Torda
Turda
Torda
Hungarian:
Torda
Romanian:
Turda
German:
Thorenburg
CristianChirita, CC BY-SA 3.0 RO, via Wikimedia Commons
Historical Hungarian county:
Torda-Aranyos
Country:
Romania
County:
Cluj
River:
Aranyos, Rákos Brook
Altitude:
315 m
GPS coordinates:
46.571938, 23.78569
Google map:
Population
Population:
47k
Hungarian:
8.18%
Population in 1910
| Total | 13455 |
|---|---|
| Hungarian | 71.9% |
| German | 0.74% |
| Vlach | 25.19% |
The county of Torda was established in the 11th century by King Stephen I of Hungary, and was probably named after its first royal ispán. Already then, salt mining had begun near the settlement. Later, Torda became the administrative and management centre of all the salt mines in Transylvania, which was called the salt chamber, later the salt office. From the first half of the 16th century, salt mining began to decline and the town's importance diminished. In 1568, freedom of religion was proclaimed in Hungary at the Diet of Torda, the first in Europe to do so. It included the Catholic, the Calvinist, the Lutheran and the Unitarian denominations. In 1601, the town suffered a great tragedy when the inhabitants of Újtorda, who had taken refuge in the Reformed church, were massacred by General Basta's imperial army. In 1619, Prince Bethlen Gábor of Transylvania settled his foot soldiers in Újtorda and granted them nobility. The inhabitants of Ótorda remained in civil status. Later, in order to settle conflicts arising from different legal statuses, Prince Apafi Mihály also ennobled the inhabitants of Ótorda. This status was abolished with the revolution of 1848. The town lost its Hungarian majority and its status as a county seat as a consequence of the Romanian occupation in 1918. The salt mines were closed in 1932. The mines are one of the main tourist attractions in Transylvania. Also one of Transylvania's most important natural attractions is the Torda Gorge, which splits the limestone ridge northwest of Torda. But it's also worth taking time to visit the town of Torda and admire its medieval Gothic Reformed churches, the former salt chamber house, and the charming town centre, built in the style of the Hungarian county seats.
Check out other towns in Transylvania as well!
History
Sights
© OpenStreetMap contributors
895
Arrival of the Hungarians
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895
The alliance of the seven Hungarian tribes took possession of the then largely uninhabited Carpathian Basin. Until then, the sparse Slavic population of the north-western Carpathians had lived under Moravian rule for a few decades after the collapse of the Avar Khaganate in the early 9th century.
10th century
Tordavár was the centre of the Hungarian Kalocsa clan.
1000
Foundation of the Hungarian Kingdom
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1000
The Kingdom of Hungary was established with the coronation of King Stephen I. He converted the Hungarians to Christianity and created two archdioceses (Esztergom and Kalocsa) and ten dioceses. He divided Hungary into counties led by ispáns, who were appointed by the king.
early 11th century
Torda County was established. It is likely that a prestigious member of the Kalocsa clan was called Todra (Turda), who was probably the ispán of the county. The castle of Torda was already standing at that time on the hill above the present-day Várfalva. The remains of the castle can still be seen.
1075
The salt mined in Transylvania was mentioned for the first time in the diploma of King Géza I of Hungary. The salt tax belonging to the castle of Turda [Torda] by the river Aranas [Aranyos] was mentioned. It is likely that Saxons were settled to operate the mines. In the ancient times the Dacian Dierna and later the Roman Potaissa settlements were located in its neighbourhood. Romans also mined salt here, but they abandoned the area around 271 AD and never returned. Mining was restarted after the establishment of the Kingdom of Hungary, when Torda became the administrative centre of all the salt mines in Transylvania, which was called salt chamber and later salt office.
1091
Cumans that broke into Hungary through the Ojtoz Pass under the command of Kapolcs, devastated the neighbourhood of Torda as well. This was the first Cuman raid on Hungary.
1241-1242
Mongol Invasion
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1241-1242
The hordes of the Mongol Empire invaded Hungary and almost completely destroyed it. One third to one half of the population was destroyed. The Mongols also suffered heavy losses in the battle of Muhi and they could not hunt down the king. After their withdrawal, King Béla IV reorganized Hungary. He allowed the feudal lords to build stone castles because they were able to successfully resist the nomadic Mongols. The vast majority of stone castles were built after this. The king called in German, Vlach (Romanian) and Slavic settlers to replace the destroyed population.
1241
Mondols destroyed the settlement. The castle of Torda was not reconstructed afterwards. King Stephen V of Hungary gave the area to the Székelys of Kézd between 1270 and 1272, and they used the castle of Torockó for protection. The settlement of Tordaakna (Torda Mine) became the new political and administrative centre of the county.
1272
King Stephen V donated the salt mine of Torda to the cathedral chapter of Transylvania. This donation was reaffirmed by King László IV in 1276, who also allowed the free mining and transport of salt during the whole year.
around 1275
There was a settlement called Szentmiklós in the west part of Ótorda, where ispán Mikud built a castle. It was destroyed by the Mongols in 1285 and rebuilt at the beginning of the 15th century. The castle was last mentioned in 1508 and now nothing remains of it.
1285
During the second Mongol invasion, the royal charters of right of Tordaakna were burned in the Mikud Castle. King Andrew III of Hungary reaffirmed the privileges of the settlement in 1291. These included right to hold weekly fair, exemption from duty and free election of the judge.
1289
King László IV of Hungary gave the castle's land called Aranyos to the Székelys of Kézd and established Aranyosszék (Aranyos Seat). Szék (Seat) was the administrative unit of the Székely people.
1301
The extinction of the House of Árpád
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1301
The House of Árpád, the first Hungarian royal dynasty, died out with the death of King Andrew III. Hungary was ruled by oligarchs, the most powerful of whom was Csák Máté, whose main ally was the Aba family. King Charles I (1308-1342), supported by the Pope, eventually emerged as the most prominent of the contenders for the Hungarian throne. But it took decades to break the power of the oligarchs.
1375
King Louis I of Hungary allowed serfs to move freely to Torda after they paid their debts.
1377
King Louis I instructed the vajda of Transylvania to respect the rights of the town and to compensate for the damages caused.
February 2, 1438
The estates of Transylvania assembled in Torda and reaffirmed the Unio Trium Nationum, the union of three nations (the nobility of the Hungarian counties, the Székelys and the Saxons), which was created the previous year. Vlachs were not included in the union, because at that time they were much smaller in number, they were known to be economic migrants in Transylvania, and they were mainly shepherds and peasants (Hungarian peasants were also excluded from the political nation). After the session, they started to punish the participants of the peasant uprising of Budai Nagy Antal.
1456
Hunyadi János held a country assembly in Torda before he left for the defence of Belgrade against the Turks.
1456
Siege of Nándorfehérvár (Belgrade)
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1456
The Turkish army of Sultan Mehmed II, the conqueror of Constantinople, besieged the castle of Nándorfehérvár (Belgrade), which was the southern gateway to Hungary. But the Hungarian army, led by Hunyadi János, won a decisive victory over the twice to three times larger Turkish army. The Pope had earlier ordered that church bells should be rung every noon to pray for the victory of the defenders. Hunyadi János died of plague in the camp after the battle.
1467
King Matthias of Hungary extended the tax of the royal treasury (tributum fisci regalis) and the Crown’s customs (vectigal coronae) to Transylvania as well. An uprising broke out and they wanted to put vajda Szentgyörgyi János of Transylvania on the throne. King Matthias quickly marched into Transylvania with his army, and the conspirators surrendered without any resistance. Szentgyörgyi pleaded for mercy and was pardoned, but was removed from his position.
1467
King Matthias held the country assembly of Hungary here in order to quell the rebellion of the nobility of Transylvania. He offered the traitors to swear an oath to him in exchange for mercy. The rebellion was started by an increase in royal taxes.
1475
King Matthias of Hungary granted exemption from duty for the products of the town's burghers for the entire country. This was the reaffirmation of the privilege granted in 1291, and it boosted trade besides mining.
early 16th century
Salt mining declined as well as the importance of the town.
1505
The union of the three nations was renewed in the country assembly in Torda.
1526
Battle of Mohács and the splitting of Hungary into two parts
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1526
Sultan Suleiman I launched a war against Vienna, instigated by the French. Ferdinand I, Duke of Austria, was the brother-in-law of King Louis II of Hungary. The army of the Ottoman Empire defeated the much smaller Hungarian army at Mohács, and King Louis II died in the battle. A group of the barons elected Ferdinand I of the House of Habsburg to the throne, who promised to defend Hungary from the Turks. He was the younger brother of the most powerful European monarch Emperor Charles V. But the nobility chose the most powerful Hungarian baron, Szapolyai János, who was also crowned as King John I. The country was split in two and a decades-long struggle for power began.
1541
The Turkish occupation of the capital, Buda, and the division of Hungary into three parts
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1541
The Turks conquered Buda, the capital of Hungary, after the death of King John I. The central part of the country was under Turkish rule for 150 years. The western and northern parts (including present-day Slovakia) formed the Kingdom of Hungary ruled by the Habsburg emperors. The eastern parts (now mainly under Romanian rule) were ruled by the successors of King John I of Hungary, who later established the Principality of Transylvania.
December 20, 1542
The country assembly in Torda recognized the child John Sigismund (the son of John I) as ruler of Hungary by the name John II. Thus they denounced the Agreement of Gyalu, according to which Hungary was to be united under the banner of the Habsburgs after the death of King John I. The yearly tribute of 10,000 forints payable to the Ottoman Empire was voted for the first time as well. These were the first steps in the direction of creating the independent Principality of Transylvania.
1551
The child John Sigismund's guardian, George Martinuzzi, with Castaldo's imperial army, forced Queen Isabella to surrender the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom (including Transylvania) to King Ferdinand I. Isabella left for Poland with her child, the heir to the throne. The Turks then launched a punitive campaign against Hungary.
1556
The Estates of Transylvania, dissatisfied with Habsburg rule, recalled Queen Isabella to the throne, to which the Sultan gave his consent. On her return, she regained control of eastern Hungary.
January 1556
The country assembly in Torda broke with the Habsburgs and called back Queen Isabella and his son, John II, to the throne.
1557
The Lutheran religion was recognized by the country assembly in Torda.
after 1560
Torda became one of the favoured places of residence of John II and later of the princes of Transylvania. The house of the salt chamber was reconstructed to be their residence.
1564
The Calvinist religion was also recognized by the country assembly in Torda.
January 1568
Freedom of religion was declared in Torda for the first time in Europe. Catholics, Calvinists, Lutherans and also Unitarians could practice their religion freely. The ruler John II also converted to the Unitarian faith.
1570
The establishment of the Principality of Transylvania
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1570
John II (John Sigismund), the son of King John I of Hungary, renounced the title of King of Hungary in favor of King Maximilian of the House of Habsburg, and henceforth held the title of Prince. This formally created the Principality of Transylvania, which was the eastern half of Hungary not ruled by the Habsburgs and was also a vassal of the Ottoman Empire. John II died in 1571, after which the three nations of Transylvania (the Hungarian nobility, the Székelys and the Saxons) elected the prince.
1591-1606
Fifteen Years' War
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1591-1606
The Ottoman Empire started a war against the Habsburg Empire. The war was waged in the territory of Hungary. The Turks defeated the combined armies of the Habsburg Empire and the Principality of Transylvania in the battle of Mezőkeresztes in 1596, but their victory was not decisive. The war devastated the Principality of Transylvania, which was occupied by the Habsburg army, and General Basta introduced a reign of terror.
October 17, 1599
Instigated by Emperor Rudolf, Voivode Mihai (Viteazul) of Wallachia broke into Transylvania through the Bodza Pass, after Prince Báthory Zsigmond, contrary to his promise, hand over power over Transylvania to his cousin Cardinal Báthory András instead of Emperor Rudolf. Voivode Mihai sided with the Székelys, who were dissatisfied with the Báthory dynasty, by promising to restore their rights, and with their help he defeated the army of Prince Báthory András at Sellenberk on 28 October.
November 1, 1599
Voivode Mihai Viteazul of Wallachia marched into Gyulafehérvár, the capitol of Transylvania, and took over power as governor appointed by Emperor Rudolf. But soon he started to act on his own behalf and introduced a reign of terror. He arbitrarily appointed Wallachian boyars to every position, looted the treasury and his unpaid mercenaries plundered and murdered throughout the land. The Vlach peasants rose up and started to exterminate Hungarian and Saxon population in Transylvania, which had a Hungarian majority at that time.
September 18, 1600
Voivode Mihai of Wallachia was defeated in the battle of Miriszló and driven out by the combined armies of the Transylvanian nobility led by Báthory Zsigmond and General Basta’s imperial mercenaries. At the beginning of next year, the Estates of Transylvanian broke with the Emperor and Báthory Zsigmond was elected prince once more.
August 3, 1601
The combined armies of General Basta and Voivode Mihai of Wallachia defeated the Transylvanian army of Prince Báthory Zsigmond in the battle of Goroszló. After that, the army of Voivode Mihai sacked and burned the towns of Torda, Nagyenyed and Gyulafehérvár, where they robbed the tombs of the Hunyadi family, King John II of Hungary and his mother Queen Isabella. Then, on 19 August, Voivode Mihai was assassinated by the mercenaries of General Basta, because Mihai tried to usurp the throne of Transylvania once again. Genral Basta also introduced a reign of terror in Transylvania and let his mercenaries ravage freely throughout the land.
1601
The inhabitants of Újtorda fled to the Gothic Calvinist church after General Basta attacked the town with his imperial army. Basta destroyed the walls of the fortification around the church with cannons and massacred everyone. Most of the population perished, those who survived, became impoverished. The imperial army defeated the army of voivode Mihai Viteazul of Wallachia near the town. A gigantic memorial was raised to him at the site of the battle in 1974, and he is still venerated as one of the greatest national heroes of the Romanians.
1604-1606
Uprising of Bocskai István
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1604-1606
The alliance of the Habsburgs and the Principality of Transylvania was defeated by the Ottoman Empire in the Fifteen Years' War. The war devastated Transylvania, which was occupied by the Habsburg imperial army, and General Basta introduced a reign of terror. The nobility and the burghers were upset about the terror, the plundering mercenaries and the violent Counter-Reformation. Bocskai István decided to lead their uprising after the Habsburg emperor tried to confiscate his estates. Bocskai also rallied the hajdú warriors to his side. He was elected Prince of Transylvania and soon liberated the Kingdom of Hungary from the Habsburgs. In 1605 Bocskai István was crowned King of Hungary with the crown he received from the Turks.
23 June 1606
Peace of Vienna
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23 June 1606
Bocski István made peace with Emperor Rudolf. Their agreement secured the constitutional rights of the Estates of Hungary, and the freedom of religion. The counties of Szatmár, Bereg and Ugocsa were annexed to the Principality of Transylvania. Bocskai died of illness in the same year, leaving to his successors the idea of unifying Hungary from Transylvania.
1609
Prince Báthori Gábor of Transylvania granted privileges to the town.
March 8, 1614
Prince Bethlen Gábor of Transylvania gave the castle of Újtorda and its church to the salt miners. This did not prove sufficient, so he settled his foot soldiers in Újtorda in 1619 under the command of Lieutenant Geréb András and granted them nobility in exchange for military service. Újtorda became independent from Ótorda, whose inhabitants remained burghers (did not gain nobility).
1619
The campaign of Prince Bethlen Gábor of Transylvania in the Thirty Years' War
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1619
At the beginning of the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648), Prince Bethlen Gábor of Transylvania went to war against the Habsburg emperor as an ally of the rebelling Czech-Moravian-Austrian estates. The whole Kingdom of Hungary joined him, only the Austrian defenders of Pozsony had to be put to the sword. With his allies, he laid siege to Vienna. However, he was forced to abandon the siege because the Habsburg-loyal Hungarian aristocrat Homonnai Drugeth György attacked his heartland with Polish mercenaries. On 25 August 1620, the Diet of Besztercebánya elected Bethlen Gábor King of Hungary as vassal of the Turks. He continued to fight after the defeat of the Czechs at White Mountain on 8 November 1620, but without real chance to achieve decisive victory, he decided to come to an agreement with Emperor Ferdinand II.
31 December 1621
Peace of Nikolsburg
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31 December 1621
Prince Bethlen Gábor of Transylvania made peace with Emperor Ferdinand II. Their agreement secured the constitutional rights of the Estates of Hungary, and later it was supplemented with the freedom of religion. Bethlen renounced the title of King of Hungary in exchange for seven counties of the Upper Tisza region (Szabolcs, Szatmár, Bereg, Ugocsa, Zemplén, Borsod, Abaúj) for the rest of his life, other estates in Hungary as his private property and the imperial title of Duke of Oppeln and Ratibor (Opole and Racibórz), one of the Duchies of Silesia. Prince Bethlen went to war against the Habsburgs in 1623 and 1626, but was unable to negotiate more favourable terms.
1644-1645
The campaign of Prince Rákóczi György I of Transylvania in the Thirty Years' War
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1644-1645
Prince Rákóczi György I of Transylvania allied with the Swedes and the French in the Thirty Years' War and went to war against the Habsburg Emperor Ferdinand III. On 18 July 1645 his army joined forces with Torstenson's Swedish army under Brno (Moravia). The excellent artillery of Transylvania opened fire on the city walls. However, Rákóczi had to give up the siege, having been informed that the Turks were planning a punitive campaign against Transylvania, because he went to war against the Sultan's prohibition.
16 December 1645
Peace of Linz
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16 December 1645
Prince Rákóczi György I of Transylvania made peace with Emperor Ferdinand III. It secured the freedom of religion for the Protestants and extended it also to the serfs. Rákóczi received the same seven Hungarian counties that Prince Bethlen Gábor had also held (Abauj, Zemplén, Borsod, Bereg, Ugocsa, Szabolcs, Szatmár) until his death, and the counties of Szabolcs and Szatmár were also to be inherited by his sons. The Rákóczi family also received several new estates.
1657
Prince Rákóczi György II of Transylvania launched a campaign for the crown of Poland in alliance with Carl X Gustaf of Sweden. His aim was to unite the Hungarian-Polish-Wallachian forces against the Turks. The campaign started successfully with the prince taking Kraków and Warsawa, but then the King of Sweden abandoned him. The vengeful Poles invaded northern Transylvania, burning defenceless villages, destroying churches and castles. Soon the punitive campaign of Turkish and Tatar armies devastated Transylvania, as the prince launched his Polish campaign against the Sultan's will.
1658
The Tartars ravaged and plundered throughout Transylvania and Grand Vizier Köprülü Mehmed captured Jenő Castle. The Estates of Transylvania sent Barcsay Ákos to the camp of the grand vizier to beg for mercy. In return, the Grand Vizier demanded that the annual tax be raised from 15 to 40 thousand forints (gold coins) and that Lugos and Karansebes be ceded. This was the price for the Turks to leave Transylvania. The grand vizier appointed Barcsay prince on 14 September.
1658
The inhabitants fled and the Tatars burned the town.
1659
Prince Rákóczi György II returned to Transylvania and forced Barcsay Ákos to retreat to Szeben and besieged him. Prince Rákóczi György II of Transylvania settled the refugees from the towns of Lugos and Karánsebes in Torda.
December 1659
Pasha Seydi Ahmed of Buda defeated Prince Rákóczi György II of Transylvania at Torda.
May 22, 1660
In the battle of Sászfenes, Pasha Shejdi Ahmed of Buda defeated Rákóczi György II, who lost his life. The Tatar armies invaded Transylvania for the second time.
November 1660
Kemény János, the former commander of Rákóczi György II, defeated the army of Gáspár, the brother of Prince Barcsay András, at Örményes. Barcsay Gáspár fell in the battle. Then, on 31 December, Barcsay Ákos renounced the throne. In 1661 Kemény János had Barcsay Ákos captured and murdered.
1661
The army of Pasha Seydi Ahmed of Buda marched into Transylvania and set Torda on fire, after the country assembly in Beszterce on 23 April declared the independence of Transylvania from the Ottoman Empire and placed the country in the protection of Emperor Leopold I. On 14 September, Pasha Ali forced the country assembly to elect Apafi Mihály Prince of Transylvania in Marosvásárhely. The deposed prince, Kemény János, was let down by the emperor and was defeated by the Turks at Nagyszőlős (next to Segesvár) on 23 January, 1662. He fell in the battle. The noble refugees from Várad, which was occupied by the Turks in 1660, were settled in Torda.
1665
Prince Apafi Mihály of Transylvania granted nobility to the inhabitants of Ótorda and Újtorda with equal rights, in order to eliminate the conflicts among the inhabitants with different status. The people of Torda preserved their special status until 1711, and started to loose their privileges afterwards.
from the 1670's
The fugitives of the Wesselényi conspiracy fled to Transylvania and established their centre in Torda. They launched their raids on the Kingdom of Hungary from the town.
1683
Turkish defeat at Vienna and the formation of the Holy League
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1683
The combined armies of the Habsburg Empire and the Kingdom of Poland defeated the Turkish army besieging Vienna. Emperor Leopold I wanted to make peace with the Turks, but was refused by Sultan Mehmed IV. In 1684, at the persistent urging of Pope Innocent XI, the Holy League, an alliance of the Kingdom of Poland, the Habsburg Empire, the Republic of Venice and the Papal States, was formed to expel the Turks from Hungary. Thököly Imre, who had allied himself with the Turks, was gradually driven out of northern Hungary.
1686
Recapture of Buda and the liberation of Hungary from the Turks
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1686
The army of the Holy League recaptured Buda from the Turks by siege. In 1687, the Imperial army invaded the Principality of Transylvania. The liberation was hindered by the French breaking their promise of peace in 1688 and attacking the Habsburg Empire. By 1699, when the Peace of Karlóca was signed, all of Hungary and Croatia had been liberated from the Ottoman Empire with the exception of Temesköz, the area bounded by the Maros, the Tisza and the Danube rivers. It was not until the Peace of Požarevac in 1718 that Temesköz was liberated from the Turks. However, the continuous war against the Turkish invaders and the Habsburg autocracy, which lasted for more than 150 years, wiped out large areas of the Hungarian population, which had previously made up 80% of the country's population, and was replaced by Vlachs (Romanians), Serbs and other Slavic settlers and Germans. The Habsburgs also favoured the settlement of these foreign peoples over the 'rebellious' Hungarians.
1687
Charles, Duke of Lorraine, invaded Transylvania with an army of 40,000.
1690
Transylvania became part of the Kingdom of Hungary again, with internal autonomy and freedom of religion
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1690
According to the Diploma Leopoldinum issued by Emperor Leopold I, Transylvania became part of the Kingdom of Hungary again and Hungarian law remained in force. The three nations (the Hungarians, the Székelys – who are also Hungarians –, and the Saxons) administered its internal affairs with autonomy and the freedom of religion was also preserved. The incorporation of Transylvania into the Habsburg Empire was prevented by the temporary election of Thököly Imre as Prince of Transylvania in 1690 with Turkish help.
October 8, 1690
Imperial troops attacked and plundered the town and the church. In December, Turkish and Tatar raiders broke into the town and burned it.
1703-1711
Hungarian War of Independence led by Prince Rákóczi Ferenc II
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1703-1711
After the expulsion of the Turks, the Habsburgs treated Hungary as a newly conquered province and did not respect its constitution. The serfs rose up against the Habsburg ruler because of the sufferings caused by the war and the heavy burdens, and they invited Rákóczi Ferenc II to lead them. Trusting in the help promised by King Louis XIV of France, he accepted. Rákóczi rallied the nobility to his side, and soon most of the country was under his control. The rebels were called the kurucs. In 1704, the French and the Bavarians were defeated at the Battle of Blenheim, depriving the Hungarians of their international allies. The Rusyn, Slovak and Vlach peasants and the Saxons of Szepes supported the fight for freedom, while the Serbs in the south and the Saxons in Transylvania served the Habsburgs. Due to lack of funds Rákóczi could not raise a strong regular army, and in 1710, Hungary was also hit by a severe plague. Rákóczi tried unsuccessfully to forge an alliance with Tsar Peter the Great of Russia. In his absence, without his knowledge, his commander-in-chief, Károlyi Sándor, accepted Emperor Joseph I's peace offer. The Peace of Szatmár formally restored the Hungarian constitution and religious freedom and granted amnesty, but did not ease the burden of serfdom. Rákóczi refused to accept the pardon and went into exile. He died in Rodosto, Turkey.
1703
General Tiege appeared at the town with the imperial army, but the town was spared this time.
1704
Most of Transylvania joined the war of independence of Rákóczi Ferenc II.
December 1705
Two Dane horse regiments were quartered in Torda. They left the town in June 1706 after having caused great destruction.
1707
The inhabitants fled from the approaching imperial army.
after 1711
After the fall of the Hungarian war of independence, the town gradually lost its privileges.
1714
Count Mikes Mihály invited Pauline monks to the town.
1848-1849
Hungarian Revolution and War of Independence
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1848-1849
Following the news of the Paris Revolution on 22 February 1848, the Hungarian liberal opposition led by Kossuth Lajos demanded the abolition of serfdom, the abolition of the tax exemption of the nobility, a parliament elected by the people, and an independent and accountable national government. The revolution that broke out in Pest on 15 March expressed its demands in 12 points, which, in addition to the above mentioned, included the freedom of the press, equality before the law, the release of the political prisoners and the union with Transylvania. A Hungarian government was formed, Batthyány Lajos became prime minister, and on 11 April Emperor Ferdinand V ratified the reform laws. On August 31 the Emperor demanded the repeal of the laws threatening with military intervention. In September the Emperor unleashed the army of Jelacic, Ban of Croatia, on Hungary, but they were defeated by the Hungarians in the Battle of Pákozd on 29 September. An open war began for the independence of Hungary. The Habsburgs incited the nationalities against the Hungarians. The Rusyns, the Slovenes and most of the Slovaks and Germans supported the cause persistently, but the Vlachs (Romanians) and the Serbians turned against the Hungarians. The glorious Spring Campaign in 1849 led by General Görgei Artúr liberated almost all of Hungary. On 1 May 1849, Emperor Franz Joseph, effectively admitting defeat, asked for the help of Tsar Nicholas I of Russia, who sent an intervention army of 200,000 soldiers against Hungary. The resistance became hopeless against the overwhelming enemy forces and on 13 August Görgei Artúr surrendered to the Russians at Világos. Bloody reprisals followed, and on 6 October 1849, 12 generals and a colonel of the Hungarian Revolution, the martyrs of Arad, were executed in Arad. On the same day, Batthyány Lajos, the first Hungarian Prime Minister, was executed by firing squad in Pest. The Habsburgs introduced total authoritarianism in Hungary, but they also failed to fulfil their promises to the nationalities that had betrayed the Hungarians.
1848
The noble town status was officially abolished in Transylvania.
December 29, 1848
The Hungarian revolutionary troops led by Czetz János marched into the town.
1867
Austro-Hungarian Compromise
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1867
The Habsburg Empire was weakened by the defeats it suffered in the implementation of Italian and German unity. The Hungarians wanted to return to the reform laws of 1848, but they did not have the strength to do so. Emperor Franz Joseph and the Hungarian opposition, led by Deák Ferenc, finally agreed to restructure the Empire and abolish absolutism. Hungary was given autonomy in its internal affairs, with its own government and parliament, which was essential for the development of its economy and culture. However, foreign and military affairs remained in the hands of the Habsburgs and served their aspiration for becoming a great power. The majority wanted Hungary's independence, but they were excluded from political power.
1910
Out of its 13,455 inhabitants 9,674 were Hungarians, 3,389 were Vlachs and 100 were Germans.
1914-1918
World War I
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1914-1918
As part of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, Hungary took part in the war on the side of the Central Powers.
1916
On 27 August, Romania declared war on the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and launched an attack against Hungary. This triggered a huge wave of refugees from Transylvania, as the population feared a repeat of the Romanian ethnic cleansing of 1848-49. Austro-Hungarian and German forces drove the invaders out of the country by mid-October and occupied Bucharest on 6 December. Romania surrendered and signed a peace treaty with the central powers on 7 May 1918 (Treaty of Bucharest).
1918
On 3 November, the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy signed the Armistice of Padua. The already defeated Romania then declared war on Germany on 10 November, just one day before the Germans signed the armistice near Compiègne. The Romanians then launched an offensive against Hungary, which had already unconditionally ceased fighting at the demand of the Entente. Romania was only recognised by the Entente powers as one of the victors of WWI only later.
November 1918 - January 1919
The Czech, Romanian and Serbian occupation of Hungary
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November 1918 - January 1919
In Hungary, the freemasonic subversion brought the pro-Entente Károlyi Mihály to power. The new government, naively trusting the Entente powers, met all their demands and disbanded the Hungarian military, which rendered the country completely defenseless in the most dire need. Under French and Italian command, Czech, Romanian and Serbian troops invaded large parts of Hungary, where they immediately began the takeover. They fired Hungarian railway workers, officials and teachers, banned the use of the Hungarian language, abolished Hungarian education, and disposed of everything that reminded them of the country's Hungarian past. Hundreds of thousands of Hungarians were forced to leave their homeland, and the forcible assimilation of the remaining Hungarians was begun.
from 1918
By 1922, 197,000 Hungarians were forced to leave the Romanian-occupied part of the country. By 1939 a further 169,000 Hungarians had left Transylvania, mostly aristocrats, intellectuals and a significant number of farmers. Most of them moved to Hungary. Before the Romanian invasion, 1,662,000 Hungarians lived in Transylvania, 32 percent of the population.
4 June 1920
Trianon Dictate
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4 June 1920
Hungary was forced to sign the Treaty of Trianon, although the country was not invited to the peace talks. Hungary lost two thirds of its territory that had belonged to it for more than 1000 years. One-third of the Hungarian population came under foreign rule. On the basis of the national principle, countries with a more mixed and less ethnically balanced composition than the former Hungary were created, such as Czechoslovakia and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later Yugoslavia). For example, while 48% of the population of the territory ceded to Czechoslovakia was Slovak and 30% Hungarian, 54% of the population of the former Hungary was Hungarian and 10.6% Slovak. And in the territory that is now part of Serbia, the Hungarians outnumbered the Serbs. The part of the territory allocated to Romania from Hungary was larger than the remaining territory of Hungary, despite the fact that there were 10 million Hungarians and less than 3 million Romanians in the former Hungary. While Hungary used to have the most liberal nationality policy in Europe, the successor states had no respect at all for the national and cultural rights of the indigenous Hungarians and engaged in forced assimilation. The Trianon Dictate destroyed the organic economic unity of the region. Before the First World War, Hungary had a dynamic economy, more advanced than Spain's. After 1920, the successor states formed the so-called "Little Entente", putting Hungary under an economic blockade and sabotaging it on the international stage.
1932
The salt mines were closed.
1940
Most of the Hungarian inhabitants of Torda moved to Kolozsvár, after the Second Vienna Award liberated the town from the Romanian occupation, but left Torda in the hands of the invaders.
1944
In the bloody battle of Torda, the Hungarian and German forces defending Transylvania successfully prevented the invading Soviet and Romanian army from moving forward for a month.
from the 1950s
800,000 Romanians were settled in Transylvania from Moldavia, but many also came from Wallachia. The aim was to Romanianize the still majorly Hungarian towns and to break up the ethnic Hungarian blocks. While previously there was a Romanian majority in only a few small towns, this has been reversed by now.
20th century
Torda became an important industrial centre. Several buildings were demolished in the historic town centre. By now, tourism became significant.
2002
7.2 million people lived in Transylvania, including 1.42 million Hungarians. There were 1.65 million Hungarians out of 5.2 million in 1910. The proportion of the Romanians increased from 53.78% to 74.69%, while the proportion of the Hungarians decreased from 31.64% to 19.6%. The proportion of the Germans dropped from 10.75% to below 1%. These changes were mainly the results of migration and the persecution of Hungarians and Saxons. Transylvania here refers to the entire territory that once belonged to Hungary, which is much larger than historical Transylvania.
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Public buildings
Cultural facilities
Commerce, industry, hospitality
Town infrastructure
Private buildings
Memorials
Churches, religious buildings
Calvinist Church in Ótorda
Biserica Reformată Turda Veche
I, CristianChirita, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons
Originally:
church
Currently:
church
Church:
Calvinist
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Calvinist Church in Ótorda
History
Between 1274 and 1296, there are records of the Church of the Holy Cross of the Johannite Order of Knights, where on one occasion the Transylvanian vajda Kán László had to take an oath in connection with a trial. At the turn of the 13th and 14th centuries, the Johannites abandoned their church, the only one in the Kingdom of Hungary. This church cannot be identified with certainty with any of the churches in Torda.
In 1331, the monks of the Augustinian order appeared in Torda. Their monastery was probably founded by King Charles I of Hungary, who also supported it with donations. Until the Reformation (1540s-50s), it is continuously mentioned in sources and can be identified with the present church in Ótorda.
In 1493, the administrator of Egyházfalva, owned by the St. Martin Provostry of Arad, broke into the Augustinian monastery, which was led by Frater Balázs, during a dispute over a mill.
It became uninhabitable during the Reformation in the 1550s and 60s, and was taken over by the Reformed (Calvinists) in the early 17th century. Sometime in the mid-16th century a castle was built around it. Around 1616, during the reign of Prince Bethlen Gábor of Transylvania, major fortification works were carried out. The church was taken over by the Reformed in the 1630s and 40s. The ruined building was restored with the support of Prince Rákóczi György I.
In 1705 the castle was stormed by the Danish soldiers of General Tiege, probably the vault of the nave collapsed at this time. At the beginning of the 19th century, the interior of the building was radically rebuilt by Kövesi János, a master builder from Torda. In 1862 the old tower collapsed. Between 1904 and 1906, a new, historicist tower was built on the basis of plans by the architect Sztehlo Ottó from Budapest.
Calvinist Church in Újtorda
Biserică Reformată din Turda Nouă
Ana Maria Catalina, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons
Originally:
church
Currently:
church
Church:
Calvinist
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Calvinist Church in Újtorda
History
The town of Újtorda (New Torda) was founded in the late 13th century by Saxon settlers. They received the necessary charter from King Charles I of Hungary in 1332, in which the church dedicated to St. László is mentioned. In the early 16th century, the church underwent major building works. In 1507, King Ulászló II of Hungary restored a donation, allegedly granted by King Charles I. According to this document, the church received an annuity from the Torda salt chamber for the celebration of masses for the spiritual salvation of the Hungarian kings, especially St. László.
In the early 1570s the first Unitarian pastor of the church was Sztárai Miklós. In the 1590s it was surrounded by an oval fortification.
In 1601, a troop of Prince Báthory Zsigmond of Transylvania slaughtered the garrison of the imperial general Basta near Kolozsvár. In order to avenge it, Basta sent a troop against Torda, as the town was supposed to have warned him of the attack. The attack mainly affected Újtorda. The population of Újtorda had taken refuge behind the defensive walls around the church, but the hajdú mercenaries broke through a barricaded door and entered the fortification, where they massacred more than 300 men, including town judge Csipkés György. The women and children were rescued by Csáky István's troops, who took revenge on the hajdús. The depopulation of Újtorda threatened the end of salt production. In 1619, Prince Bethlen Gábor of Transylvania settled his Calvinist footsoldiers in the district, whose special status made Újtorda and Ótorda (Old Torda) separate towns, and the church became Calvinist. The wall surrounding the church and its remaining towers were restored to their present form in 1737.
King St. László of Hungary Franciscan Church and Monastery
Biserica Franciscană
Ana Maria Catalina, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons
Originally:
church and monastery
Currently:
church
Church:
Roman Catholic
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King St. László of Hungary Franciscan Church and Monastery
History
In 1729, Transylvania became an independent province within the Franciscan Order under the patronage of Saint Stephen. In 1733 the monastery land was purchased. Construction began in the same year, probably using an earlier Dominican monastery building. The monks moved in in 1735 and the church was consecrated in 1737 in honour of King Saint László. The monastery and the church were built thanks to donations from the Bors family. Members of the family are buried in the church crypt. The monks ran an elementary school next to the monastery until 1830. The coffered ceiling and interior painting of the nave date from the early 20th century. The monks were deported in 1951. Later, Father Izidor, who was released from prison, lived in the church and looked after it until his death in 1994. Today it is served by the dean of Torda.
Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary Roman Catholic Parish Church
Biserica Romano-Catolică Sfânta Maria
CristianChirita, CC BY-SA 3.0 RO, via Wikimedia Commons
Originally:
church
Currently:
church
Church:
Roman Catholic
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Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary Roman Catholic Parish Church
History
In the Middle Ages it was a church dedicated to St Nicholas.
In 1342 the priest of the church, Miklós, was mentioned. Between 1465 and 1485, the priests of the church were Kolozsvári Gergely, Tordai Imre and Zendi Mihály. The inscriptions of the sanctuary (1473, 1478) were made during their time. In the 1470s, King Matthias of Hungary made a significant donation to the church. From the income of the salt chamber he gave 12 forints a year, a cloth for a suit of clothes and 2 gold coins a week for masses for the spiritual salvation of the Hungarian kings. At the end of the 15th century the parish started building a huge new church, which may be connected with the donation. The new church was built by building around the old one. The parish priest Tordai János (1492-1508) built the main part of the church, and the dates of the nave (1493, 1504) fall within his tenure.
Its last Catholic priest was Kelemen in 1551. After that, the majority of the town's population was Lutheran, Calvinist and by 1565 Unitarian. In the Principality of Transylvania, there were lively religious debates, largely within the walls of the church, and the Torda Diets were held here, which enacted religious freedom (1557, 1568). In 1601, Basta, who massacred the population of Újtorda, gave the church to the Jesuits, but in 1604 it was repaired by the Unitarians.
In 1686, a German detachment destroyed Torda, and by 1698 it had been restored from the devastation.
In 1721, the church was returned to the Catholics under the threat of General Virmond, the military governor of Transylvania.
In the mid-18th century, a lightning strike burnt down the west front tower, which was then demolished. Work began in the 1770s and the church was restored to its present appearance. The 1821 plaque on the neoclassical west facade marks the end of the works. The works were supervised by Kövesi János, master builder from Torda, from 1800 and financed by a donation from Bishop Batthyány Ignác. The monumental, late Baroque, neoclassical main altar was ordered by Bishop Batthyány Ignác and was made by Hoffmayer Simon from Kolozsvár in 1794. Its sculptural group depicts the Crucifixion. The decoration and painting of the church interior was the work of Vitkai János from Marosvásárhely. Its pulpit was made in 1824 by Csűrös Antal.
Calvinist Church in Aranyospoján
Ana Maria Catalina, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons
Originally:
church
Currently:
church
Church:
Calvinist
Calvinist Church in Aranyospoján
History
Entz Géza puts the construction of the church in the 14th century, and it is listed in the official monument register as a 15th century church. It was renovated in 1789, as the inscription above the southern entrance indicates. In 1848 the church was destroyed by the Vlach rebels, but the congregation had it repaired. The bell dates from 1855. In 1997 it was restored, bypassing the monumental authorities, and the church interior gained its present form.
Unitarian church
Ana Maria Catalina, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons
Originally:
church
Currently:
church
Church:
Unitarian
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Unitarian church
History
In the middle of the 16th century, under John II (John Sigismund), the inhabitants of the town converted to Unitarianism. Later, they lost ground to the Calvinist and Catholic denominations. In 1721, the great church had to be returned to the Catholics. Left without a church, they built their new church between 1791 and 1792. Its tower was built between 1801 and 1809.
Salt Miners' Chirch
Biserica Șovagăilor
Ana Maria Catalina, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons
Originally:
church
Currently:
church
Church:
Orthodox
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Salt Miners' Chirch
History
After the suppression of the Transylvanian tax uprising in 1467, King Matthias of Hungary entrusted his uncle, Oláh Miklós, with the management of the Transylvanian salt mines, which had their centre in Torda. He allowed the Vlach workers in the mines to build a church for themselves. The wooden church was rebuilt by the Greek Catholics in 1717. In 1948, after the banning of the Greek Catholic denomination, it was given to the Orthodox, who rebuilt it in Byzantine style.
Former Greek Catholic Church, Assumption of the Virgin Mary Orthodox Church
Biserica Rățeștilor
A.Catalina, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons
Originally:
church
Currently:
church
Church:
Orthodox
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Former Greek Catholic Church, Assumption of the Virgin Mary Orthodox Church
History
Dean Basiliu Ratiu had it built in 1839 with the financial support of members of his family. A school was built next to the church and apartments for the church staff. They also established the first Vlach cemetery of the town. In 1948 the Greek Catholic denomination was banned and the church was given to the Orthodox.
St. Michael and Gabriel Archangels Orthodox Cathedral
Catedrala Sfinții Arhangheli Mihail și Gavriil
Ana Maria Catalina, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons
Originally:
church
Currently:
church
Church:
Orthodox
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St. Michael and Gabriel Archangels Orthodox Cathedral
History
The cathedral was built after the Romanian occupation in 1935.
Calvinist Parish of Ótorda
Ana Maria Catalina, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons
Originally:
parish
Currently:
parish
Church:
Calvinist
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Calvinist Parish of Ótorda
History
In the former Jósika Miklós Street (today Ion Rațiu Street), a memorial plaque on the Reformed pastor's house in Ótorda proclaims that the Hungarian poet Petőfi Sándor stayed here on 21 July 1849. This was the last place where he met his family before he disappeared in the Battle of Segesvár. The Reformed pastors of Ótorda have lived here since the 1750s.
Synagogue
Sinagoga
Cerghizan Radu, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons
Originally:
synagogue
Currently:
abandoned
Church:
Jewish
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Synagogue
History
Built between 1921 and 1926. The last service was held in 1986.
Public buildings
Salt Chamber House, Palace of the Princes of Transylvania, Museum of Torda
CristianChirita, CC BY-SA 3.0 RO, via Wikimedia Commons
Originally:
public administration, palace
Currently:
museum
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Salt Chamber House, Palace of the Princes of Transylvania, Museum of Torda
History
Torda was already the centre of a royal county in the 11th century. Due to its favourable location, Torda became a key settlement in Transylvanian public affairs. The Keresztesmező near the town was the main gathering place for noble troops. The vajda of Transylvania delivered justice here, and most of the meeting of the Estates were alsa held here.
Records of salt mining in Torda date back to 1075. The salt chamber existed already in the 14th century. It was the first among the Transylvanian salt chambers, and the royal chamberlain of Torda, who was superior to the other chamberlains, held the title of ispán (comes camerae). The salt mines in the area supplied the majority of Hungary's salt needs.
The earliest part of the salt chamber house, the tower, which also serves as a defence, was built in the early 15th century. It was enlarged in the early 16th century. The first mention of the salt chamber house dates back to 1524. As a treasury property, it also served as accommodation for the King of Hungary and later, especially during the Diets, for the Transylvanian princes. In 1540, King John I of Hungary received here the oath of allegiance of the Transylvanian lords. At the end of the 16th century (between 1581 and 1594), Prince Báthory Zsigmond of Transylvania expanded it into a representative princely residence. The Renaissance door and window frames date from this period. It was restored in 1818. After the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, the salt chamber was moved from Torda, first to Nagyszeben, then to Kolozsvár and finally to Marosújvár in 1880. In 1883, the large gate was demolished on the grounds of danger. In 1887, the main front balcony supported by pillars disappeared. In 1907 it was inaugurated as a House of Culture. Between 1909 and 1912 a major renovation was carried out on the basis of plans by the architect Lux Kálmán. It houses a history museum.
The core of the museum's collection was donated by local people. The most significant collection was given by Téglás István, but a lot of material was also collected in the former main grammar school. In 1943, the Museum Society was founded with the aim of bringing the collections together in a museum. The museum opened in 1951 in the former salt chamber house.
The 3X4 m painting painted by Krisch Aladár in 1898 on the religious freedom of the Transylvanian churches was exhibited in the museum. The painting was previously held in the main Catholic church.
Former County Hall, Town Hall
Primăria
Ana Maria Catalina, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons
Originally:
county hall
Currently:
town hall
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Former County Hall, Town Hall
History
The building was built in neo-Renaissance style between 1884 and 1885, based on the plans of architect Halmai Andor for the centre of Torda-Aranyos County. After the Romanian occupation, the almost thousand-year-old county system was abolished and it became a town hall in 1920.
Former Palace of Finance
Ana Maria Catalina, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons
Originally:
public administration, town hall
Currently:
house
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Former Palace of Finance
History
Built between 1901 and 1902 in the eclectic Art Nouveau style. Its designer is unknown. Later it served also as town hall.
Former Town Hall
Ana Maria Catalina, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons
Originally:
town hall, town hall, public administration, court
Currently:
public archives
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Former Town Hall
History
It was built between 1795 and 1806. In its small tower, next to the clock, there was a bell cast in 1742, which once marked the beginning of the town assemblies. The name "constitutional bell" derives from the fact that it was silent between 1849 and 1861, and only sounded when the historic Hungarian constitution was restored at the end of Habsburg absolutism. Between 1812 and 1849, it was the seat of the county of Torda, and during the absolutist period it housed imperial offices and later functioned as a court of law. It is now an archive.
Cultural facilities
Former Theatre and Vigadó
Teatrul National Aureliu Manea Turda
Ana Maria Catalina, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons
Originally:
theatre/opera, dancing / concert hall
Currently:
theatre/opera
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Former Theatre and Vigadó
History
The earliest part of the main square was an inn built at the end of the 18th century, as indicated by the wine cellar below. The Vigadó, the cultural, entertainment and commercial centre of the time, was built between 1902 and 1910. The Intellectual Casino, founded in 1836, also moved here. In 1956 it was enlarged into a theatre.
Former Civil Girl's School
Școala Gimnazială Teodor Murășanu
E.Coman, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons
Originally:
school
Currently:
school
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Former Civil Girl's School
History
Former Hungarian Royal State Grammar School
Colegiul Național Mihai Viteazul
.jpg)
photo by Radu Cerghizan, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons
Originally:
school
Currently:
school
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Former Hungarian Royal State Grammar School
History
In 1908, the Hungarian state had a new, modern building erected for the main grammar school. In 1918, the occupying Romanians confiscated the building, whitewashed, then removed the Hungarian coat of arms from its facade and turned it into a fully Romanian-language grammar school. Today, it bears the name of Mihai, the voivode of Wallachis, who ravage Transylvania between 1599 and 1600.
Former Catholic School
Leontin l, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons
Originally:
school
Currently:
house
Church:
Roman Catholic
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Former Catholic School
History
One part of its ground floor, built against the castle wall, existed already in the 18th century (the so-called tax house), which housed the shops of Armenian merchants. In 1856 it was given an upper floor and the Catholic Girls' School was moved in. After nationalisation it became a sewing factory and was returned to the Church in 1991.
Former Calvinist Girl's School
History
The first mention of a Reformed (Calvinist) school was in 1668. In 1859 this building was erected for the girls' school. The boys' school was in the castle grounds.
Former Unitarian School
Ana Maria Catalina, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons
Originally:
school
Currently:
n/a
Church:
Unitarian
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Former Unitarian School
History
A Unitarian school was built in the town in 1589, on the site of the present church. This school building was built between 1788 and 1874. In 1878 it became a 6 class state civil school for boys. With the opening of the state grammar school, primary education was provided here.
In 1918, the occupying Romanians confiscated the Hungarian grammar school, where from then on only Romanian-language education was provided. The 8-class Hungarian main grammar school was forced to move to this building, but could only function until 1922.
Commerce, industry, hospitality
Salt Mine of Torda
Salina Turda
.jpg)
Andrei Dan Suciu, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons
Originally:
mine / quarry
Currently:
museum
Salt Mine of Torda
History
Surface extraction of salt was first started by the Romans. Underground extraction began after the establishment of the Kingdom of Hungary. There are records of salt mining in Torda as early as 1075. The salt chamber existed as early as the 14th century. It was the first among the Transylvanian salt chambers, and the royal chamberlain of Torda, who was superior to the other chamberlains, held the title of ispán (comes camerae). The salt mines in the area supplied the majority of Hungary's salt needs. After the revolution of 1848, the salt chamber was moved from Torda, first to Nagyszeben, then to Kolozsvár, and finally to Marosújvár in 1880. In 1853, the Franz Joseph gallery was built and the Teréz and Rudolf mines were modernised. Salt mining ceased in 1932, during the Romanian occupation. During the Second World War, the population of the town fled here to escape air raids. Between 1950 and 1992, the Franz Joseph mine was used as a cheese warehouse. It was renovated as a tourist attraction in 2010 with EU funding. The mine galleries house an amphitheatre, a sports ground, a Ferris wheel, a mini-golf course and a playground. You can also go boating in the Teréz Mine lake.
Former Elisabeth Hotel
Ana Maria Catalina, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons
Originally:
hotel / tavern / guesthouse
Currently:
house
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Former Elisabeth Hotel
History
Built in 1892 in eclectic style, it was used as a hotel until 1920, when it became the property of the Orthodox Church.
Mendel Brewery
Ana Maria Catalina, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons
Originally:
factory
Currently:
abandoned
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Mendel Brewery
History
It was built between 1756 and 1814 by the Jewish entrepreneur Lazar Simon Mendel. The main factory building was built in 1911. It was the most famous brewery in Transylvania. After the Romanian occupation it was renamed Turdeana Brewery. It was later bought by the Ursus brewery in Kolozsvár, after which it went into decline. After the regime change, the Ursus factory was privatised and the new owners closed the Torda factory. The Ratiu family purchased it in 2006.
Town infrastructure
Ruins of Potaissa
Castrul Roman Potaissa
CristianChirita, CC BY-SA 3.0 RO, via Wikimedia Commons
Originally:
castle / fortification
Currently:
ruin
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Ruins of Potaissa
History
Before the Roman conquest, a Dacian settlement stood here. The Romans conquered Dacia under the Emperor Trajan in 106 AD. After the foundation of the Roman colony, it served only as a base for auxiliary troops. However, the Emperor Septimius Severus stationed a legion (Legio V. Macedonia) here to reinforce the Limes, making it the most important Roman centre in the area. The ruins of a military fortress built for the Legion V Macedónia, stationed át the town of Potaissa, can still be seen today. After the Emperor Aurelian moved the population of the province of Dacia south of the Danube to Moesia and abandoned it in 271, the area was practically deserted. Archaeological evidence does not support the survival of a Roman or Dacian population in the area. Transylvania was then occupied by the Visigoths.
Private buildings
House of the Ispán of Torda-Aranyos County
Ana Maria Catalina, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons
Originally:
house
Currently:
bank
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House of the Ispán of Torda-Aranyos County
History
In 1917, the house was built next to the county hall, almost at the same time, as the residence of the ispán of the county and his deputy. After the Romanian occupation, a bank moved in.
Mikó Palace
Ana Maria Catalina, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons
Originally:
palace, court, post office, factory
Currently:
public administration
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Mikó Palace
History
The house was built in the 1870s by the Mikó family. Mikó Imre died in 1876 and the house was inherited by his daughter Anna, whose husband was Pejacsevics Artúr. The building housed a district court and a post office, with shops on the ground floor. In 1910 the Pejacsevics family sold it to Fodor Domonkos. A chocolate factory was then established in the yard of the house. Then came the Romanian occupation and nationalisation. The factory's machines bought in Leipzig were sold as scrap metal.
Lázár Villa
Casa Remo Guest House
Ana Maria Catalina, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons
Originally:
villa
Currently:
hotel / tavern / guesthouse
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Lázár Villa
History
The villa was built in 1872 by the Jewish Lázár Simon, owner of the Torda brewery. They lived here until 1902, when they moved to the Lazar Villa at Ratiu 25. The house was donated to the Jewish community, which opened a school in 1938. It operated until 1948, when it was nationalised.
Harmath House
Originally:
house, hospital / clinic / sanatorium / doctor's office
Currently:
house
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Harmath House
History
The house was built in 1896 by Harmath Márton, a forensic doctor. In the front was a doctor's office, in the back was their apartment. His son Béla was the founder of the town hospital.
Becski House
History
The house was built in 1894 by Becski Kálmán. The ground floor had shops and the first floor had apartments. In 1927 Becski Kálmán sold it to Dr. Dézsi Olivér, a lawyer. In 2004, his heir, Németi (Dézsi) Ilona recovered it and donated it to the Reformed parish.
Kimpel House
Ana Maria Catalina, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons
Originally:
house
Currently:
house
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Kimpel House
History
Baroque-style houses of the landowner Kimpel.
Tóth family house
History
The house was built between 1877-1889 by the butcher family of Tóth Sámuel. On the ground floor there was a butchery and a storehouse, on the first floor the family lived.
Tutschek House
Restaurant Rusalca
Leontin l, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons
Originally:
house, commercial building
Currently:
restaurant / confectionery / café
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Tutschek House
History
The Tutschek Armenian merchant family set up their hardware shop on the ground floor of their house built at the end of the 19th century. The house was nationalised but reverted to the heirs of the original owners.
Tanners' House
Ana Maria Catalina, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons
Originally:
house
Currently:
house
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Tanners' House
History
In the 1870s, the guild of tanners built the tenement.
Téglás House
History
The house was built between 1898 and 1904. Its owner, Téglás István, the county inspector of education, set up a museum in it from the objects he had collected with great care since 1894. The museum in Torda preserves the remaining objects.
Wesselényi Mansion
Banca Transilvania
Ana Maria Catalina, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons
Originally:
house, commercial building, hotel / tavern / guesthouse
Currently:
bank
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Wesselényi Mansion
History
The house was built in 1743 by Baroness Wesselényi Mária. The butchers' guild bought it, opened a shop in it and built a guest house in the back. Jósika Miklós, the father of the Hungarian romantic novel, was born here in 1794. The butcher Székely family had it remodelled and added a storey.
Fodor House
Ana Maria Catalina, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons
Originally:
house
Currently:
commercial building
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Fodor House
History
The house was built in the 1870s by Fodor Károly. It is said that he was a great womanizer, so the men of the town joined forces to buy him out of his fortune and force him to leave.
Memorials
Statue of Petőfi Sándor and Szendrei Júlia
Ana Maria Catalina, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons
Originally:
statue / memorial / relief
Currently:
statue / memorial / relief
Note:
It stands in the courtyard of the Reformed parish of Ótorda.
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Statue of Petőfi Sándor and Szendrei Júlia
History
The statue made by Suba László is located in the courtyard of the Reformed pastor's house in Ótorda. The poet Petőfi Sándor stayed here on 21 July 1849. Here he met his family for the last time before he disappeared in the battle of Segesvár.
Gyöngyössi János Memorial Tomb
Originally:
statue / memorial / relief
Currently:
statue / memorial / relief
Note:
In the garden of the Reformed church in Újtorda.
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Gyöngyössi János Memorial Tomb
History
The memorial was erected on 23 October 1859. Gyöngyössi János (1741-1818) was a Hungarian poet and Reformed pastor of Újtorda. At the top of the memorial column are two iron books, two volumes of Gyöngyössi's Hungarian poems (1801, 1803).
Replica of the Capitoline Wolf
Statuia Lupa Capitolina
Ana Maria Catalina, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons
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statue / memorial / relief
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statue / memorial / relief
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Replica of the Capitoline Wolf
History
After the Romanian occupation, the Romanians placed a replica of the statue of the Capitoline Wolf in Marosvásárhely, referring to their falsely supposed Latin origin. In 1940, Marosvásárhely was returned to Hungary, and the Romanians took the statue to Torda, which remained under Romanian occupation. In 1991, Marosvásárhely, already a Romanian-majority town due to resettlement, reclaimed the statue, but left a copy of the replica in Torda.
Statue of Avram Iancu
Statuia Avram Iancului
.jpg)
Ana Maria Catalina, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons
Originally:
statue / memorial / relief
Currently:
statue / memorial / relief
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Statue of Avram Iancu
History
Avram Iancu (1824-1872) was a Transylvanian Vlach lawyer and leader of the Vlach uprising in Transylvania against the Hungarian Revolution and War of Independence in 1848-49. They supported the Habsburg oppressors. His troops massacred thousands of Hungarian civilians, wiping out entire villages, taking advantage of the fact that the Hungarian soldiers were busy liberating Transylvania from Austrian rule.
Memorial to the freedom of religion declared in Torda in 1568
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statue / memorial / relief
Currently:
statue / memorial / relief
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Memorial to the freedom of religion declared in Torda in 1568
History
It was erected in 1918 by the Unitarians to commemorate the 450th anniversary of the proclamation of religious freedom in 1568. The work of Liviu Mocan.
Monument to the Congregation of Mary
.JPG)
Ana Maria Catalina, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons
Originally:
statue / memorial / relief
Currently:
statue / memorial / relief
Church:
Greek Catholic
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Monument to the Congregation of Mary
History
It was erected in 1933 by the Greek Catholic Women's congregation to commemorate the 1900th anniversary of the Ascension of Christ.
Check out other towns in Transylvania as well!
{"item":"town","set":{"mapcenter":{"lat":"46.5719380000","long":"23.7856900000"},"townlink":"torda-turda","town":{"townId":63,"active":1,"name_HU":"Torda","name_LO":"Turda","name_GE":"Thorenburg","name_LT":"","seolink":"torda-turda","listorder":11,"oldcounty":33,"country":4,"division":18,"altitude":"315","gps_lat":"46.5719380000","gps_long":"23.7856900000","population":47,"hungarian_2011":8.18,"population_1910":13455,"hungarian_1910":71.9,"german_1910":0.74,"slovak_1910":0,"romanian_1910":25.19,"rusin_1910":0,"serbian_1910":0,"croatian_1910":0,"slovenian_1910":0,"coatofarms":"","coatofarms_ref":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022CristianChirita, CC BY-SA 3.0 RO \u003Chttps:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/ro\/deed.en\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:2007_06210077_Biserica_reformat%C4%83_Turda_Veche_CJ-II-m-A-07793.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u00222007 06210077 Biserica reformat\u0103 Turda Veche CJ-II-m-A-07793\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/27\/2007_06210077_Biserica_reformat%C4%83_Turda_Veche_CJ-II-m-A-07793.jpg\/512px-2007_06210077_Biserica_reformat%C4%83_Turda_Veche_CJ-II-m-A-07793.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:2007_06210077_Biserica_reformat%C4%83_Turda_Veche_CJ-II-m-A-07793.jpg\u0022\u003ECristianChirita\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/ro\/deed.en\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0 RO\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","georegion":"Transylvanian Basin","river":"Aranyos, R\u00e1kos Brook","description":"The county of Torda was established in the 11th century by King Stephen I of Hungary, and was probably named after its first royal isp\u00e1n. Already then, salt mining had begun near the settlement. Later, Torda became the administrative and management centre of all the salt mines in Transylvania, which was called the salt chamber, later the salt office. From the first half of the 16th century, salt mining began to decline and the town's importance diminished. In 1568, freedom of religion was proclaimed in Hungary at the Diet of Torda, the first in Europe to do so. It included the Catholic, the Calvinist, the Lutheran and the Unitarian denominations. In 1601, the town suffered a great tragedy when the inhabitants of \u00dajtorda, who had taken refuge in the Reformed church, were massacred by General Basta's imperial army. In 1619, Prince Bethlen G\u00e1bor of Transylvania settled his foot soldiers in \u00dajtorda and granted them nobility. The inhabitants of \u00d3torda remained in civil status. Later, in order to settle conflicts arising from different legal statuses, Prince Apafi Mih\u00e1ly also ennobled the inhabitants of \u00d3torda. This status was abolished with the revolution of 1848. The town lost its Hungarian majority and its status as a county seat as a consequence of the Romanian occupation in 1918. The salt mines were closed in 1932. The mines are one of the main tourist attractions in Transylvania. Also one of Transylvania's most important natural attractions is the Torda Gorge, which splits the limestone ridge northwest of Torda. But it's also worth taking time to visit the town of Torda and admire its medieval Gothic Reformed churches, the former salt chamber house, and the charming town centre, built in the style of the Hungarian county seats.","nameorigin":"","history":"#1|@10th century|Tordav\u00e1r was the centre of the Hungarian Kalocsa clan.@#3|@early 11th century|Torda County was established. It is likely that a prestigious member of the Kalocsa clan was called Todra (Turda), who was probably the isp\u00e1n of the county. The castle of Torda was already standing at that time on the hill above the present-day V\u00e1rfalva. The remains of the castle can still be seen.@1075|The salt mined in Transylvania was mentioned for the first time in the diploma of King G\u00e9za I of Hungary. The salt tax belonging to the castle of Turda [Torda] by the river Aranas [Aranyos] was mentioned. It is likely that Saxons were settled to operate the mines. In the ancient times the Dacian Dierna and later the Roman Potaissa settlements were located in its neighbourhood. Romans also mined salt here, but they abandoned the area around 271 AD and never returned. Mining was restarted after the establishment of the Kingdom of Hungary, when Torda became the administrative centre of all the salt mines in Transylvania, which was called salt chamber and later salt office.@1091|Cumans that broke into Hungary through the Ojtoz Pass under the command of Kapolcs, devastated the neighbourhood of Torda as well. This was the first Cuman raid on Hungary.@#5|@1241|Mondols destroyed the settlement. The castle of Torda was not reconstructed afterwards. King Stephen V of Hungary gave the area to the Sz\u00e9kelys of K\u00e9zd between 1270 and 1272, and they used the castle of Torock\u00f3 for protection. The settlement of Tordaakna (Torda Mine) became the new political and administrative centre of the county.@1272|King Stephen V donated the salt mine of Torda to the cathedral chapter of Transylvania. This donation was reaffirmed by King L\u00e1szl\u00f3 IV in 1276, who also allowed the free mining and transport of salt during the whole year.@around 1275|There was a settlement called Szentmikl\u00f3s in the west part of \u00d3torda, where isp\u00e1n Mikud built a castle. It was destroyed by the Mongols in 1285 and rebuilt at the beginning of the 15th century. The castle was last mentioned in 1508 and now nothing remains of it.@1285|During the second Mongol invasion, the royal charters of right of Tordaakna were burned in the Mikud Castle. King Andrew III of Hungary reaffirmed the privileges of the settlement in 1291. These included right to hold weekly fair, exemption from duty and free election of the judge.@1289|King L\u00e1szl\u00f3 IV of Hungary gave the castle's land called Aranyos to the Sz\u00e9kelys of K\u00e9zd and established Aranyossz\u00e9k (Aranyos Seat). Sz\u00e9k (Seat) was the administrative unit of the Sz\u00e9kely people.@#6|@1375|King Louis I of Hungary allowed serfs to move freely to Torda after they paid their debts.@1377|King Louis I instructed the vajda of Transylvania to respect the rights of the town and to compensate for the damages caused.@February 2, 1438|The estates of Transylvania assembled in Torda and reaffirmed the Unio Trium Nationum, the union of three nations (the nobility of the Hungarian counties, the Sz\u00e9kelys and the Saxons), which was created the previous year. Vlachs were not included in the union, because at that time they were much smaller in number, they were known to be economic migrants in Transylvania, and they were mainly shepherds and peasants (Hungarian peasants were also excluded from the political nation). After the session, they started to punish the participants of the peasant uprising of Budai Nagy Antal.@1456|Hunyadi J\u00e1nos held a country assembly in Torda before he left for the defence of Belgrade against the Turks.@#7|@1467|King Matthias of Hungary extended the tax of the royal treasury (tributum fisci regalis) and the Crown\u2019s customs (vectigal coronae) to Transylvania as well. An uprising broke out and they wanted to put vajda Szentgy\u00f6rgyi J\u00e1nos of Transylvania on the throne. King Matthias quickly marched into Transylvania with his army, and the conspirators surrendered without any resistance. Szentgy\u00f6rgyi pleaded for mercy and was pardoned, but was removed from his position.@1467|King Matthias held the country assembly of Hungary here in order to quell the rebellion of the nobility of Transylvania. He offered the traitors to swear an oath to him in exchange for mercy. The rebellion was started by an increase in royal taxes.@1475|King Matthias of Hungary granted exemption from duty for the products of the town's burghers for the entire country. This was the reaffirmation of the privilege granted in 1291, and it boosted trade besides mining.@early 16th century|Salt mining declined as well as the importance of the town.@1505|The union of the three nations was renewed in the country assembly in Torda.@#8|@#9|@December 20, 1542|The country assembly in Torda recognized the child John Sigismund (the son of John I) as ruler of Hungary by the name John II. Thus they denounced the Agreement of Gyalu, according to which Hungary was to be united under the banner of the Habsburgs after the death of King John I. The yearly tribute of 10,000 forints payable to the Ottoman Empire was voted for the first time as well. These were the first steps in the direction of creating the independent Principality of Transylvania.@1551|The child John Sigismund's guardian, George Martinuzzi, with Castaldo's imperial army, forced Queen Isabella to surrender the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom (including Transylvania) to King Ferdinand I. Isabella left for Poland with her child, the heir to the throne. The Turks then launched a punitive campaign against Hungary.@1556|The Estates of Transylvania, dissatisfied with Habsburg rule, recalled Queen Isabella to the throne, to which the Sultan gave his consent. On her return, she regained control of eastern Hungary.@January 1556|The country assembly in Torda broke with the Habsburgs and called back Queen Isabella and his son, John II, to the throne.@1557|The Lutheran religion was recognized by the country assembly in Torda.@after 1560|Torda became one of the favoured places of residence of John II and later of the princes of Transylvania. The house of the salt chamber was reconstructed to be their residence.@1564|The Calvinist religion was also recognized by the country assembly in Torda.@January 1568|Freedom of religion was declared in Torda for the first time in Europe. Catholics, Calvinists, Lutherans and also Unitarians could practice their religion freely. The ruler John II also converted to the Unitarian faith.@#10|@#12|@October 17, 1599|Instigated by Emperor Rudolf, Voivode Mihai (Viteazul) of Wallachia broke into Transylvania through the Bodza Pass, after Prince B\u00e1thory Zsigmond, contrary to his promise, hand over power over Transylvania to his cousin Cardinal B\u00e1thory Andr\u00e1s instead of Emperor Rudolf. Voivode Mihai sided with the Sz\u00e9kelys, who were dissatisfied with the B\u00e1thory dynasty, by promising to restore their rights, and with their help he defeated the army of Prince B\u00e1thory Andr\u00e1s at Sellenberk on 28 October.@November 1, 1599|Voivode Mihai Viteazul of Wallachia marched into Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r, the capitol of Transylvania, and took over power as governor appointed by Emperor Rudolf. But soon he started to act on his own behalf and introduced a reign of terror. He arbitrarily appointed Wallachian boyars to every position, looted the treasury and his unpaid mercenaries plundered and murdered throughout the land. The Vlach peasants rose up and started to exterminate Hungarian and Saxon population in Transylvania, which had a Hungarian majority at that time.@September 18, 1600|Voivode Mihai of Wallachia was defeated in the battle of Miriszl\u00f3 and driven out by the combined armies of the Transylvanian nobility led by B\u00e1thory Zsigmond and General Basta\u2019s imperial mercenaries. At the beginning of next year, the Estates of Transylvanian broke with the Emperor and B\u00e1thory Zsigmond was elected prince once more.@August 3, 1601|The combined armies of General Basta and Voivode Mihai of Wallachia defeated the Transylvanian army of Prince B\u00e1thory Zsigmond in the battle of Goroszl\u00f3. After that, the army of Voivode Mihai sacked and burned the towns of Torda, Nagyenyed and Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r, where they robbed the tombs of the Hunyadi family, King John II of Hungary and his mother Queen Isabella. Then, on 19 August, Voivode Mihai was assassinated by the mercenaries of General Basta, because Mihai tried to usurp the throne of Transylvania once again. Genral Basta also introduced a reign of terror in Transylvania and let his mercenaries ravage freely throughout the land.@1601|The inhabitants of \u00dajtorda fled to the Gothic Calvinist church after General Basta attacked the town with his imperial army. Basta destroyed the walls of the fortification around the church with cannons and massacred everyone. Most of the population perished, those who survived, became impoverished. The imperial army defeated the army of voivode Mihai Viteazul of Wallachia near the town. A gigantic memorial was raised to him at the site of the battle in 1974, and he is still venerated as one of the greatest national heroes of the Romanians.@#13|@#14|@1609|Prince B\u00e1thori G\u00e1bor of Transylvania granted privileges to the town.@March 8, 1614|Prince Bethlen G\u00e1bor of Transylvania gave the castle of \u00dajtorda and its church to the salt miners. This did not prove sufficient, so he settled his foot soldiers in \u00dajtorda in 1619 under the command of Lieutenant Ger\u00e9b Andr\u00e1s and granted them nobility in exchange for military service. \u00dajtorda became independent from \u00d3torda, whose inhabitants remained burghers (did not gain nobility).@#15|@#16|@#17|@#18|@1657|Prince R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Gy\u00f6rgy II of Transylvania launched a campaign for the crown of Poland in alliance with Carl X Gustaf of Sweden. His aim was to unite the Hungarian-Polish-Wallachian forces against the Turks. The campaign started successfully with the prince taking Krak\u00f3w and Warsawa, but then the King of Sweden abandoned him. The vengeful Poles invaded northern Transylvania, burning defenceless villages, destroying churches and castles. Soon the punitive campaign of Turkish and Tatar armies devastated Transylvania, as the prince launched his Polish campaign against the Sultan's will.@1658|The Tartars ravaged and plundered throughout Transylvania and Grand Vizier K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc Mehmed captured Jen\u0151 Castle. The Estates of Transylvania sent Barcsay \u00c1kos to the camp of the grand vizier to beg for mercy. In return, the Grand Vizier demanded that the annual tax be raised from 15 to 40 thousand forints (gold coins) and that Lugos and Karansebes be ceded. This was the price for the Turks to leave Transylvania. The grand vizier appointed Barcsay prince on 14 September.@1658|The inhabitants fled and the Tatars burned the town.@1659|Prince R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Gy\u00f6rgy II returned to Transylvania and forced Barcsay \u00c1kos to retreat to Szeben and besieged him. Prince R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Gy\u00f6rgy II of Transylvania settled the refugees from the towns of Lugos and Kar\u00e1nsebes in Torda.@December 1659|Pasha Seydi Ahmed of Buda defeated Prince R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Gy\u00f6rgy II of Transylvania at Torda.@May 22, 1660|In the battle of S\u00e1szfenes, Pasha Shejdi Ahmed of Buda defeated R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Gy\u00f6rgy II, who lost his life. The Tatar armies invaded Transylvania for the second time.@November 1660|Kem\u00e9ny J\u00e1nos, the former commander of R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Gy\u00f6rgy II, defeated the army of G\u00e1sp\u00e1r, the brother of Prince Barcsay Andr\u00e1s, at \u00d6rm\u00e9nyes. Barcsay G\u00e1sp\u00e1r fell in the battle. Then, on 31 December, Barcsay \u00c1kos renounced the throne. In 1661 Kem\u00e9ny J\u00e1nos had Barcsay \u00c1kos captured and murdered.@1661|The army of Pasha Seydi Ahmed of Buda marched into Transylvania and set Torda on fire, after the country assembly in Beszterce on 23 April declared the independence of Transylvania from the Ottoman Empire and placed the country in the protection of Emperor Leopold I. On 14 September, Pasha Ali forced the country assembly to elect Apafi Mih\u00e1ly Prince of Transylvania in Marosv\u00e1s\u00e1rhely. The deposed prince, Kem\u00e9ny J\u00e1nos, was let down by the emperor and was defeated by the Turks at Nagysz\u0151l\u0151s (next to Segesv\u00e1r) on 23 January, 1662. He fell in the battle. The noble refugees from V\u00e1rad, which was occupied by the Turks in 1660, were settled in Torda.@1665|Prince Apafi Mih\u00e1ly of Transylvania granted nobility to the inhabitants of \u00d3torda and \u00dajtorda with equal rights, in order to eliminate the conflicts among the inhabitants with different status. The people of Torda preserved their special status until 1711, and started to loose their privileges afterwards.@from the 1670's|The fugitives of the Wessel\u00e9nyi conspiracy fled to Transylvania and established their centre in Torda. They launched their raids on the Kingdom of Hungary from the town.@#23|@#25|@1687|Charles, Duke of Lorraine, invaded Transylvania with an army of 40,000.@#26|@October 8, 1690|Imperial troops attacked and plundered the town and the church. In December, Turkish and Tatar raiders broke into the town and burned it.@#27|@1703|General Tiege appeared at the town with the imperial army, but the town was spared this time.@1704|Most of Transylvania joined the war of independence of R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Ferenc II.@December 1705|Two Dane horse regiments were quartered in Torda. They left the town in June 1706 after having caused great destruction.@1707|The inhabitants fled from the approaching imperial army.@after 1711|After the fall of the Hungarian war of independence, the town gradually lost its privileges.@1714|Count Mikes Mih\u00e1ly invited Pauline monks to the town.@#28|@1848|The noble town status was officially abolished in Transylvania.@December 29, 1848|The Hungarian revolutionary troops led by Czetz J\u00e1nos marched into the town.@#30|@1910|Out of its 13,455 inhabitants 9,674 were Hungarians, 3,389 were Vlachs and 100 were Germans.@#31|@1916|On 27 August, Romania declared war on the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and launched an attack against Hungary. This triggered a huge wave of refugees from Transylvania, as the population feared a repeat of the Romanian ethnic cleansing of 1848-49. Austro-Hungarian and German forces drove the invaders out of the country by mid-October and occupied Bucharest on 6 December. Romania surrendered and signed a peace treaty with the central powers on 7 May 1918 (Treaty of Bucharest).@1918|On 3 November, the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy signed the Armistice of Padua. The already defeated Romania then declared war on Germany on 10 November, just one day before the Germans signed the armistice near Compi\u00e8gne. The Romanians then launched an offensive against Hungary, which had already unconditionally ceased fighting at the demand of the Entente. Romania was only recognised by the Entente powers as one of the victors of WWI only later.@#32|@from 1918|By 1922, 197,000 Hungarians were forced to leave the Romanian-occupied part of the country. By 1939 a further 169,000 Hungarians had left Transylvania, mostly aristocrats, intellectuals and a significant number of farmers. Most of them moved to Hungary. Before the Romanian invasion, 1,662,000 Hungarians lived in Transylvania, 32 percent of the population.@#36|@1932|The salt mines were closed.@1940|Most of the Hungarian inhabitants of Torda moved to Kolozsv\u00e1r, after the Second Vienna Award liberated the town from the Romanian occupation, but left Torda in the hands of the invaders.@1944|In the bloody battle of Torda, the Hungarian and German forces defending Transylvania successfully prevented the invading Soviet and Romanian army from moving forward for a month.@from the 1950s|800,000 Romanians were settled in Transylvania from Moldavia, but many also came from Wallachia. The aim was to Romanianize the still majorly Hungarian towns and to break up the ethnic Hungarian blocks. While previously there was a Romanian majority in only a few small towns, this has been reversed by now.@20th century|Torda became an important industrial centre. Several buildings were demolished in the historic town centre. By now, tourism became significant.@2002|7.2 million people lived in Transylvania, including 1.42 million Hungarians. There were 1.65 million Hungarians out of 5.2 million in 1910. The proportion of the Romanians increased from 53.78% to 74.69%, while the proportion of the Hungarians decreased from 31.64% to 19.6%. The proportion of the Germans dropped from 10.75% to below 1%. These changes were mainly the results of migration and the persecution of Hungarians and Saxons. Transylvania here refers to the entire territory that once belonged to Hungary, which is much larger than historical Transylvania.&Bicsok Zolt\u00e1n: Torda v\u00e1ros t\u00f6rt\u00e9nete \u00e9s stat\u00fatuma|https:\/\/mek.oszk.hu\/03900\/03911\/html\/"},"sights":[{"sightId":1501,"townId":63,"active":2,"name_LO":"Biserica Reformat\u0103 Turda Veche","address":"Strada Bogdan Petriceicu Ha\u0219deu 2","mapdata":"1|1455|1644","gps_lat":"46.5714907421","gps_long":"23.7849628406","religion":2,"oldtype":"1","newtype":"1","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"https:\/\/lexikon.adatbank.transindex.ro\/muemlek.php?id=349","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022I, CristianChirita, CC BY-SA 3.0 \u003Chttp:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:2007_06210073Turda.JPG\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u00222007 06210073Turda\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/f6\/2007_06210073Turda.JPG\/512px-2007_06210073Turda.JPG\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:2007_06210073Turda.JPG\u0022\u003EI, CristianChirita\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Calvinist Church in \u00d3torda","seolink":"calvinist-church-in-otorda","note":"","history":"Between 1274 and 1296, there are records of the Church of the Holy Cross of the Johannite Order of Knights, where on one occasion the Transylvanian vajda K\u00e1n L\u00e1szl\u00f3 had to take an oath in connection with a trial. At the turn of the 13th and 14th centuries, the Johannites abandoned their church, the only one in the Kingdom of Hungary. This church cannot be identified with certainty with any of the churches in Torda.@\nIn 1331, the monks of the Augustinian order appeared in Torda. Their monastery was probably founded by King Charles I of Hungary, who also supported it with donations. Until the Reformation (1540s-50s), it is continuously mentioned in sources and can be identified with the present church in \u00d3torda.@\nIn 1493, the administrator of Egyh\u00e1zfalva, owned by the St. Martin Provostry of Arad, broke into the Augustinian monastery, which was led by Frater Bal\u00e1zs, during a dispute over a mill.@\nIt became uninhabitable during the Reformation in the 1550s and 60s, and was taken over by the Reformed (Calvinists) in the early 17th century. Sometime in the mid-16th century a castle was built around it. Around 1616, during the reign of Prince Bethlen G\u00e1bor of Transylvania, major fortification works were carried out. The church was taken over by the Reformed in the 1630s and 40s. The ruined building was restored with the support of Prince R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Gy\u00f6rgy I.@\nIn 1705 the castle was stormed by the Danish soldiers of General Tiege, probably the vault of the nave collapsed at this time. At the beginning of the 19th century, the interior of the building was radically rebuilt by K\u00f6vesi J\u00e1nos, a master builder from Torda. In 1862 the old tower collapsed. Between 1904 and 1906, a new, historicist tower was built on the basis of plans by the architect Sztehlo Ott\u00f3 from Budapest."},{"sightId":1502,"townId":63,"active":1,"name_LO":"Biserica Romano-Catolic\u0103 Sf\u00e2nta Maria","address":"Pia\u021ba Republicii 54","mapdata":"1|1443|1140","gps_lat":"46.5745620851","gps_long":"23.7849088983","religion":1,"oldtype":"1","newtype":"1","homepage":"https:\/\/ersekseg.ro\/hu\/templom\/702","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"https:\/\/www.muemlekem.hu\/hatareset\/Kisboldogasszony-plebaniatemplom-Torda-2492","csemadoklink":"https:\/\/lexikon.adatbank.transindex.ro\/muemlek.php?id=396","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022CristianChirita, CC BY-SA 3.0 RO <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/ro\/deed.en>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:2006_0602Turda0047Biserica_romano-catolic%C4%83_CJ-II-m-A-07800.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u00222006 0602Turda0047Biserica romano-catolic\u0103 CJ-II-m-A-07800\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/cc\/2006_0602Turda0047Biserica_romano-catolic%C4%83_CJ-II-m-A-07800.jpg\/512px-2006_0602Turda0047Biserica_romano-catolic%C4%83_CJ-II-m-A-07800.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:2006_0602Turda0047Biserica_romano-catolic%C4%83_CJ-II-m-A-07800.jpg\u0022\u003ECristianChirita\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/ro\/deed.en\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0 RO\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary Roman Catholic Parish Church","seolink":"nativity-of-the-blessed-virgin-mary-roman-catholic-parish-church","note":"","history":"In the Middle Ages it was a church dedicated to St Nicholas.@\nIn 1342 the priest of the church, Mikl\u00f3s, was mentioned. Between 1465 and 1485, the priests of the church were Kolozsv\u00e1ri Gergely, Tordai Imre and Zendi Mih\u00e1ly. The inscriptions of the sanctuary (1473, 1478) were made during their time. In the 1470s, King Matthias of Hungary made a significant donation to the church. From the income of the salt chamber he gave 12 forints a year, a cloth for a suit of clothes and 2 gold coins a week for masses for the spiritual salvation of the Hungarian kings. At the end of the 15th century the parish started building a huge new church, which may be connected with the donation. The new church was built by building around the old one. The parish priest Tordai J\u00e1nos (1492-1508) built the main part of the church, and the dates of the nave (1493, 1504) fall within his tenure.@\nIts last Catholic priest was Kelemen in 1551. After that, the majority of the town's population was Lutheran, Calvinist and by 1565 Unitarian. In the Principality of Transylvania, there were lively religious debates, largely within the walls of the church, and the Torda Diets were held here, which enacted religious freedom (1557, 1568). In 1601, Basta, who massacred the population of \u00dajtorda, gave the church to the Jesuits, but in 1604 it was repaired by the Unitarians.@\nIn 1686, a German detachment destroyed Torda, and by 1698 it had been restored from the devastation.@\nIn 1721, the church was returned to the Catholics under the threat of General Virmond, the military governor of Transylvania.@\nIn the mid-18th century, a lightning strike burnt down the west front tower, which was then demolished. Work began in the 1770s and the church was restored to its present appearance. The 1821 plaque on the neoclassical west facade marks the end of the works. The works were supervised by K\u00f6vesi J\u00e1nos, master builder from Torda, from 1800 and financed by a donation from Bishop Batthy\u00e1ny Ign\u00e1c. The monumental, late Baroque, neoclassical main altar was ordered by Bishop Batthy\u00e1ny Ign\u00e1c and was made by Hoffmayer Simon from Kolozsv\u00e1r in 1794. Its sculptural group depicts the Crucifixion. The decoration and painting of the church interior was the work of Vitkai J\u00e1nos from Marosv\u00e1s\u00e1rhely. Its pulpit was made in 1824 by Cs\u0171r\u00f6s Antal."},{"sightId":1503,"townId":63,"active":2,"name_LO":"Biseric\u0103 Reformat\u0103 din Turda Nou\u0103","address":"Pia\u021ba Basarabiei 12","mapdata":"1|54|211","gps_lat":"46.5799511002","gps_long":"23.7729725758","religion":2,"oldtype":"1","newtype":"1","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"https:\/\/www.muemlekem.hu\/hatareset\/Reformatus-templom-Torda-1610","csemadoklink":"https:\/\/lexikon.adatbank.transindex.ro\/muemlek.php?id=251","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Ana Maria Catalina, CC BY-SA 4.0 \u003Chttps:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:2009-DSC03720.JPG\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u00222009-DSC03720\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/f3\/2009-DSC03720.JPG\/512px-2009-DSC03720.JPG\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:2009-DSC03720.JPG\u0022\u003EAna Maria Catalina\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 4.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Calvinist Church in \u00dajtorda","seolink":"calvinist-church-in-ujtorda","note":"","history":"The town of \u00dajtorda (New Torda) was founded in the late 13th century by Saxon settlers. They received the necessary charter from King Charles I of Hungary in 1332, in which the church dedicated to St. L\u00e1szl\u00f3 is mentioned. In the early 16th century, the church underwent major building works. In 1507, King Ul\u00e1szl\u00f3 II of Hungary restored a donation, allegedly granted by King Charles I. According to this document, the church received an annuity from the Torda salt chamber for the celebration of masses for the spiritual salvation of the Hungarian kings, especially St. L\u00e1szl\u00f3.@\nIn the early 1570s the first Unitarian pastor of the church was Szt\u00e1rai Mikl\u00f3s. In the 1590s it was surrounded by an oval fortification.@\nIn 1601, a troop of Prince B\u00e1thory Zsigmond of Transylvania slaughtered the garrison of the imperial general Basta near Kolozsv\u00e1r. In order to avenge it, Basta sent a troop against Torda, as the town was supposed to have warned him of the attack. The attack mainly affected \u00dajtorda. The population of \u00dajtorda had taken refuge behind the defensive walls around the church, but the hajd\u00fa mercenaries broke through a barricaded door and entered the fortification, where they massacred more than 300 men, including town judge Csipk\u00e9s Gy\u00f6rgy. The women and children were rescued by Cs\u00e1ky Istv\u00e1n's troops, who took revenge on the hajd\u00fas. The depopulation of \u00dajtorda threatened the end of salt production. In 1619, Prince Bethlen G\u00e1bor of Transylvania settled his Calvinist footsoldiers in the district, whose special status made \u00dajtorda and \u00d3torda (Old Torda) separate towns, and the church became Calvinist. The wall surrounding the church and its remaining towers were restored to their present form in 1737."},{"sightId":1504,"townId":63,"active":1,"name_LO":"Biserica Franciscan\u0103","address":"Strada Avram Iancu 49","mapdata":"1|1071|472","gps_lat":"46.5784423146","gps_long":"23.7816627981","religion":1,"oldtype":"9","newtype":"1","homepage":"https:\/\/ersekseg.ro\/hu\/templom\/703","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"https:\/\/www.muemlekem.hu\/hatareset\/Szent-Laszlo-kiraly-templom-es-kolostor-Torda-949","csemadoklink":"https:\/\/lexikon.adatbank.transindex.ro\/muemlek.php?id=397","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Ana Maria Catalina, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:2009-DSC06741.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u00222009-DSC06741\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/d1\/2009-DSC06741.jpg\/512px-2009-DSC06741.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:2009-DSC06741.jpg\u0022\u003EAna Maria Catalina\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 4.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"King St. L\u00e1szl\u00f3 of Hungary Franciscan Church and Monastery","seolink":"king-st-laszlo-of-hungary-franciscan-church-and-monastery","note":"","history":"In 1729, Transylvania became an independent province within the Franciscan Order under the patronage of Saint Stephen. In 1733 the monastery land was purchased. Construction began in the same year, probably using an earlier Dominican monastery building. The monks moved in in 1735 and the church was consecrated in 1737 in honour of King Saint L\u00e1szl\u00f3. The monastery and the church were built thanks to donations from the Bors family. Members of the family are buried in the church crypt. The monks ran an elementary school next to the monastery until 1830. The coffered ceiling and interior painting of the nave date from the early 20th century. The monks were deported in 1951. Later, Father Izidor, who was released from prison, lived in the church and looked after it until his death in 1994. Today it is served by the dean of Torda."},{"sightId":1505,"townId":63,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"Strada Dacia 3","mapdata":"1|1239|1249","gps_lat":"46.5739013180","gps_long":"23.7832082831","religion":8,"oldtype":"1","newtype":"1","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Ana Maria Catalina, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:2009-SP_A0265.JPG\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022256\u0022 alt=\u00222009-SP A0265\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/c2\/2009-SP_A0265.JPG\/256px-2009-SP_A0265.JPG\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:2009-SP_A0265.JPG\u0022\u003EAna Maria Catalina\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 4.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Unitarian church","seolink":"unitarian-church","note":"","history":"In the middle of the 16th century, under John II (John Sigismund), the inhabitants of the town converted to Unitarianism. Later, they lost ground to the Calvinist and Catholic denominations. In 1721, the great church had to be returned to the Catholics. Left without a church, they built their new church between 1791 and 1792. Its tower was built between 1801 and 1809."},{"sightId":1506,"townId":63,"active":1,"name_LO":"Biserica \u0218ovag\u0103ilor","address":"Strada Calarasi","mapdata":"1|1008|187","gps_lat":"46.5801013387","gps_long":"23.7810344991","religion":5,"oldtype":"1","newtype":"1","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Ana Maria Catalina, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:2009-DSC06784.JPG\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u00222009-DSC06784\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/05\/2009-DSC06784.JPG\/512px-2009-DSC06784.JPG\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:2009-DSC06784.JPG\u0022\u003EAna Maria Catalina\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 4.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Salt Miners' Chirch","seolink":"salt-miners-chirch","note":"","history":"After the suppression of the Transylvanian tax uprising in 1467, King Matthias of Hungary entrusted his uncle, Ol\u00e1h Mikl\u00f3s, with the management of the Transylvanian salt mines, which had their centre in Torda. He allowed the Vlach workers in the mines to build a church for themselves. The wooden church was rebuilt by the Greek Catholics in 1717. In 1948, after the banning of the Greek Catholic denomination, it was given to the Orthodox, who rebuilt it in Byzantine style."},{"sightId":1507,"townId":63,"active":1,"name_LO":"Biserica R\u0103\u021be\u0219tilor","address":"Strada Gheorghe Laz\u0103r 17-19","mapdata":"1|1805|1705","gps_lat":"46.5711403670","gps_long":"23.7883084085","religion":5,"oldtype":"1","newtype":"1","homepage":"https:\/\/ro.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Biserica_R%C4%83%C8%9Be%C8%99tilor_din_Turda","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022A.Catalina, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Bis.RatestilorTurda02.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Bis.RatestilorTurda02\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/ad\/Bis.RatestilorTurda02.jpg\/512px-Bis.RatestilorTurda02.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Bis.RatestilorTurda02.jpg\u0022\u003EA.Catalina\u003C\/a\u003E, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Former Greek Catholic Church, Assumption of the Virgin Mary Orthodox Church","seolink":"former-greek-catholic-church-assumption-of-the-virgin-mary-orthodox-church","note":"","history":"Dean Basiliu Ratiu had it built in 1839 with the financial support of members of his family. A school was built next to the church and apartments for the church staff. They also established the first Vlach cemetery of the town. In 1948 the Greek Catholic denomination was banned and the church was given to the Orthodox."},{"sightId":1508,"townId":63,"active":1,"name_LO":"Catedrala Sfin\u021bii Arhangheli Mihail \u0219i Gavriil","address":"Strada Andrei \u0218aguna nr. 2","mapdata":"1|1626|1824","gps_lat":"46.5704250002","gps_long":"23.7864389917","religion":5,"oldtype":"1","newtype":"1","homepage":"https:\/\/ro.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catedrala_Ortodox%C4%83_din_Turda","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Ana Maria Catalina, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:2010-IMG_3714.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u00222010-IMG 3714\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/4b\/2010-IMG_3714.jpg\/512px-2010-IMG_3714.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:2010-IMG_3714.jpg\u0022\u003EAna Maria Catalina\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 4.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"St. Michael and Gabriel Archangels Orthodox Cathedral","seolink":"st-michael-and-gabriel-archangels-orthodox-cathedral","note":"","history":"The cathedral was built after the Romanian occupation in 1935."},{"sightId":1509,"townId":63,"active":1,"name_LO":"Sinagoga","address":"","mapdata":"1|1110|896","gps_lat":"46.5759181328","gps_long":"23.7819865802","religion":6,"oldtype":"8","newtype":"121","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Cerghizan Radu, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Turda_sinagogue01.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Turda sinagogue01\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/4a\/Turda_sinagogue01.jpg\/512px-Turda_sinagogue01.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Turda_sinagogue01.jpg\u0022\u003ECerghizan Radu\u003C\/a\u003E, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Synagogue","seolink":"synagogue","note":"","history":"Built between 1921 and 1926. The last service was held in 1986."},{"sightId":1510,"townId":63,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"Pia\u021ba Republicii","mapdata":"1|1529|1639","gps_lat":"46.5715477824","gps_long":"23.7856046455","religion":2,"oldtype":"74","newtype":"53","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"","picture_ref":"","name":"Former Calvinist Girl's School","seolink":"former-calvinist-girls-school","note":"","history":"The first mention of a Reformed (Calvinist) school was in 1668. In 1859 this building was erected for the girls' school. The boys' school was in the castle grounds."},{"sightId":1511,"townId":63,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"Strada Dacia","mapdata":"1|1281|1270","gps_lat":"46.5737478592","gps_long":"23.7834418757","religion":8,"oldtype":"74","newtype":"120","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Ana Maria Catalina, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:01BiserUnitTurda2010.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022256\u0022 alt=\u002201BiserUnitTurda2010\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/96\/01BiserUnitTurda2010.jpg\/256px-01BiserUnitTurda2010.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:01BiserUnitTurda2010.jpg\u0022\u003EAna Maria Catalina\u003C\/a\u003E, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Former Unitarian School","seolink":"former-unitarian-school","note":"","history":"A Unitarian school was built in the town in 1589, on the site of the present church. This school building was built between 1788 and 1874. In 1878 it became a 6 class state civil school for boys. With the opening of the state grammar school, primary education was provided here.@\nIn 1918, the occupying Romanians confiscated the Hungarian grammar school, where from then on only Romanian-language education was provided. The 8-class Hungarian main grammar school was forced to move to this building, but could only function until 1922."},{"sightId":1512,"townId":63,"active":1,"name_LO":"Colegiul Na\u021bional Mihai Viteazul","address":"Strada Gheorghe Bari\u021biu","mapdata":"1|675|1026","gps_lat":"46.5751853055","gps_long":"23.7782901196","religion":0,"oldtype":"74","newtype":"74","homepage":"https:\/\/cnmvturda.ro\/","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022photo by Radu Cerghizan, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Turda-Liceul_(05.04.1982).jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Turda-Liceul (05.04.1982)\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/ed\/Turda-Liceul_%2805.04.1982%29.jpg\/512px-Turda-Liceul_%2805.04.1982%29.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Turda-Liceul_(05.04.1982).jpg\u0022\u003Ephoto by Radu Cerghizan\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Former Hungarian Royal State Grammar School","seolink":"former-hungarian-royal-state-grammar-school","note":"","history":"In 1908, the Hungarian state had a new, modern building erected for the main grammar school. In 1918, the occupying Romanians confiscated the building, whitewashed, then removed the Hungarian coat of arms from its facade and turned it into a fully Romanian-language grammar school. Today, it bears the name of Mihai, the voivode of Wallachis, who ravage Transylvania between 1599 and 1600."},{"sightId":1513,"townId":63,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"Pia\u021ba Republicii 53","mapdata":"1|1480|1174","gps_lat":"46.5742852932","gps_long":"23.7851938908","religion":1,"oldtype":"74","newtype":"53","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Leontin l, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Ansamblu_urban_Turda_03.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Ansamblu urban Turda 03\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/4b\/Ansamblu_urban_Turda_03.jpg\/512px-Ansamblu_urban_Turda_03.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Ansamblu_urban_Turda_03.jpg\u0022\u003ELeontin l\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 4.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Former Catholic School","seolink":"former-catholic-school","note":"","history":"One part of its ground floor, built against the castle wall, existed already in the 18th century (the so-called tax house), which housed the shops of Armenian merchants. In 1856 it was given an upper floor and the Catholic Girls' School was moved in. After nationalisation it became a sewing factory and was returned to the Church in 1991."},{"sightId":1514,"townId":63,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"Ratui","mapdata":"1|1145|1820","gps_lat":"46.5705053446","gps_long":"23.7823182436","religion":2,"oldtype":"4","newtype":"4","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Ana Maria Catalina, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Casa_memorial%C4%83_S%C3%A1ndor_Pet%C5%91fi_2.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Casa memorial\u0103 S\u00e1ndor Pet\u0151fi 2\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/31\/Casa_memorial%C4%83_S%C3%A1ndor_Pet%C5%91fi_2.jpg\/512px-Casa_memorial%C4%83_S%C3%A1ndor_Pet%C5%91fi_2.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Casa_memorial%C4%83_S%C3%A1ndor_Pet%C5%91fi_2.jpg\u0022\u003EAna Maria Catalina\u003C\/a\u003E, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Calvinist Parish of \u00d3torda","seolink":"calvinist-parish-of-otorda","note":"","history":"In the former J\u00f3sika Mikl\u00f3s Street (today Ion Ra\u021biu Street), a memorial plaque on the Reformed pastor's house in \u00d3torda proclaims that the Hungarian poet Pet\u0151fi S\u00e1ndor stayed here on 21 July 1849. This was the last place where he met his family before he disappeared in the Battle of Segesv\u00e1r. The Reformed pastors of \u00d3torda have lived here since the 1750s."},{"sightId":1515,"townId":63,"active":2,"name_LO":"Salina Turda","address":"Aleea Durg\u0103ului 7","mapdata":"","gps_lat":"46.5876837880","gps_long":"23.7873702186","religion":0,"oldtype":"112","newtype":"98","homepage":"https:\/\/www.salinaturda.eu\/hu\/","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Andrei Dan Suciu, CC BY 3.0 \u003Chttps:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Salina_Turda_-_panoramio_(7).jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Salina Turda - panoramio (7)\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/12\/Salina_Turda_-_panoramio_%287%29.jpg\/512px-Salina_Turda_-_panoramio_%287%29.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Salina_Turda_-_panoramio_(7).jpg\u0022\u003EAndrei Dan Suciu\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\u0022\u003ECC BY 3.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Salt Mine of Torda","seolink":"salt-mine-of-torda","note":"","history":"Surface extraction of salt was first started by the Romans. Underground extraction began after the establishment of the Kingdom of Hungary. There are records of salt mining in Torda as early as 1075. The salt chamber existed as early as the 14th century. It was the first among the Transylvanian salt chambers, and the royal chamberlain of Torda, who was superior to the other chamberlains, held the title of isp\u00e1n (comes camerae). The salt mines in the area supplied the majority of Hungary's salt needs. After the revolution of 1848, the salt chamber was moved from Torda, first to Nagyszeben, then to Kolozsv\u00e1r, and finally to Maros\u00fajv\u00e1r in 1880. In 1853, the Franz Joseph gallery was built and the Ter\u00e9z and Rudolf mines were modernised. Salt mining ceased in 1932, during the Romanian occupation. During the Second World War, the population of the town fled here to escape air raids. Between 1950 and 1992, the Franz Joseph mine was used as a cheese warehouse. It was renovated as a tourist attraction in 2010 with EU funding. The mine galleries house an amphitheatre, a sports ground, a Ferris wheel, a mini-golf course and a playground. You can also go boating in the Ter\u00e9z Mine lake."},{"sightId":1516,"townId":63,"active":2,"name_LO":"","address":"Strada Bogdan Petriceicu Ha\u0219deu 2","mapdata":"1|1401|1575","gps_lat":"46.5719796842","gps_long":"23.7845234547","religion":0,"oldtype":"15,50","newtype":"98","homepage":"https:\/\/muzeulturda.com\/","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"https:\/\/www.muemlekem.hu\/hatareset\/Sokamarahaz-Torda-1771","csemadoklink":"https:\/\/lexikon.adatbank.transindex.ro\/muemlek.php?id=376","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022CristianChirita, CC BY-SA 3.0 RO \u003Chttps:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/ro\/deed.en\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:2006_0602Palatul_voievodalTurdaCJ-II-m-A-07794.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u00222006 0602Palatul voievodalTurdaCJ-II-m-A-07794\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/f0\/2006_0602Palatul_voievodalTurdaCJ-II-m-A-07794.jpg\/512px-2006_0602Palatul_voievodalTurdaCJ-II-m-A-07794.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:2006_0602Palatul_voievodalTurdaCJ-II-m-A-07794.jpg\u0022\u003ECristianChirita\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/ro\/deed.en\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0 RO\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Salt Chamber House, Palace of the Princes of Transylvania, Museum of Torda","seolink":"salt-chamber-house-palace-of-the-princes-of-transylvania-museum-of-torda","note":"","history":"Torda was already the centre of a royal county in the 11th century. Due to its favourable location, Torda became a key settlement in Transylvanian public affairs. The Keresztesmez\u0151 near the town was the main gathering place for noble troops. The vajda of Transylvania delivered justice here, and most of the meeting of the Estates were alsa held here.@\nRecords of salt mining in Torda date back to 1075. The salt chamber existed already in the 14th century. It was the first among the Transylvanian salt chambers, and the royal chamberlain of Torda, who was superior to the other chamberlains, held the title of isp\u00e1n (comes camerae). The salt mines in the area supplied the majority of Hungary's salt needs.@\nThe earliest part of the salt chamber house, the tower, which also serves as a defence, was built in the early 15th century. It was enlarged in the early 16th century. The first mention of the salt chamber house dates back to 1524. As a treasury property, it also served as accommodation for the King of Hungary and later, especially during the Diets, for the Transylvanian princes. In 1540, King John I of Hungary received here the oath of allegiance of the Transylvanian lords. At the end of the 16th century (between 1581 and 1594), Prince B\u00e1thory Zsigmond of Transylvania expanded it into a representative princely residence. The Renaissance door and window frames date from this period. It was restored in 1818. After the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, the salt chamber was moved from Torda, first to Nagyszeben, then to Kolozsv\u00e1r and finally to Maros\u00fajv\u00e1r in 1880. In 1883, the large gate was demolished on the grounds of danger. In 1887, the main front balcony supported by pillars disappeared. In 1907 it was inaugurated as a House of Culture. Between 1909 and 1912 a major renovation was carried out on the basis of plans by the architect Lux K\u00e1lm\u00e1n. It houses a history museum.@\nThe core of the museum's collection was donated by local people. The most significant collection was given by T\u00e9gl\u00e1s Istv\u00e1n, but a lot of material was also collected in the former main grammar school. In 1943, the Museum Society was founded with the aim of bringing the collections together in a museum. The museum opened in 1951 in the former salt chamber house.@\nThe 3X4 m painting painted by Krisch Alad\u00e1r in 1898 on the religious freedom of the Transylvanian churches was exhibited in the museum. The painting was previously held in the main Catholic church."},{"sightId":1517,"townId":63,"active":1,"name_LO":"Prim\u0103ria","address":"Strada 1 Decembrie 1918 28","mapdata":"1|1594|2149","gps_lat":"46.5685618572","gps_long":"23.7861525044","religion":0,"oldtype":"11","newtype":"12","homepage":"https:\/\/primariaturda.ro\/","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Ana Maria Catalina, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:PrimariaTurda01_2011.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022PrimariaTurda01 2011\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/eb\/PrimariaTurda01_2011.jpg\/512px-PrimariaTurda01_2011.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:PrimariaTurda01_2011.jpg\u0022\u003EAna Maria Catalina\u003C\/a\u003E, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Former County Hall, Town Hall","seolink":"former-county-hall-town-hall","note":"","history":"The building was built in neo-Renaissance style between 1884 and 1885, based on the plans of architect Halmai Andor for the centre of Torda-Aranyos County. After the Romanian occupation, the almost thousand-year-old county system was abolished and it became a town hall in 1920."},{"sightId":1518,"townId":63,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"Pia\u021ba Republicii","mapdata":"1|1415|1219","gps_lat":"46.5740497431","gps_long":"23.7845556780","religion":0,"oldtype":"12,12,15,17","newtype":"79","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Ana Maria Catalina, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:TurdaJudecatoria01.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022TurdaJudecatoria01\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/9d\/TurdaJudecatoria01.jpg\/512px-TurdaJudecatoria01.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:TurdaJudecatoria01.jpg\u0022\u003EAna Maria Catalina\u003C\/a\u003E, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Former Town Hall","seolink":"former-town-hall","note":"","history":"It was built between 1795 and 1806. In its small tower, next to the clock, there was a bell cast in 1742, which once marked the beginning of the town assemblies. The name \u0022constitutional bell\u0022 derives from the fact that it was silent between 1849 and 1861, and only sounded when the historic Hungarian constitution was restored at the end of Habsburg absolutism. Between 1812 and 1849, it was the seat of the county of Torda, and during the absolutist period it housed imperial offices and later functioned as a court of law. It is now an archive."},{"sightId":1519,"townId":63,"active":2,"name_LO":"Teatrul National Aureliu Manea Turda","address":"Pia\u021ba Republicii 52","mapdata":"1|1482|1044","gps_lat":"46.5750334499","gps_long":"23.7852305930","religion":0,"oldtype":"91,92","newtype":"91","homepage":"https:\/\/teatrulaureliumaneaturda.ro\/","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Ana Maria Catalina, CC BY-SA 4.0 \u003Chttps:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Turda_Teatrul_Municipal_2010.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Turda Teatrul Municipal 2010\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/26\/Turda_Teatrul_Municipal_2010.jpg\/512px-Turda_Teatrul_Municipal_2010.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Turda_Teatrul_Municipal_2010.jpg\u0022\u003EAna Maria Catalina\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 4.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Former Theatre and Vigad\u00f3","seolink":"former-theatre-and-vigado","note":"","history":"The earliest part of the main square was an inn built at the end of the 18th century, as indicated by the wine cellar below. The Vigad\u00f3, the cultural, entertainment and commercial centre of the time, was built between 1902 and 1910. The Intellectual Casino, founded in 1836, also moved here. In 1956 it was enlarged into a theatre."},{"sightId":1520,"townId":63,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"Strada Republicii","mapdata":"1|1572|1616","gps_lat":"46.5717019322","gps_long":"23.7859454903","religion":0,"oldtype":"80","newtype":"53","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Ana Maria Catalina, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:2010-_IMG_1340.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u00222010- IMG 1340\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/9e\/2010-_IMG_1340.jpg\/512px-2010-_IMG_1340.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:2010-_IMG_1340.jpg\u0022\u003EAna Maria Catalina\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 4.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Former Elisabeth Hotel","seolink":"former-elisabeth-hotel","note":"","history":"Built in 1892 in eclectic style, it was used as a hotel until 1920, when it became the property of the Orthodox Church."},{"sightId":1521,"townId":63,"active":2,"name_LO":"","address":"Pia\u021ba 1 Decembrie 1918 29","mapdata":"1|1567|2053","gps_lat":"46.5691096036","gps_long":"23.7859236951","religion":0,"oldtype":"53","newtype":"84","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Ana Maria Catalina, CC BY-SA 4.0 \u003Chttps:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:2011-IMG_4707.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u00222011-IMG 4707\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/cb\/2011-IMG_4707.jpg\/512px-2011-IMG_4707.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:2011-IMG_4707.jpg\u0022\u003EAna Maria Catalina\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 4.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"House of the Isp\u00e1n of Torda-Aranyos County","seolink":"house-of-the-ispan-of-torda-aranyos-county","note":"","history":"In 1917, the house was built next to the county hall, almost at the same time, as the residence of the isp\u00e1n of the county and his deputy. After the Romanian occupation, a bank moved in. "},{"sightId":1522,"townId":63,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"Pia\u021ba Republicii 8","mapdata":"1|1477|1345","gps_lat":"46.5732921670","gps_long":"23.7851158869","religion":0,"oldtype":"50,17,64,111","newtype":"15","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Ana Maria Catalina, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:2010-IMG_1250..jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u00222010-IMG 1250.\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/50\/2010-IMG_1250..jpg\/512px-2010-IMG_1250..jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:2010-IMG_1250..jpg\u0022\u003EAna Maria Catalina\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 4.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Mik\u00f3 Palace","seolink":"miko-palace","note":"","history":"The house was built in the 1870s by the Mik\u00f3 family. Mik\u00f3 Imre died in 1876 and the house was inherited by his daughter Anna, whose husband was Pejacsevics Art\u00far. The building housed a district court and a post office, with shops on the ground floor. In 1910 the Pejacsevics family sold it to Fodor Domonkos. A chocolate factory was then established in the yard of the house. Then came the Romanian occupation and nationalisation. The factory's machines bought in Leipzig were sold as scrap metal."},{"sightId":1523,"townId":63,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"Str. Piata Republicii","mapdata":"1|1499|1540","gps_lat":"46.5721532456","gps_long":"23.7853336970","religion":0,"oldtype":"15,12","newtype":"53","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Ana Maria Catalina, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:2010_-_IMG_1176.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u00222010 - IMG 1176\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/9e\/2010_-_IMG_1176.jpg\/512px-2010_-_IMG_1176.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:2010_-_IMG_1176.jpg\u0022\u003EAna Maria Catalina\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 4.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Former Palace of Finance","seolink":"former-palace-of-finance","note":"","history":"Built between 1901 and 1902 in the eclectic Art Nouveau style. Its designer is unknown. Later it served also as town hall."},{"sightId":1524,"townId":63,"active":1,"name_LO":"Banca Transilvania","address":"Pia\u021ba Republicii 14, Turda 401095, Rom\u00e1ni","mapdata":"1|1491|1484","gps_lat":"46.5724576466","gps_long":"23.7852924954","religion":0,"oldtype":"53,83,80","newtype":"84","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Ana Maria Catalina, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:2010-IMG_1280.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u00222010-IMG 1280\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/ae\/2010-IMG_1280.jpg\/512px-2010-IMG_1280.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:2010-IMG_1280.jpg\u0022\u003EAna Maria Catalina\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 4.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Wessel\u00e9nyi Mansion","seolink":"wesselenyi-mansion","note":"","history":"The house was built in 1743 by Baroness Wessel\u00e9nyi M\u00e1ria. The butchers' guild bought it, opened a shop in it and built a guest house in the back. J\u00f3sika Mikl\u00f3s, the father of the Hungarian romantic novel, was born here in 1794. The butcher Sz\u00e9kely family had it remodelled and added a storey."},{"sightId":1525,"townId":63,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"Pia\u021ba Republicii 26","mapdata":"1|1568|1702","gps_lat":"46.5711889449","gps_long":"23.7858787259","religion":0,"oldtype":"53,98","newtype":"53","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"","picture_ref":"","name":"T\u00e9gl\u00e1s House","seolink":"teglas-house","note":"","history":"The house was built between 1898 and 1904. Its owner, T\u00e9gl\u00e1s Istv\u00e1n, the county inspector of education, set up a museum in it from the objects he had collected with great care since 1894. The museum in Torda preserves the remaining objects."},{"sightId":1526,"townId":63,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"Pia\u021ba Republicii nr.13-14","mapdata":"1|1490|1464","gps_lat":"46.5726312677","gps_long":"23.7852692757","religion":0,"oldtype":"53","newtype":"83","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Ana Maria Catalina, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:2010-IMG_1270.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u00222010-IMG 1270\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/0e\/2010-IMG_1270.jpg\/512px-2010-IMG_1270.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:2010-IMG_1270.jpg\u0022\u003EAna Maria Catalina\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 4.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Fodor House","seolink":"fodor-house","note":"","history":"The house was built in the 1870s by Fodor K\u00e1roly. It is said that he was a great womanizer, so the men of the town joined forces to buy him out of his fortune and force him to leave."},{"sightId":1527,"townId":63,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"Pia\u021ba Republicii 12","mapdata":"1|1491|1431","gps_lat":"46.5728042450","gps_long":"23.7853114242","religion":0,"oldtype":"53","newtype":"53","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Ana Maria Catalina, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:2010-IMG_1270.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u00222010-IMG 1270\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/0e\/2010-IMG_1270.jpg\/512px-2010-IMG_1270.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:2010-IMG_1270.jpg\u0022\u003EAna Maria Catalina\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 4.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Tanners' House","seolink":"tanners-house","note":"","history":"In the 1870s, the guild of tanners built the tenement."},{"sightId":1528,"townId":63,"active":1,"name_LO":"Restaurant Rusalca","address":"Pia\u021ba Republicii 37","mapdata":"1|1567|1390","gps_lat":"46.5730089423","gps_long":"23.7859009977","religion":0,"oldtype":"53,83","newtype":"81","homepage":"http:\/\/www.rusalca.ro\/","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Leontin l, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Ansamblu_urban_Turda_01.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Ansamblu urban Turda 01\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b0\/Ansamblu_urban_Turda_01.jpg\/512px-Ansamblu_urban_Turda_01.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Ansamblu_urban_Turda_01.jpg\u0022\u003ELeontin l\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 4.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Tutschek House","seolink":"tutschek-house","note":"","history":"The Tutschek Armenian merchant family set up their hardware shop on the ground floor of their house built at the end of the 19th century. The house was nationalised but reverted to the heirs of the original owners."},{"sightId":1529,"townId":63,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"Strada 1 Decembrie 1918","mapdata":"1|1619|2237","gps_lat":"46.5680405435","gps_long":"23.7863679966","religion":0,"oldtype":"53,71","newtype":"53","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"","picture_ref":"","name":"Harmath House","seolink":"harmath-house","note":"","history":"The house was built in 1896 by Harmath M\u00e1rton, a forensic doctor. In the front was a doctor's office, in the back was their apartment. His son B\u00e9la was the founder of the town hospital."},{"sightId":1530,"townId":63,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"Strada 1 Decembrie 1918","mapdata":"1|1608|2282","gps_lat":"46.5677929474","gps_long":"23.7863044762","religion":0,"oldtype":"53,83","newtype":"53","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"","picture_ref":"","name":"T\u00f3th family house","seolink":"toth-family-house","note":"","history":"The house was built between 1877-1889 by the butcher family of T\u00f3th S\u00e1muel. On the ground floor there was a butchery and a storehouse, on the first floor the family lived."},{"sightId":1531,"townId":63,"active":1,"name_LO":"Casa Remo Guest House","address":"Dr.Ioan Ratiu 25","mapdata":"1|1078|2173","gps_lat":"46.5684175407","gps_long":"23.7816766171","religion":0,"oldtype":"52","newtype":"80","homepage":"https:\/\/casa-remo-guest-house.business.site\/","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Ana Maria Catalina, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:VilaMendelTurda01.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022VilaMendelTurda01\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/51\/VilaMendelTurda01.jpg\/512px-VilaMendelTurda01.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:VilaMendelTurda01.jpg\u0022\u003EAna Maria Catalina\u003C\/a\u003E, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"L\u00e1z\u00e1r Villa","seolink":"lazar-villa","note":"","history":"The villa was built in 1872 by the Jewish L\u00e1z\u00e1r Simon, owner of the Torda brewery. They lived here until 1902, when they moved to the Lazar Villa at Ratiu 25. The house was donated to the Jewish community, which opened a school in 1938. It operated until 1948, when it was nationalised."},{"sightId":1532,"townId":63,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"Pia\u021ba Republicii","mapdata":"1|1513|1134","gps_lat":"46.5744974277","gps_long":"23.7854767991","religion":0,"oldtype":"53","newtype":"53","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Ana Maria Catalina, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:TurdaBaroc02.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022TurdaBaroc02\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/52\/TurdaBaroc02.jpg\/512px-TurdaBaroc02.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:TurdaBaroc02.jpg\u0022\u003EAna Maria Catalina\u003C\/a\u003E, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Kimpel House","seolink":"kimpel-house","note":"","history":"Baroque-style houses of the landowner Kimpel."},{"sightId":1533,"townId":63,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"Pia\u021ba Republicii 19","mapdata":"1|1524|1708","gps_lat":"46.5711523336","gps_long":"23.7855566088","religion":0,"oldtype":"53","newtype":"53","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"","picture_ref":"","name":"Becski House","seolink":"becski-house","note":"","history":"The house was built in 1894 by Becski K\u00e1lm\u00e1n. The ground floor had shops and the first floor had apartments. In 1927 Becski K\u00e1lm\u00e1n sold it to Dr. D\u00e9zsi Oliv\u00e9r, a lawyer. In 2004, his heir, N\u00e9meti (D\u00e9zsi) Ilona recovered it and donated it to the Reformed parish."},{"sightId":1534,"townId":63,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"","mapdata":"1|792|2869","gps_lat":"46.5643818801","gps_long":"23.7791299207","religion":0,"oldtype":"111","newtype":"121","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Ana Maria Catalina, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:FabricaBereTurda01.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022FabricaBereTurda01\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/ea\/FabricaBereTurda01.jpg\/512px-FabricaBereTurda01.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:FabricaBereTurda01.jpg\u0022\u003EAna Maria Catalina\u003C\/a\u003E, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Mendel Brewery","seolink":"mendel-brewery","note":"","history":"It was built between 1756 and 1814 by the Jewish entrepreneur Lazar Simon Mendel. The main factory building was built in 1911. It was the most famous brewery in Transylvania. After the Romanian occupation it was renamed Turdeana Brewery. It was later bought by the Ursus brewery in Kolozsv\u00e1r, after which it went into decline. After the regime change, the Ursus factory was privatised and the new owners closed the Torda factory. The Ratiu family purchased it in 2006."},{"sightId":1535,"townId":63,"active":1,"name_LO":"Castrul Roman Potaissa","address":"Strada Castrului Roman","mapdata":"1|85|1809","gps_lat":"46.5706975876","gps_long":"23.7730206388","religion":0,"oldtype":"22","newtype":"122","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022CristianChirita, CC BY-SA 3.0 RO <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/ro\/deed.en>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Castrul_legiunii_V_Macedonica_de_la_Potaissa_CJ-I-s-A-07208_IMG_04760.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Castrul legiunii V Macedonica de la Potaissa CJ-I-s-A-07208 IMG 04760\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/00\/Castrul_legiunii_V_Macedonica_de_la_Potaissa_CJ-I-s-A-07208_IMG_04760.jpg\/512px-Castrul_legiunii_V_Macedonica_de_la_Potaissa_CJ-I-s-A-07208_IMG_04760.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Castrul_legiunii_V_Macedonica_de_la_Potaissa_CJ-I-s-A-07208_IMG_04760.jpg\u0022\u003ECristianChirita\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/ro\/deed.en\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0 RO\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Ruins of Potaissa","seolink":"ruins-of-potaissa","note":"","history":"Before the Roman conquest, a Dacian settlement stood here. The Romans conquered Dacia under the Emperor Trajan in 106 AD. After the foundation of the Roman colony, it served only as a base for auxiliary troops. However, the Emperor Septimius Severus stationed a legion (Legio V. Macedonia) here to reinforce the Limes, making it the most important Roman centre in the area. The ruins of a military fortress built for the Legion V Maced\u00f3nia, stationed \u00e1t the town of Potaissa, can still be seen today. After the Emperor Aurelian moved the population of the province of Dacia south of the Danube to Moesia and abandoned it in 271, the area was practically deserted. Archaeological evidence does not support the survival of a Roman or Dacian population in the area. Transylvania was then occupied by the Visigoths."},{"sightId":1536,"townId":63,"active":2,"name_LO":"","address":"Str. Dr. Ioan Ratiu","mapdata":"1|1142|1840","gps_lat":"46.5703537878","gps_long":"23.7823006348","religion":0,"oldtype":"38","newtype":"38","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Ana Maria Catalina, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Casa_memorial%C4%83_S%C3%A1ndor_Pet%C5%91fi.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Casa memorial\u0103 S\u00e1ndor Pet\u0151fi\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/92\/Casa_memorial%C4%83_S%C3%A1ndor_Pet%C5%91fi.jpg\/512px-Casa_memorial%C4%83_S%C3%A1ndor_Pet%C5%91fi.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Casa_memorial%C4%83_S%C3%A1ndor_Pet%C5%91fi.jpg\u0022\u003EAna Maria Catalina\u003C\/a\u003E, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Statue of Pet\u0151fi S\u00e1ndor and Szendrei J\u00falia","seolink":"statue-of-petofi-sandor-and-szendrei-julia","note":"It stands in the courtyard of the Reformed parish of \u00d3torda.","history":"The statue made by Suba L\u00e1szl\u00f3 is located in the courtyard of the Reformed pastor's house in \u00d3torda. The poet Pet\u0151fi S\u00e1ndor stayed here on 21 July 1849. Here he met his family for the last time before he disappeared in the battle of Segesv\u00e1r. "},{"sightId":1537,"townId":63,"active":2,"name_LO":"","address":"Pia\u021ba Basarabiei","mapdata":"1|64|237","gps_lat":"46.5798665402","gps_long":"23.7730083526","religion":0,"oldtype":"38","newtype":"38","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"","picture_ref":"","name":"Gy\u00f6ngy\u00f6ssi J\u00e1nos Memorial Tomb","seolink":"gyongyossi-janos-memorial-tomb","note":"In the garden of the Reformed church in \u00dajtorda.\n","history":"The memorial was erected on 23 October 1859. Gy\u00f6ngy\u00f6ssi J\u00e1nos (1741-1818) was a Hungarian poet and Reformed pastor of \u00dajtorda. At the top of the memorial column are two iron books, two volumes of Gy\u00f6ngy\u00f6ssi's Hungarian poems (1801, 1803)."},{"sightId":1538,"townId":63,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"Pia\u021ba Republicii 1","mapdata":"1|1440|1169","gps_lat":"46.5743501480","gps_long":"23.7849584778","religion":0,"oldtype":"38","newtype":"38","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"","picture_ref":"","name":"Memorial to the freedom of religion declared in Torda in 1568","seolink":"memorial-to-the-freedom-of-religion-declared-in-torda-in-1568","note":"","history":"It was erected in 1918 by the Unitarians to commemorate the 450th anniversary of the proclamation of religious freedom in 1568. The work of Liviu Mocan."},{"sightId":1539,"townId":63,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"Strada Avram Iancu","mapdata":"1|1030|351","gps_lat":"46.5791732214","gps_long":"23.7812439755","religion":4,"oldtype":"38","newtype":"38","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Ana Maria Catalina, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Monumentul_Reuniunea_Sf.Maria_(str.Avram_Iancu).JPG\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022256\u0022 alt=\u0022Monumentul Reuniunea Sf.Maria (str.Avram Iancu)\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/93\/Monumentul_Reuniunea_Sf.Maria_%28str.Avram_Iancu%29.JPG\/256px-Monumentul_Reuniunea_Sf.Maria_%28str.Avram_Iancu%29.JPG\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Monumentul_Reuniunea_Sf.Maria_(str.Avram_Iancu).JPG\u0022\u003EAna Maria Catalina\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 4.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Monument to the Congregation of Mary","seolink":"monument-to-the-congregation-of-mary","note":"","history":"It was erected in 1933 by the Greek Catholic Women's congregation to commemorate the 1900th anniversary of the Ascension of Christ."},{"sightId":1540,"townId":63,"active":1,"name_LO":"Statuia Avram Iancului","address":"Pia\u021ba Republicii","mapdata":"1|1491|1249","gps_lat":"46.5738347264","gps_long":"23.7852867746","religion":0,"oldtype":"38","newtype":"38","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Ana Maria Catalina, CC BY-SA 4.0 \u003Chttps:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Turda-Statuia_lui_Avram_Iancu-2015-(01).jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Turda-Statuia lui Avram Iancu-2015-(01)\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/16\/Turda-Statuia_lui_Avram_Iancu-2015-%2801%29.jpg\/512px-Turda-Statuia_lui_Avram_Iancu-2015-%2801%29.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Turda-Statuia_lui_Avram_Iancu-2015-(01).jpg\u0022\u003EAna Maria Catalina\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 4.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Statue of Avram Iancu","seolink":"statue-of-avram-iancu","note":"","history":"Avram Iancu (1824-1872) was a Transylvanian Vlach lawyer and leader of the Vlach uprising in Transylvania against the Hungarian Revolution and War of Independence in 1848-49. They supported the Habsburg oppressors. His troops massacred thousands of Hungarian civilians, wiping out entire villages, taking advantage of the fact that the Hungarian soldiers were busy liberating Transylvania from Austrian rule."},{"sightId":1541,"townId":63,"active":1,"name_LO":"Statuia Lupa Capitolina","address":"","mapdata":"1|856|2760","gps_lat":"46.5649583404","gps_long":"23.7798438286","religion":0,"oldtype":"38","newtype":"38","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Ana Maria Catalina, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Statuia_Lupoaicei.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022256\u0022 alt=\u0022Statuia Lupoaicei\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/08\/Statuia_Lupoaicei.jpg\/256px-Statuia_Lupoaicei.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Statuia_Lupoaicei.jpg\u0022\u003EAna Maria Catalina\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 4.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Replica of the Capitoline Wolf","seolink":"replica-of-the-capitoline-wolf","note":"","history":"After the Romanian occupation, the Romanians placed a replica of the statue of the Capitoline Wolf in Marosv\u00e1s\u00e1rhely, referring to their falsely supposed Latin origin. In 1940, Marosv\u00e1s\u00e1rhely was returned to Hungary, and the Romanians took the statue to Torda, which remained under Romanian occupation. In 1991, Marosv\u00e1s\u00e1rhely, already a Romanian-majority town due to resettlement, reclaimed the statue, but left a copy of the replica in Torda."},{"sightId":2467,"townId":63,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"Aranyospoly\u00e1n (Turda-Poiana), Strada Morii 1, Turda 405100, Rom\u00e1nia","mapdata":"","gps_lat":"46.5607188609","gps_long":"23.8298615308","religion":2,"oldtype":"1","newtype":"1","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Ana Maria Catalina, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:2009-DSC00677.JPG\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u00222009-DSC00677\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/27\/2009-DSC00677.JPG\/512px-2009-DSC00677.JPG\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:2009-DSC00677.JPG\u0022\u003EAna Maria Catalina\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 4.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Calvinist Church in Aranyospoj\u00e1n","seolink":"calvinist-church-in-aranyospojan","note":"","history":"Entz G\u00e9za puts the construction of the church in the 14th century, and it is listed in the official monument register as a 15th century church. It was renovated in 1789, as the inscription above the southern entrance indicates. In 1848 the church was destroyed by the Vlach rebels, but the congregation had it repaired. The bell dates from 1855. In 1997 it was restored, bypassing the monumental authorities, and the church interior gained its present form."},{"sightId":2468,"townId":63,"active":1,"name_LO":"\u0218coala Gimnazial\u0103 Teodor Mur\u0103\u0219anu","address":"Str. Dr. Ioan Ratiu 53","mapdata":"1|1100|1716","gps_lat":"46.5711850544","gps_long":"23.7819159290","religion":0,"oldtype":"74","newtype":"74","homepage":"http:\/\/www.tmturda.ro\/","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022E.Coman, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Turda,_Liceul_de_Fete,_str._Dr.I.Ratiu_nr.53,_20.06.1993.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Turda, Liceul de Fete, str. Dr.I.Ratiu nr.53, 20.06.1993\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/81\/Turda%2C_Liceul_de_Fete%2C_str._Dr.I.Ratiu_nr.53%2C_20.06.1993.jpg\/512px-Turda%2C_Liceul_de_Fete%2C_str._Dr.I.Ratiu_nr.53%2C_20.06.1993.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Turda,_Liceul_de_Fete,_str._Dr.I.Ratiu_nr.53,_20.06.1993.jpg\u0022\u003EE.Coman\u003C\/a\u003E, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Former Civil Girl's School","seolink":"former-civil-girls-school","note":"","history":""}]},"language":"en","region":"romania","regionid":4,"offer":[],"gallery":false,"album":false}