Temesvár Castle, National Museum of Bánság
Muzeul Național al Banatului
Temesvár Castle, National Museum of Bánság
Condition:
Renovated / Good
Entrance:
Entrance fee
Address:
Bastionul Maria Theresia, Strada Martin Luther 4
Settlement:
Historical Hungarian county:
Temes
Country:
Romania
County:
Timiș
Geographic region:
Temes Plain, Bánság, Great Hungarian Plain
GPS coordinates:
45.75699, 21.233436
Google map:
History
895
Arrival of the Hungarians
Little more...
895
The alliance of the seven Hungarian tribes took possession of the then largely uninhabited Carpathian Basin. Until then, the sparse Slavic population of the north-western Carpathians had lived under Moravian rule for a few decades after the collapse of the Avar Khaganate in the early 9th century.
10th century
A hillfort was built with ramparts and palisades by the Temes River (now: Béga Channel).
1000
Foundation of the Hungarian Kingdom
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1000
The Kingdom of Hungary was established with the coronation of King Stephen I. He converted the Hungarians to Christianity and created two archdioceses (Esztergom and Kalocsa) and ten dioceses. He divided Hungary into counties led by ispáns, who were appointed by the king.
1212
The castle of Temesvár (Castrum Temesiensis) and the castle county was mentioned for the first time in a letter of donation issued by King Andrew II of Hungary.
1241-1242
Mongol Invasion
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1241-1242
The hordes of the Mongol Empire invaded Hungary and almost completely destroyed it. One third to one half of the population was destroyed. The Mongols also suffered heavy losses in the battle of Muhi and they could not hunt down the king. After their withdrawal, King Béla IV reorganized Hungary. He allowed the feudal lords to build stone castles because they were able to successfully resist the nomadic Mongols. The vast majority of stone castles were built after this. The king called in German, Vlach (Romanian) and Slavic settlers to replace the destroyed population.
1266
Temesvár was called Castrum Tymes in a document, when Hungary was ruled by King Stephen V. Temesvár got its name from the Temes River, because in the Middle Ages some branches of the river flowed through the town. The Romanian Timișoara comes from the Hungarian Temesvár word (meaning Temes Castle), just like the German Temeswar or the Serbian name of the town.
1301
The extinction of the House of Árpád
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1301
The House of Árpád, the first Hungarian royal dynasty, died out with the death of King Andrew III. Hungary was ruled by oligarchs, the most powerful of whom was Csák Máté, whose main ally was the Aba family. King Charles I (1308-1342), supported by the Pope, eventually emerged as the most prominent of the contenders for the Hungarian throne. But it took decades to break the power of the oligarchs.
1315 - 1323
King Charles I of Hungary moved his seat to Temesvár because of his war against the oligarchs. Buda was dangerously close to the territory of the most powerful oligarch, Csák Máté. The dating of this period is disputed.
1315 or 1318
King Charles I ordered the construction of a new rectangular stone castle next to the hillfort. He and his family lived in that castle while he was staying in Temesvár. The castle was surrounded by walls reinforced with round bastions on the corners. The south-eastern tower of the old hillfort was transformed to a gate tower and a bridge was built over the moat, which connected the two neighbouring fortifications.
1330
King Charles I stayed in Temesvár and launched his campaign against Basarab I of Wallachia from the town.
1396
The crusaders gathered in the town before marching to the battle of Nicopolis. After the defeat, the Turks crossed the Danube and plundered Hungary as far as Temesvár.
1441
King Ulászló I of Hungary appointed Hunyadi János ispán of Temes County and captain of Nándorfehérvár (Belgrade).
1443
The town was struck by an earthquake, and the castle was seriously damaged. Hunyadi János repaired the buildings and walls of the castle and also significantly reinforced the defences. The palace was also renovated and expanded. The castle had four gates (Erdély or Karánsebes Gate, Lippa or Prajkó Gate, Arad Gate and Vizitorony Gate). Hunyadi moved his family from Kolozsvár to Temesvár. Hunyadi was elected Governor of Hungary in 1446, and his younger son, Mátyás (Matthias), was brought up in the castle of Temesvár. Temesvár remained in the possession of the Hunyadi family until the death of King Matthias in 1490.
1456
Siege of Nándorfehérvár (Belgrade)
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1456
The Turkish army of Sultan Mehmed II, the conqueror of Constantinople, besieged the castle of Nándorfehérvár (Belgrade), which was the southern gateway to Hungary. But the Hungarian army, led by Hunyadi János, won a decisive victory over the twice to three times larger Turkish army. The Pope had earlier ordered that church bells should be rung every noon to pray for the victory of the defenders. Hunyadi János died of plague in the camp after the battle.
1462, 1467
Turks tried to occupy Temesvár in vain, because it was a key element in the defence system of Hungary during the reign of King Matthias.
1463
Bey Ali was plundering in the neighbourhood of Temesvár, but was defeated. He retreated to Smederevo.
1478
King Matthias of Hungary appointed Kinizsi Pál ispán of Temes County
1491
Turks besieged Temesvár.
1514
The peasant army of Dózsa György besieged Temesvár defended by Báthori István. The army of Szapolyai János, vajda of Transylvania, came to liberate the town from the siege and crushed the peasant army on 15 July. Their leader, Dózsa György, was also captured and executed in Temesvár (according to the tradition, he was burned on a throne of iron).
1526
Battle of Mohács and the splitting of Hungary into two parts
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1526
Sultan Suleiman I launched a war against Vienna, instigated by the French. Ferdinand I, Duke of Austria, was the brother-in-law of King Louis II of Hungary. The army of the Ottoman Empire defeated the much smaller Hungarian army at Mohács, and King Louis II died in the battle. A group of the barons elected Ferdinand I of the House of Habsburg to the throne, who promised to defend Hungary from the Turks. He was the younger brother of the most powerful European monarch Emperor Charles V. But the nobility chose the most powerful Hungarian baron, Szapolyai János, who was also crowned as King John I. The country was split in two and a decades-long struggle for power began.
1541
The Turkish occupation of the capital, Buda, and the division of Hungary into three parts
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1541
The Turks conquered Buda, the capital of Hungary, after the death of King John I. The central part of the country was under Turkish rule for 150 years. The western and northern parts (including present-day Slovakia) formed the Kingdom of Hungary ruled by the Habsburg emperors. The eastern parts (now mainly under Romanian rule) were ruled by the successors of King John I of Hungary, who later established the Principality of Transylvania.
July 1551
The child John Sigismund's guardian, George Martinuzzi, with Castaldo's imperial army, forced Queen Isabella to surrender the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom (including Transylvania) to King Ferdinand I. Isabella left for Poland with her child, the heir to the throne. Temesvár was received by Losonczy István and his Hungarian soldiers. The Turks then launched a punitive campaign against Hungary.
October 15, 1551
The Turks tried to capture Temesvár unsuccessfully.
July 1552
Pasha Kara Ahmed's army of 30,000 besieged Temesvár defended by only 2,000 soldiers. The imperial mercenary army of Castaldo stationed in Transylvania did not come to their aid. Near the end of the 25 days siege, the Turks destroyed the water tower of the town. Captain Losonczy István, ispán of Temes County, had to agree to surrender the town. The terms included, that the soldiers and the inhabitants could leave the town unharmed. The Turks did not keep their word, and on 27 July they massacred the survivors of the siege while they were leaving the castle. Losonczy István was beheaded. The Turks held the castle for one and a half century, which completely lost its former Hungarian characteristics.
after 1552
Temesvár became the seat of an Ottoman province equal to that of Buda, under the leadership of a pasha. The firs Sephardi Jews started to settle in the town. The Turks launched their attacks from Temesvár against the neighbouring areas.
1556
The Estates of Transylvania, dissatisfied with Habsburg rule, recalled Queen Isabella to the throne, to which the Sultan gave his consent. On her return, she regained control of eastern Hungary.
1570
The establishment of the Principality of Transylvania
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1570
John II (John Sigismund), the son of King John I of Hungary, renounced the title of King of Hungary in favor of King Maximilian of the House of Habsburg, and henceforth held the title of Prince. This formally created the Principality of Transylvania, which was the eastern half of Hungary not ruled by the Habsburgs and was also a vassal of the Ottoman Empire. John II died in 1571, after which the three nations of Transylvania (the Hungarian nobility, the Székelys and the Saxons) elected the prince.
1591-1606
Fifteen Years' War
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1591-1606
The Ottoman Empire started a war against the Habsburg Empire. The war was waged in the territory of Hungary. The Turks defeated the combined armies of the Habsburg Empire and the Principality of Transylvania in the battle of Mezőkeresztes in 1596, but their victory was not decisive. The war devastated the Principality of Transylvania, which was occupied by the Habsburg army, and General Basta introduced a reign of terror.
May 27, 1595
Prince Báthory Zsigmond of Transylvania appointed the battle-hardened Borbély György Bán of Karánsebes and Lugos. Borbély defeated the army of the Pasha of Temesvár at Facsád on 13 August and liberated Lippa on 1 September. Then he pressed on as far as Arad and liberated that town either, and several castles on his way along the valley of the Maros River. Prince Báthory Zsigmond besieged Temesvár, but they had to give up the siege after 40 days.
1597
The Transylvanian army of Jósika István held Temesvár under siege for 10 says unsuccessfully.
August 3, 1601
The combined armies of General Basta and Voivode Mihai of Wallachia defeated the Transylvanian army of Prince Báthory Zsigmond in the battle of Goroszló. After that, the army of Voivode Mihai sacked and burned the towns of Torda, Nagyenyed and Gyulafehérvár, where they robbed the tombs of the Hunyadi family, King John II of Hungary and his mother Queen Isabella. Then, on 19 August, Voivode Mihai was assassinated by the mercenaries of General Basta, because Mihai tried to usurp the throne of Transylvania once again. Genral Basta also introduced a reign of terror in Transylvania and let his mercenaries ravage freely throughout the land.
July 2, 1602
General Giorgio Basta defeated the army of Székely Mózes at Tövis. Székely Mózes became the leader of the Transylvanian uprising against the Habsburg Empire after the battle of Goroszló.
1602
Székely Mózes retreated to Temesvár after his defeat at Tövis, and he sent a letter written in Hungarian to the Sultan from here to grant him the title Prince of Transylvania. In 1603, the Hungarians set out from Temesvár under the leadership of Székely Mózes to liberate Transylvania from Habsburg rule.
1603
General Basta left Transylvania with his imperial army. Székely Mózes set out from Temesvár with Székely and Turkish armies to liberate Transylvania. The estates of Transylvania, having enough of Basta’s terror, welcomed him in Gyulafehérvár and elected him Prince of Transylvania on 9 May. The Habsburgs mobilized their vassal, Voivode Radu Serban of Wallachia, who attacked the camp of Székely Mózes at Brassó at night on 17 July. The Prince was killed and General Basta returned to Transylvania.
1604-1606
Uprising of Bocskai István
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1604-1606
The alliance of the Habsburgs and the Principality of Transylvania was defeated by the Ottoman Empire in the Fifteen Years' War. The war devastated Transylvania, which was occupied by the Habsburg imperial army, and General Basta introduced a reign of terror. The nobility and the burghers were upset about the terror, the plundering mercenaries and the violent Counter-Reformation. Bocskai István decided to lead their uprising after the Habsburg emperor tried to confiscate his estates. Bocskai also rallied the hajdú warriors to his side. He was elected Prince of Transylvania and soon liberated the Kingdom of Hungary from the Habsburgs. In 1605 Bocskai István was crowned King of Hungary with the crown he received from the Turks.
23 June 1606
Peace of Vienna
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23 June 1606
Bocski István made peace with Emperor Rudolf. Their agreement secured the constitutional rights of the Estates of Hungary, and the freedom of religion. The counties of Szatmár, Bereg and Ugocsa were annexed to the Principality of Transylvania. Bocskai died of illness in the same year, leaving to his successors the idea of unifying Hungary from Transylvania.
1683
Turkish defeat at Vienna and the formation of the Holy League
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1683
The combined armies of the Habsburg Empire and the Kingdom of Poland defeated the Turkish army besieging Vienna. Emperor Leopold I wanted to make peace with the Turks, but was refused by Sultan Mehmed IV. In 1684, at the persistent urging of Pope Innocent XI, the Holy League, an alliance of the Kingdom of Poland, the Habsburg Empire, the Republic of Venice and the Papal States, was formed to expel the Turks from Hungary. Thököly Imre, who had allied himself with the Turks, was gradually driven out of northern Hungary.
1686
Recapture of Buda and the liberation of Hungary from the Turks
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1686
The army of the Holy League recaptured Buda from the Turks by siege. In 1687, the Imperial army invaded the Principality of Transylvania. The liberation was hindered by the French breaking their promise of peace in 1688 and attacking the Habsburg Empire. By 1699, when the Peace of Karlóca was signed, all of Hungary and Croatia had been liberated from the Ottoman Empire with the exception of Temesköz, the area bounded by the Maros, the Tisza and the Danube rivers. It was not until the Peace of Požarevac in 1718 that Temesköz was liberated from the Turks. However, the continuous war against the Turkish invaders and the Habsburg autocracy, which lasted for more than 150 years, wiped out large areas of the Hungarian population, which had previously made up 80% of the country's population, and was replaced by Vlachs (Romanians), Serbs and other Slavic settlers and Germans. The Habsburgs also favoured the settlement of these foreign peoples over the 'rebellious' Hungarians.
1690
Transylvania became part of the Kingdom of Hungary again, with internal autonomy and freedom of religion
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1690
According to the Diploma Leopoldinum issued by Emperor Leopold I, Transylvania became part of the Kingdom of Hungary again and Hungarian law remained in force. The three nations (the Hungarians, the Székelys – who are also Hungarians –, and the Saxons) administered its internal affairs with autonomy and the freedom of religion was also preserved. The incorporation of Transylvania into the Habsburg Empire was prevented by the temporary election of Thököly Imre as Prince of Transylvania in 1690 with Turkish help.
1697
After Prince Eugene of Savoy achieved a decisive victory over the army of Sultan Mustafa II in the battle of Zenta, the Turks retreated to Temesvár. The Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699 left Temesköz in Turkish hands. The area of Temesköz (the plain enclosed by the Maros, Tisza and Danube rivers), formerly populated by mostly Hungarians, became completely uninhabited by that time due to constant wars.
1716
A new war broke out between the Habsburg and the Ottoman empires. After his victory at Pétervárad, Prince Eugene of Savoy attacked Temesvár. Cannonading destroyed most of the town in the siege that lasted 48 days until finally Pasha Mustafa surrendered.
1723-1765
The star shape fortress was constructed around the town in Vauban style. Certain parts of the Hunyadi Castle were also incorporated into the fortress, which was protected by nine bastions and the surrounding ramparts. Three gates were created (Transylvania, Vienna and Pétervárad). The town was built within the walls of the fortress with regular street system.
1788-1789
Turks held the town under occupation in the Habsburg-Ottoman war between 1787 and 1791.
1809
The Habsburg crown jewels and the Holy Crown of Hungary were rescued to Temesvár from the attack of Napoleon.
1848-1849
Hungarian Revolution and War of Independence
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1848-1849
Following the news of the Paris Revolution on 22 February 1848, the Hungarian liberal opposition led by Kossuth Lajos demanded the abolition of serfdom, the abolition of the tax exemption of the nobility, a parliament elected by the people, and an independent and accountable national government. The revolution that broke out in Pest on 15 March expressed its demands in 12 points, which, in addition to the above mentioned, included the freedom of the press, equality before the law, the release of the political prisoners and the union with Transylvania. A Hungarian government was formed, Batthyány Lajos became prime minister, and on 11 April Emperor Ferdinand V ratified the reform laws. On August 31 the Emperor demanded the repeal of the laws threatening with military intervention. In September the Emperor unleashed the army of Jelacic, Ban of Croatia, on Hungary, but they were defeated by the Hungarians in the Battle of Pákozd on 29 September. An open war began for the independence of Hungary. The Habsburgs incited the nationalities against the Hungarians. The Rusyns, the Slovenes and most of the Slovaks and Germans supported the cause persistently, but the Vlachs (Romanians) and the Serbians turned against the Hungarians. The glorious Spring Campaign in 1849 led by General Görgei Artúr liberated almost all of Hungary. On 1 May 1849, Emperor Franz Joseph, effectively admitting defeat, asked for the help of Tsar Nicholas I of Russia, who sent an intervention army of 200,000 soldiers against Hungary. The resistance became hopeless against the overwhelming enemy forces and on 13 August Görgei Artúr surrendered to the Russians at Világos. Bloody reprisals followed, and on 6 October 1849, 12 generals and a colonel of the Hungarian Revolution, the martyrs of Arad, were executed in Arad. On the same day, Batthyány Lajos, the first Hungarian Prime Minister, was executed by firing squad in Pest. The Habsburgs introduced total authoritarianism in Hungary, but they also failed to fulfil their promises to the nationalities that had betrayed the Hungarians.
1849
The Hungarian army held Temesvár under siege for 114 days. The German garrison, which ran out of supply and was also decimated by diseases, was about to surrender, when the Russian intervention ended the Hungarian War of Independence.
1856
The Hunyadi Castle had to be completely rebuilt after the siege. The castle was originally built by King Charles I of Hungary and transformed by Hunyadi János, Governor of Hungary. The castle was used as a museum from 1872.
1867
Austro-Hungarian Compromise
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1867
The Habsburg Empire was weakened by the defeats it suffered in the implementation of Italian and German unity. The Hungarians wanted to return to the reform laws of 1848, but they did not have the strength to do so. Emperor Franz Joseph and the Hungarian opposition, led by Deák Ferenc, finally agreed to restructure the Empire and abolish absolutism. Hungary was given autonomy in its internal affairs, with its own government and parliament, which was essential for the development of its economy and culture. However, foreign and military affairs remained in the hands of the Habsburgs and served their aspiration for becoming a great power. The majority wanted Hungary's independence, but they were excluded from political power.
between 1892 and 1910
The demolition of the fortress started due to the expansion of the town. Only one bastion remained intact, the Theresia Bastion on the east side.
Source: varak.hu , Wikipedia, arcanum.hu - Bánlaky József: A magyar nemzet hadtörténelme
Check out other castles in Transylvania as well!
© OpenStreetMap contributors
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Temesv\u00e1r got its name from the Temes River, because in the Middle Ages some branches of the river flowed through the town. The Romanian Timi\u0219oara comes from the Hungarian Temesv\u00e1r word (meaning Temes Castle), just like the German Temeswar or the Serbian name of the town.@#6|@1315 - 1323|King Charles I of Hungary moved his seat to Temesv\u00e1r because of his war against the oligarchs. Buda was dangerously close to the territory of the most powerful oligarch, Cs\u00e1k M\u00e1t\u00e9. The dating of this period is disputed.@1315 or 1318|King Charles I ordered the construction of a new rectangular stone castle next to the hillfort. He and his family lived in that castle while he was staying in Temesv\u00e1r. The castle was surrounded by walls reinforced with round bastions on the corners. The south-eastern tower of the old hillfort was transformed to a gate tower and a bridge was built over the moat, which connected the two neighbouring fortifications.@1330|King Charles I stayed in Temesv\u00e1r and launched his campaign against Basarab I of Wallachia from the town.@1396|The crusaders gathered in the town before marching to the battle of Nicopolis. After the defeat, the Turks crossed the Danube and plundered Hungary as far as Temesv\u00e1r.@1441|King Ul\u00e1szl\u00f3 I of Hungary appointed Hunyadi J\u00e1nos isp\u00e1n of Temes County and captain of N\u00e1ndorfeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r (Belgrade).@1443|The town was struck by an earthquake, and the castle was seriously damaged. Hunyadi J\u00e1nos repaired the buildings and walls of the castle and also significantly reinforced the defences. The palace was also renovated and expanded. The castle had four gates (Erd\u00e9ly or Kar\u00e1nsebes Gate, Lippa or Prajk\u00f3 Gate, Arad Gate and Vizitorony Gate). Hunyadi moved his family from Kolozsv\u00e1r to Temesv\u00e1r. Hunyadi was elected Governor of Hungary in 1446, and his younger son, M\u00e1ty\u00e1s (Matthias), was brought up in the castle of Temesv\u00e1r. Temesv\u00e1r remained in the possession of the Hunyadi family until the death of King Matthias in 1490.@#7|@1462, 1467|Turks tried to occupy Temesv\u00e1r in vain, because it was a key element in the defence system of Hungary during the reign of King Matthias.@1463|Bey Ali was plundering in the neighbourhood of Temesv\u00e1r, but was defeated. He retreated to Smederevo.@1478|King Matthias of Hungary appointed Kinizsi P\u00e1l isp\u00e1n of Temes County@1491|Turks besieged Temesv\u00e1r.@1514|The peasant army of D\u00f3zsa Gy\u00f6rgy besieged Temesv\u00e1r defended by B\u00e1thori Istv\u00e1n. The army of Szapolyai J\u00e1nos, vajda of Transylvania, came to liberate the town from the siege and crushed the peasant army on 15 July. Their leader, D\u00f3zsa Gy\u00f6rgy, was also captured and executed in Temesv\u00e1r (according to the tradition, he was burned on a throne of iron).@#8|@#9|@July 1551|The child John Sigismund's guardian, George Martinuzzi, with Castaldo's imperial army, forced Queen Isabella to surrender the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom (including Transylvania) to King Ferdinand I. Isabella left for Poland with her child, the heir to the throne. Temesv\u00e1r was received by Losonczy Istv\u00e1n and his Hungarian soldiers. The Turks then launched a punitive campaign against Hungary.@October 15, 1551|The Turks tried to capture Temesv\u00e1r unsuccessfully.@July 1552|Pasha Kara Ahmed's army of 30,000 besieged Temesv\u00e1r defended by only 2,000 soldiers. The imperial mercenary army of Castaldo stationed in Transylvania did not come to their aid. Near the end of the 25 days siege, the Turks destroyed the water tower of the town. Captain Losonczy Istv\u00e1n, isp\u00e1n of Temes County, had to agree to surrender the town. The terms included, that the soldiers and the inhabitants could leave the town unharmed. The Turks did not keep their word, and on 27 July they massacred the survivors of the siege while they were leaving the castle. Losonczy Istv\u00e1n was beheaded. The Turks held the castle for one and a half century, which completely lost its former Hungarian characteristics.@after 1552|Temesv\u00e1r became the seat of an Ottoman province equal to that of Buda, under the leadership of a pasha. The firs Sephardi Jews started to settle in the town. The Turks launched their attacks from Temesv\u00e1r against the neighbouring areas.@1556|The Estates of Transylvania, dissatisfied with Habsburg rule, recalled Queen Isabella to the throne, to which the Sultan gave his consent. On her return, she regained control of eastern Hungary.@#10|@#12|@May 27, 1595|Prince B\u00e1thory Zsigmond of Transylvania appointed the battle-hardened Borb\u00e9ly Gy\u00f6rgy B\u00e1n of Kar\u00e1nsebes and Lugos. Borb\u00e9ly defeated the army of the Pasha of Temesv\u00e1r at Facs\u00e1d on 13 August and liberated Lippa on 1 September. Then he pressed on as far as Arad and liberated that town either, and several castles on his way along the valley of the Maros River. Prince B\u00e1thory Zsigmond besieged Temesv\u00e1r, but they had to give up the siege after 40 days.@1597|The Transylvanian army of J\u00f3sika Istv\u00e1n held Temesv\u00e1r under siege for 10 says unsuccessfully.@August 3, 1601|The combined armies of General Basta and Voivode Mihai of Wallachia defeated the Transylvanian army of Prince B\u00e1thory Zsigmond in the battle of Goroszl\u00f3. After that, the army of Voivode Mihai sacked and burned the towns of Torda, Nagyenyed and Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r, where they robbed the tombs of the Hunyadi family, King John II of Hungary and his mother Queen Isabella. Then, on 19 August, Voivode Mihai was assassinated by the mercenaries of General Basta, because Mihai tried to usurp the throne of Transylvania once again. Genral Basta also introduced a reign of terror in Transylvania and let his mercenaries ravage freely throughout the land.@July 2, 1602|General Giorgio Basta defeated the army of Sz\u00e9kely M\u00f3zes at T\u00f6vis. Sz\u00e9kely M\u00f3zes became the leader of the Transylvanian uprising against the Habsburg Empire after the battle of Goroszl\u00f3.@1602|Sz\u00e9kely M\u00f3zes retreated to Temesv\u00e1r after his defeat at T\u00f6vis, and he sent a letter written in Hungarian to the Sultan from here to grant him the title Prince of Transylvania. In 1603, the Hungarians set out from Temesv\u00e1r under the leadership of Sz\u00e9kely M\u00f3zes to liberate Transylvania from Habsburg rule.@1603|General Basta left Transylvania with his imperial army. Sz\u00e9kely M\u00f3zes set out from Temesv\u00e1r with Sz\u00e9kely and Turkish armies to liberate Transylvania. The estates of Transylvania, having enough of Basta\u2019s terror, welcomed him in Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r and elected him Prince of Transylvania on 9 May. The Habsburgs mobilized their vassal, Voivode Radu Serban of Wallachia, who attacked the camp of Sz\u00e9kely M\u00f3zes at Brass\u00f3 at night on 17 July. The Prince was killed and General Basta returned to Transylvania.@#13|@#14|@#23|@#25|@#26|@1697|After Prince Eugene of Savoy achieved a decisive victory over the army of Sultan Mustafa II in the battle of Zenta, the Turks retreated to Temesv\u00e1r. The Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699 left Temesk\u00f6z in Turkish hands. The area of Temesk\u00f6z (the plain enclosed by the Maros, Tisza and Danube rivers), formerly populated by mostly Hungarians, became completely uninhabited by that time due to constant wars.@1716|A new war broke out between the Habsburg and the Ottoman empires. After his victory at P\u00e9terv\u00e1rad, Prince Eugene of Savoy attacked Temesv\u00e1r. Cannonading destroyed most of the town in the siege that lasted 48 days until finally Pasha Mustafa surrendered.@1723-1765|The star shape fortress was constructed around the town in Vauban style. Certain parts of the Hunyadi Castle were also incorporated into the fortress, which was protected by nine bastions and the surrounding ramparts. Three gates were created (Transylvania, Vienna and P\u00e9terv\u00e1rad). The town was built within the walls of the fortress with regular street system.@1788-1789|Turks held the town under occupation in the Habsburg-Ottoman war between 1787 and 1791.@1809|The Habsburg crown jewels and the Holy Crown of Hungary were rescued to Temesv\u00e1r from the attack of Napoleon.@#28|@1849|The Hungarian army held Temesv\u00e1r under siege for 114 days. The German garrison, which ran out of supply and was also decimated by diseases, was about to surrender, when the Russian intervention ended the Hungarian War of Independence.@1856|The Hunyadi Castle had to be completely rebuilt after the siege. The castle was originally built by King Charles I of Hungary and transformed by Hunyadi J\u00e1nos, Governor of Hungary. The castle was used as a museum from 1872.@#30|@between 1892 and 1910|The demolition of the fortress started due to the expansion of the town. 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