 20-year peace treaty with the Turks at Vasvár on terms that made it look as if the Turks had won. This caused a huge outcry in Europe and among the Hungarian nobility, who expected the country to be liberated after the victory. The formerly Habsburg-loyal Catholic Hungarian barons began to plot against the Emperor with the leadership of Wesselényi Ferenc. In 1668, at the end of the Franco-Spanish War, King Louis XIV of France withdrew his support for the conspiracy, and the support of the Turks was not obtained.
1671
Exposure of the Wesselényi conspiracy
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1671
After the exposure of the anti-Hapsburg Wesselényi conspiracy, the main organisers, Zrínyi Péter, Nádasdy Ferenc and Frangepán Ferenc were executed. Wesselényi Ferenc died in 1667. The Croatian uprising, which was part of the conspiracy, was crushed by the Habsburgs in 1670.
after 1671
Kuruc Movement
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after 1671
Many noble, burgher and preacher fled to the Principality of Transylvania and the territory under Turkish occupation from the reprisals after the exposure of the anti-Habsburg Wesselényi-conspiracy and from the violent Counter-Reformation. They were joined by dismissed Hungarian soldiers of the Turkish border forts, who were replaced by German mercenaries. They were called the fugitives (bujdosók). They started an armed movement against the Habsburg rule. Because of the Turkish ban, the Principality of Transylvania could not openly support them. From 1677, the French supported their cause with money and Polish mercenaries. They achieved their first serious success when they temporarily occupied the mining towns of northern Hungary (now central Slovakia) under the command of Thököly lmre. He then became the sole leader of the movement. In 1679, the French made peace with Emperor Leopold I and withdrew their support for the fugitives. Between 1678 and 1681 Thököly Imre led successful raids against the Habsburgs and their supporters in the territory of the Kingdom of Hungary. The insurgents were called kurucs.
1671
Thököly Imre acquired the estate and stayed here several times. The Thököly family had estates in northern Hungary (now Slovakia) and made their fortune from the cattle trade.
1682
Thököly Imre, Prince of Upper Hungary
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1682
Thököly Imre, the leader of the kuruc insurgents, gained the support of the Turks. He launched a campaign against the Habsburgs in the Kingdom of Hungary. With the support of the Turkish army, he occupied the town of Kassa and also the important stronghold of Fülek. He was then recognized by the Turks as King of Hungary, but he chose the title of Prince of Upper Hungary.
1683
Turkish defeat at Vienna and the formation of the Holy League
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1683
The combined armies of the Habsburg Empire and the Kingdom of Poland defeated the Turkish army besieging Vienna. Emperor Leopold I wanted to make peace with the Turks, but was refused by Sultan Mehmed IV. In 1684, at the persistent urging of Pope Innocent XI, the Holy League, an alliance of the Kingdom of Poland, the Habsburg Empire, the Republic of Venice and the Papal States, was formed to expel the Turks from Hungary. Thököly Imre, who had allied himself with the Turks, was gradually driven out of northern Hungary.
1685
The Turkish captivity of Thököly Imre and the fall of the kuruc movement
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1685
The Pasha of Várad captured Thököly Imre as he was asking for Turkish help and offered him to Emperor Leopold I for peace. But the Imperial emissaries laughed at his face, because, having the upper hand, they no longer cared for Thököly. On the news of his capture, the town of Kassa and the kuruc strongholds surrendered to the Emperor one after the other. The Turks, seeing their fatal mistake, released Thököly the following year and tried to restore his authority, but his power was broken forever and the Hungarian insurgents no longer trusted the Turks. Most of the insurgents joined the imperial army and helped to liberate the rest of Hungary from the Turks.
1685
Prince Apafi Mihály of Transylvania confiscated the estate from Thököly Imre, when Transylvania broke with the Turks after they lost power in Hungary. Apafi Mihály I left the estate to his son Mihály.
1686
Recapture of Buda and the liberation of Hungary from the Turks
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1686
The army of the Holy League recaptured Buda from the Turks by siege. In 1687, the Imperial army invaded the Principality of Transylvania. The liberation was hindered by the French breaking their promise of peace in 1688 and attacking the Habsburg Empire. By 1699, when the Peace of Karlóca was signed, all of Hungary and Croatia had been liberated from the Ottoman Empire with the exception of Temesköz, the area bounded by the Maros, the Tisza and the Danube rivers. It was not until the Peace of Požarevac in 1718 that Temesköz was liberated from the Turks. However, the continuous war against the Turkish invaders and the Habsburg autocracy, which lasted for more than 150 years, wiped out large areas of the Hungarian population, which had previously made up 80% of the country's population, and was replaced by Vlachs (Romanians), Serbs and other Slavic settlers and Germans. The Habsburgs also favoured the settlement of these foreign peoples over the 'rebellious' Hungarians.
August 21, 1690
Thököly Imre, the former leader of the anti-Habsburg Hungarian kuruc uprising, crossed the mountains with Turkish and Wallachian auxiliaries, attacked the imperial army of General Heisler from behind and defeated him.
September 21, 1690
The nobility of Transylvania joined Thököly Imre and he was elected Prince of Transylvania in Szeben. Soon the combined armies of Castelli and Heisler pushed him out of Transylvania.
1690
Transylvania became part of the Kingdom of Hungary again, with internal autonomy and freedom of religion
Little more...
1690
According to the Diploma Leopoldinum issued by Emperor Leopold I, Transylvania became part of the Kingdom of Hungary again and Hungarian law remained in force. The three nations (the Hungarians, the Székelys – who are also Hungarians –, and the Saxons) administered its internal affairs with autonomy and the freedom of religion was also preserved. The incorporation of Transylvania into the Habsburg Empire was prevented by the temporary election of Thököly Imre as Prince of Transylvania in 1690 with Turkish help.
1703-1711
Hungarian War of Independence led by Prince Rákóczi Ferenc II
Little more...
1703-1711
After the expulsion of the Turks, the Habsburgs treated Hungary as a newly conquered province and did not respect its constitution. The serfs rose up against the Habsburg ruler because of the sufferings caused by the war and the heavy burdens, and they invited Rákóczi Ferenc II to lead them. Trusting in the help promised by King Louis XIV of France, he accepted. Rákóczi rallied the nobility to his side, and soon most of the country was under his control. The rebels were called the kurucs. In 1704, the French and the Bavarians were defeated at the Battle of Blenheim, depriving the Hungarians of their international allies. The Rusyn, Slovak and Vlach peasants and the Saxons of Szepes supported the fight for freedom, while the Serbs in the south and the Saxons in Transylvania served the Habsburgs. Due to lack of funds Rákóczi could not raise a strong regular army, and in 1710, Hungary was also hit by a severe plague. Rákóczi tried unsuccessfully to forge an alliance with Tsar Peter the Great of Russia. In his absence, without his knowledge, his commander-in-chief, Károlyi Sándor, accepted Emperor Joseph I's peace offer. The Peace of Szatmár formally restored the Hungarian constitution and religious freedom and granted amnesty, but did not ease the burden of serfdom. Rákóczi refused to accept the pardon and went into exile. He died in Rodosto, Turkey.
1724
The Treasury inherited the estate from Bethlen Kata, the widow of Apafi Mihály II.
from 1725
The offices of the estate owned by the Treasury moved to the castle.
1784
The castle was last used for military purpose, when most of the nobility of Hunyad County found refuge here from the Vlach uprising of Horea. Here they successfully repelled the attacks of the Vlachs. The little town was an industrial centre of regional importance and the seat of one of the districts of Hunyad County. In 1784, Emperor Joseph II ordered an increase in the number of border guards. The Valch serfs in Transylvania were under the misapprehension that the conscription had been started, and began to gather en masse, as the military service was the only way for the Vlach migrants that overpopulated in the Transylvanian mountains to escape the misery. The leaders of the local administration, believing that they were being bypassed by the imperial court, tried to block the process. In addition, the Vlach Orthodox priests incited the Vlach population against the Hungarians, whom they hated, and fooled the Vlachs with the myth of their Daco-Roman origin. Horea spread the word that the emperor had appointed him as the leader of the Vlachs. The enraged Vlach peasants attacked the Hungarian and Saxon citizens and began a terrible ethnic cleansing, exterminating 133 mostly Hungarian settlements and murdering thousands of people. After the mob was crushed, two of their leaders, Horea and Cloșca, were executed by the wheel in Gyulafehérvár. The third leader, Crişan, cowardly committed suicide in the prison. There was no mass reprisal.
1807
King Francis I of Hungary ordered the renovation of the castle during his visit, but the constructions were ended by a fire due to lightning strike in 1818.
1848-1849
Hungarian Revolution and War of Independence
Little more...
1848-1849
Following the news of the Paris Revolution on 22 February 1848, the Hungarian liberal opposition led by Kossuth Lajos demanded the abolition of serfdom, the abolition of the tax exemption of the nobility, a parliament elected by the people, and an independent and accountable national government. The revolution that broke out in Pest on 15 March expressed its demands in 12 points, which, in addition to the above mentioned, included the freedom of the press, equality before the law, the release of the political prisoners and the union with Transylvania. A Hungarian government was formed, Batthyány Lajos became prime minister, and on 11 April Emperor Ferdinand V ratified the reform laws. On August 31 the Emperor demanded the repeal of the laws threatening with military intervention. In September the Emperor unleashed the army of Jelacic, Ban of Croatia, on Hungary, but they were defeated by the Hungarians in the Battle of Pákozd on 29 September. An open war began for the independence of Hungary. The Habsburgs incited the nationalities against the Hungarians. The Rusyns, the Slovenes and most of the Slovaks and Germans supported the cause persistently, but the Vlachs (Romanians) and the Serbians turned against the Hungarians. The glorious Spring Campaign in 1849 led by General Görgei Artúr liberated almost all of Hungary. On 1 May 1849, Emperor Franz Joseph, effectively admitting defeat, asked for the help of Tsar Nicholas I of Russia, who sent an intervention army of 200,000 soldiers against Hungary. The resistance became hopeless against the overwhelming enemy forces and on 13 August Görgei Artúr surrendered to the Russians at Világos. Bloody reprisals followed, and on 6 October 1849, 12 generals and a colonel of the Hungarian Revolution, the martyrs of Arad, were executed in Arad. On the same day, Batthyány Lajos, the first Hungarian Prime Minister, was executed by firing squad in Pest. The Habsburgs introduced total authoritarianism in Hungary, but they also failed to fulfil their promises to the nationalities that had betrayed the Hungarians.
after 1849
After the suppression of the Hungarian War of Independence, offices operated within the centuries-old walls until 1854, when another fire destroyed the roofs of the buildings.
1868
The doctor and university professor Arányi Lajos started a campaign to gather public donations for the renovation of the castle.
1870-1874
The architect Steindl Imre led the renovation of the castle in uniform Gothic style. He transformed the roofs to their present day form.
1896
The replica of Vajdahunyad Castle was inaugurated in Budapest as part of the celebration commemorating the Millennium of Hungary. It was originally built from wood, but it was rebuilt from stone in 1908 due to its success.
1907-1913
The historically correct renovation of the castle was led by Möller István.
Source: varak.hu , Wikipedia, studhist.blog.hu: Vajdahunyad vára és a Hunyadi család , maszol.ro , studhist.blog.hu: Vajdahunyad vára és Bethlen Gábor erdélyi fejedelem , arcanum.hu - Bánlaky József: A magyar nemzet hadtörténelme
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{"item":"castle","set":{"castleId":145,"townId":70,"active":1,"name_LO":"Castelul Corvinilor","settlement_HU":"Vajdahunyad","settlement_LO":"Hunedoara","address":"Curtea Corvine\u0219tilor nr. 1-3","listorder":1,"gps_lat":"45.7491580000","gps_long":"22.8881390000","oldcounty":35,"country":4,"division":20,"cond":1,"entrance":1,"varaklink":"https:\/\/varak.hu\/latnivalo\/index\/1439-Vajdahunyad-Vajdahunyad-vara\/","homepage":"http:\/\/www.castelulcorvinilor.ro\/","openinghours":"http:\/\/www.castelulcorvinilor.ro\/info-vizitatori\/?lang=ro","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Carcea Daniel, CC BY-SA 3.0 RO \u003Chttps:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/ro\/deed.en\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Castelul_Corvinilor_HD.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Castelul Corvinilor HD\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b4\/Castelul_Corvinilor_HD.jpg\/512px-Castelul_Corvinilor_HD.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Castelul_Corvinilor_HD.jpg\u0022\u003ECarcea Daniel\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/ro\/deed.en\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0 RO\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Vajdahunyad Castle","georegion":"Hunyad","description":"","nameorigin":"","history":"#1|@#3|@11th century|King Stephen I established a royal county whose centre was the hillfort (\u00d3hunyad, Old Hunyad) on Saint Peter Hill (Szent P\u00e9ter, S\u00e2npetru) south of the present day castle. It was the military and political centre of the county led by the royal isp\u00e1n. The fort lost its significance after the Mongol invasion. The name Hunyad probably comes from a personal name with the d affix. The Vajda prefix refers to the fact that it was the estate of the vajda of Transylvania. The Romanian name comes from the Hunyadv\u00e1ra (meaning Hunyad\u2019s caste) form of the Hungarian name.@#5|@1267|Istv\u00e1n, the son of King B\u00e9la IV of Hungary, retreated to the castle of Feketehalom after the battle fought against his father at D\u00e9va, and ordered the castellan of Hunyad Castle to recruit soldiers and hurry to liberate Feketehalom besieged by the army led by L\u0151rinc son of Kem\u00e9ny. It is not certain that this referred to the hillfort of Hunyad or the stone castle already existed at this time.@#6|@14th century|The castle that is now known as Sebes Castle located in the historical Kolozs County was called Hunyad, therefore every document from the reign of the Anjou kings refer to that castle.@after 1330|According to a theory, King Charles I of Hungary ordered the construction of the stone castles of Hunyad and H\u00e1tszeg after his unsuccessful campaign against Wallachia, in order to protect the borders of Hungary, because D\u00e9va Castle to the north lay too far from the border.@October 18, 1409|King Sigismund of Hungary donated the estate to ken\u00e9z Vajk (Woyk) son of Serbe, the father of Hunyadi J\u00e1nos. Vajk fled to Transylvania from Wallachia. This estate gave the family its name. Romanians spread that Vajk was Vlach, but in fact his origin is unknown. It is also known, that he was a ken\u00e9z, a leader, and the leading class of the Vlachs (the nobility of Wallachia) was of Cuman origin at that time. His name also is of Turk origin. Cumans later assimilated to the Vlach majority of Wallachia, just like the originally Turk Bulgars assimilated to the Slavic majority. An extensive, but scarcely populated estate belonged to the castle, which didn\u2019t generate much income.@February 10, 1410|King Sigismund issued the permanent letter of donation, in which Vajk was already called Hunyadi. It is most likely the castle did not exist at that time based on the fact, that it was not mentioned in the document. The present day castle was probably built by Vajk's son Hunyadi J\u00e1nos as the centre of the estate.@1446|The castle was mentioned for the first time by written sources.@1446-1453|Hunyadi J\u00e1nos was the governor of Hungary. During this period, his wife, Szil\u00e1gyi Erzs\u00e9bet, lived in the castle. The castle was transformed and expanded around that time. The castle lay far from the battlefields of the Turkish wars at that time and was considered an aristocratic residence rather than a military fortress.@#7|@1482|King Matthias of Hungary gave the castle to his illegitimate son, Corvin J\u00e1nos, Prince of Lipt\u00f3, who was later forced to pawn it to Kinizsi P\u00e1l, the isp\u00e1n of Temes County.@1490|King Matthias died.@1494|Corvin J\u00e1nos pawned the castle to Kinizsi P\u00e1l and his wife, Magyar Benigna.@1496|Bishop Bak\u00f3cz Tam\u00e1s of Eger acquired the pawn, but he could not take the castle into his possession.@1504|Corvin J\u00e1nos died.@1505|The only son of Corvin J\u00e1nos, the child Krist\u00f3f, died. He was the last male member of the family.@1508|Erzs\u00e9bet, the daughter of Corvin J\u00e1nos also died. The castle was inherited by the widow of Corvin J\u00e1nos, Frangep\u00e1n Beatrix.@1508|Bishop Bak\u00f3cz Tam\u00e1s tried to take the castle into his possession, but Castellan Nagy Gy\u00f6rgy and his hussars drove away the chapter of Transylvania and the men of the vajda of Transylvania coming to the official registration. After that, King Ul\u00e1szl\u00f3 II of Hungary issued a letter of donation for the castle to Frangep\u00e1n Beatrix.@1509|Frangep\u00e1n Beatrix married George, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach, the nephew of King Ul\u00e1szl\u00f3 II.@1510|After the death of Frangep\u00e1n Beatrix, George, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach, inherited the Hunyadi estates.@#8|@1528|A fire devastated the castle.@17 September 1531|George, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach, handed the castle over to King Ferdinand I. He was a supporter of Ferdinand against King John I.@June 1534|Bishop Czibak Imre of V\u00e1rad captured the castle on behalf of King John I by siege. Czibak Imre was assassinated by Lodovico Gritti's men later that year.@1536|King John I of Hungary donated it to T\u00f6r\u00f6k B\u00e1lint of Enying.@#9|@1557|T\u00f6r\u00f6k J\u00e1nos had his adulterous wife, Kendi Anna, beheaded in the castle courtyard.@#10|@#12|@1601|Mihai Viteazul, Voivode of the Wallachia, besieged the castle without any success, although he burnt the roofs of the castle buildings.@#13|@#14|@1618|The castle was acquired by the Bethlens of Ikt\u00e1r. Prince Bethlen G\u00e1bor of Transylvania transformed the castle and reinforced it with outer defences, then gave it to his nephew, Bethlen Istv\u00e1n, in 1622 together with the estate. After the death of Bethlen Istv\u00e1n in 1632, his wife, Sz\u00e9chy M\u00e1ria, lived in the castle for a short time.@#15|@#16|@#17|@#18|@1648|Bethlen Katalin, the wife of Z\u00f3lyomi D\u00e1vid, acquired the castle.@#19|@#20|@#21|@1671|Th\u00f6k\u00f6ly Imre acquired the estate and stayed here several times. The Th\u00f6k\u00f6ly family had estates in northern Hungary (now Slovakia) and made their fortune from the cattle trade.@#22|@#23|@#24|@1685|Prince Apafi Mih\u00e1ly of Transylvania confiscated the estate from Th\u00f6k\u00f6ly Imre, when Transylvania broke with the Turks after they lost power in Hungary. Apafi Mih\u00e1ly I left the estate to his son Mih\u00e1ly.@#25|@August 21, 1690|Th\u00f6k\u00f6ly Imre, the former leader of the anti-Habsburg Hungarian kuruc uprising, crossed the mountains with Turkish and Wallachian auxiliaries, attacked the imperial army of General Heisler from behind and defeated him.@September 21, 1690|The nobility of Transylvania joined Th\u00f6k\u00f6ly Imre and he was elected Prince of Transylvania in Szeben. Soon the combined armies of Castelli and Heisler pushed him out of Transylvania.@#26|@#27|@1724|The Treasury inherited the estate from Bethlen Kata, the widow of Apafi Mih\u00e1ly II.@from 1725|The offices of the estate owned by the Treasury moved to the castle.@1784|The castle was last used for military purpose, when most of the nobility of Hunyad County found refuge here from the Vlach uprising of Horea. Here they successfully repelled the attacks of the Vlachs. The little town was an industrial centre of regional importance and the seat of one of the districts of Hunyad County. In 1784, Emperor Joseph II ordered an increase in the number of border guards. The Valch serfs in Transylvania were under the misapprehension that the conscription had been started, and began to gather en masse, as the military service was the only way for the Vlach migrants that overpopulated in the Transylvanian mountains to escape the misery. The leaders of the local administration, believing that they were being bypassed by the imperial court, tried to block the process. In addition, the Vlach Orthodox priests incited the Vlach population against the Hungarians, whom they hated, and fooled the Vlachs with the myth of their Daco-Roman origin. Horea spread the word that the emperor had appointed him as the leader of the Vlachs. The enraged Vlach peasants attacked the Hungarian and Saxon citizens and began a terrible ethnic cleansing, exterminating 133 mostly Hungarian settlements and murdering thousands of people. After the mob was crushed, two of their leaders, Horea and Clo\u0219ca, were executed by the wheel in Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r. The third leader, Cri\u015fan, cowardly committed suicide in the prison. There was no mass reprisal.@1807|King Francis I of Hungary ordered the renovation of the castle during his visit, but the constructions were ended by a fire due to lightning strike in 1818.@#28|@after 1849|After the suppression of the Hungarian War of Independence, offices operated within the centuries-old walls until 1854, when another fire destroyed the roofs of the buildings.@1868|The doctor and university professor Ar\u00e1nyi Lajos started a campaign to gather public donations for the renovation of the castle.@1870-1874|The architect Steindl Imre led the renovation of the castle in uniform Gothic style. He transformed the roofs to their present day form.@1896|The replica of Vajdahunyad Castle was inaugurated in Budapest as part of the celebration commemorating the Millennium of Hungary. It was originally built from wood, but it was rebuilt from stone in 1908 due to its success.@1907-1913|The historically correct renovation of the castle was led by M\u00f6ller Istv\u00e1n.&studhist.blog.hu: Vajdahunyad v\u00e1ra \u00e9s a Hunyadi csal\u00e1d|https:\/\/studhist.blog.hu\/2017\/12\/19\/vajdahunyad_vara_es_a_hunyadi_csalad\nmaszol.ro|https:\/\/maszol.ro\/kultura\/122792-kincsesladank-erdely-buszke-vartornyok-es-bed-lt-kemenyek-varosa-vajdahunyad\nstudhist.blog.hu: Vajdahunyad v\u00e1ra \u00e9s Bethlen G\u00e1bor erd\u00e9lyi fejedelem|https:\/\/studhist.blog.hu\/2017\/12\/27\/vajdahunyad_vara_es_bethlen_gabor_erdelyi_fejedelem"},"language":"en","region":"romania","regionid":4,"offer":[{"id":"112","settlement_HU":"Szal\u00e1rd","settlement_LO":"S\u0103lard","gps_lat":"47.2378340000","gps_long":"22.0440240000","cond":"6","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Utilizator:Grossecali at ro.wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0 <http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/>, via Wikimedia 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