In the middle of the 12th century, King Géza II of Hungary moved German settlers to the town, who were later called Saxons. The Transylvanian Saxons owed their extensive freedoms and autonomy to King Andrew II of Hungary. The town was destroyed several times by Turkish raiding armies in the 15th century, but the Hungarian armies drove the Turks out of the country each time. King Matthias strengthened the autonomy of the Saxons, and the Transylvanian Saxon University, the self-governing body of the Transylvanian Saxons, was established. From the end of the century, the town council was composed of an equal number of Hungarians and Saxons, and the town's leaders were elected annually, alternating between the two nations. This system survived until 1848. During the Reformation, the Saxons of Transylvania almost unanimously converted to Lutheranism, while the Hungarian population chose the Reformed (Calvinist) faith and the Reformation of the Vlachs was also led from the town. In 1582, a highly influential Vlach (Romanian) translation of the Old Testament, the Old Testament of Szászváros, was printed in the town. In 1663, Prince Apafi Mihály I of Transylvania elevated its Reformed school to the rank of a college. Due to immigration in the 18th century, the Vlachs began to become the majority in the town, which the court tried to counteract by settling Germans from Upper Austria. During the 1848 Hungarian Revolution, the Hungarian and Vlach inhabitants of the town joined in a demonstration for the reunification of Transylvania with Hungary, mainly against the Saxon University. After the defeat of the Hungarian War of Independence, the Habsburg court abolished the autonomy of the pro-Habsburg Transylvanian Saxons. This was later restored, but was finally abolished with the modernisation of the public administration after the Austro-Hungarian Compromise. After the Romanian invasion, the vast estates of the Saxon University were confiscated, as were the lands of Hungarian nobles and churches, which financed the education of the two nationalities in their mother tongues. Most of the Saxons emigrated to Germany in exchange for ransom during the Ceaușescu era.

Check out other towns in Transylvania as well!

{"item":"town","set":{"mapcenter":{"lat":"45.8414680000","long":"23.1960850000"},"townlink":"szaszvaros-orastie","town":{"townId":72,"active":1,"name_HU":"Sz\u00e1szv\u00e1ros","name_LO":"Or\u0103\u0219tie","name_GE":"Broos","name_LT":"Saxopolis","seolink":"szaszvaros-orastie","listorder":27,"oldcounty":35,"country":4,"division":20,"altitude":"220","gps_lat":"45.8414680000","gps_long":"23.1960850000","population":18,"hungarian_2011":1.5,"population_1910":6934,"hungarian_1910":27.17,"german_1910":19.05,"slovak_1910":0,"romanian_1910":52.19,"rusin_1910":0,"serbian_1910":0,"croatian_1910":0,"slovenian_1910":0,"coatofarms":"","coatofarms_ref":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022TheSzeckler, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Orastie_02.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Orastie 02\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/9c\/Orastie_02.jpg\/512px-Orastie_02.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Orastie_02.jpg\u0022\u003ETheSzeckler\u003C\/a\u003E, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons","georegion":"Keny\u00e9rmez\u0151","river":"V\u00e1rosv\u00edz Brook","description":"In the middle of the 12th century, King G\u00e9za II of Hungary moved German settlers to the town, who were later called Saxons. The Transylvanian Saxons owed their extensive freedoms and autonomy to King Andrew II of Hungary. The town was destroyed several times by Turkish raiding armies in the 15th century, but the Hungarian armies drove the Turks out of the country each time. King Matthias strengthened the autonomy of the Saxons, and the Transylvanian Saxon University, the self-governing body of the Transylvanian Saxons, was established. From the end of the century, the town council was composed of an equal number of Hungarians and Saxons, and the town's leaders were elected annually, alternating between the two nations. This system survived until 1848. During the Reformation, the Saxons of Transylvania almost unanimously converted to Lutheranism, while the Hungarian population chose the Reformed (Calvinist) faith and the Reformation of the Vlachs was also led from the town. In 1582, a highly influential Vlach (Romanian) translation of the Old Testament, the Old Testament of Sz\u00e1szv\u00e1ros, was printed in the town. In 1663, Prince Apafi Mih\u00e1ly I of Transylvania elevated its Reformed school to the rank of a college. Due to immigration in the 18th century, the Vlachs began to become the majority in the town, which the court tried to counteract by settling Germans from Upper Austria. During the 1848 Hungarian Revolution, the Hungarian and Vlach inhabitants of the town joined in a demonstration for the reunification of Transylvania with Hungary, mainly against the Saxon University. After the defeat of the Hungarian War of Independence, the Habsburg court abolished the autonomy of the pro-Habsburg Transylvanian Saxons. This was later restored, but was finally abolished with the modernisation of the public administration after the Austro-Hungarian Compromise. After the Romanian invasion, the vast estates of the Saxon University were confiscated, as were the lands of Hungarian nobles and churches, which financed the education of the two nationalities in their mother tongues. Most of the Saxons emigrated to Germany in exchange for ransom during the Ceau\u0219escu era.","nameorigin":"","history":"#1|@#3|@11-12th century|A round church was built.@second half of the 12th century|Saxon settlers arrived, but the settlement was already inhabited.@1141-1161|During the reign of King G\u00e9za II of Hungary, German, Flemish and in smaller numbers also Walloon settlers arrived in southern Transylvania. The settlers probably came after the second crusade crossed Hungary in 1147. People who couldn\u2019t count on inheriting land in their homeland came from the territory of the dioceses of Cologne and Trier. They were granted new home in Hungary on lands that had recently become desolate after the Sz\u00e9kely border guards living there had been relocated to the area of H\u00e1romsz\u00e9k by order of the king. These settlers were later called collectively Saxons, which does not mean that they came from Saxony.@1224|In the beginning, the settlement was called simply V\u00e1ras (Waras) in Hungarian, its river was called V\u00e1rosv\u00edz (now Sz\u00e1szv\u00e1rosv\u00edz). The name either refers to the hillfort (v\u00e1r means castle in Hungarian) that preceded the present day castle, or to another one, yet undiscovered, which was presumably located on the hill west of the town. In 1224, the Andreanum referred to the settlement as the westernmost point of King's Land (Kir\u00e1lyf\u00f6ld). The document mentioned that Blachs and Pechenegs lived in the neighbouring forests. Blachs are considered by the Romanians Vlachs based on the similarity of their name, but at that time East Franks living in Pannonia and in the Balkans were referred to as Blachs, who were mentioned by early medieval Hungarian sources as well.@1224|King Andrew II of Hungary issued the Andreanum, the golden charter of freedoms of the Transylvanian Saxons (goldener Freibrief). This recognized the Saxons as collective legal entity, removed them from the jurisdiction of the royal isp\u00e1ns (the leaders of the counties), and placed the newly appointed isp\u00e1n of Szeben over them. The territory inhabited by the Saxons became their own property, and they were legally equal. If the owner of the land died without inheritors, the property reverted to the community and not the king. The Saxons elected their own superiors and priests. Their leader, the isp\u00e1n of Szeben, also called Count of the Saxons (comes Saxonum), was appointed by the king, but after 1486 they could choose the count themselves. Saxons were allowed to hold fairs and trade freely. Their land was called King's Land (Kir\u00e1lyf\u00f6ld, Fundus Regius, K\u00f6nigsboden). Saxons had the most rights in Hungary, they were actually exempted from feudalism.@around 1239|Franciscan monks settled in the settlement and its first school was probably established by them, which operated already in 1332.@#5|@1241|The settlement was destroyed in the Mongol invasion. King B\u00e9la IV of Hungary invited new Saxon settlers.@#6|@1309|The settlement was the seat of a deaconry or a chapter.@1324|King Charles I of Hungary granted the settlement town status.@1334|The seat of Sz\u00e1szv\u00e1ros (Sz\u00e1szv\u00e1rossz\u00e9k) was mentioned for the first time. Seats were the special administrative units of the Saxons.@1376|Artisans were engaged in 25 different professions and they formed 19 guilds.@September 24, 1420|A Turkish army broke into south-eastern Transylvania and defeated the army of vajda Cs\u00e1ki Mikl\u00f3s of Transylvania near H\u00e1tszeg. The Turks sacked and burned Sz\u00e1szv\u00e1ros and its neighbourhood and took thousands of captives.@1421|The town was called Zazwaros the first time. Its sz\u00e1sz prefix refers to its Saxon settlers. The Romanian Or\u0103\u0219tie comes from the Hungarian name of the settlement. The Romanian ora\u0219 (town, city) word comes from the Hungarian 'v\u00e1ros' word meaning the same (v\u00e1ros literally means a settlement with a castle).@1437|The three nations of Transylvania (the Hungarian nobility, the Sz\u00e9kelys and the Saxons) formed an alliance in K\u00e1polna (Union of K\u00e1polna). This union gained its true significance after 1570, when Transylvania became an independent principality due to the Turkish conquest of central Hungary. These three nations were represented in the Transylvanian Diet, and they elected the prince. Vlach migrants (mostly shepherds and peasants) were a small minority at the time and were excluded from the political power just like Hungarian peasants. According to the agreement, the Saxon fortified churches were opened for the non-Saxon population of the neighbourhood as well in times of danger. This was a great concession, because only Saxons (and not even Hungarian nobles) could acquire land and purchase house in King's Land. Only Saxon monks could live in their monasteries and Saxons were strictly forbidden by their priests to adopt Hungarian customs, dress and hairstyle. The Transylvanian Saxons were never integrated into the Hungarian community that welcomed them and gave them so many privileges, and they never had any inclination to do so.@1438|The army of Sultan Murad II broke into Transylvania together with the army of their minion, Vlad Dracul of Wallachia. They looted Sz\u00e1szv\u00e1ros and the village of Romosz. They set the Franciscan monastery on fire.@March 18, 1442|The Turks attacked Transylvania. Hunyadi J\u00e1nos with his army of 10 thousand took on a battle with the three times larger army of Bey Mezid at Marosszentimre. After the first successes, the Turks finally gained victory. Bishop L\u00e9pes Gy\u00f6rgy of Transylvania fell in the battle and Hunyadi retreated to Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r. The Turks, hungry for the big booty, besieged the Saxon town of Nagyszeben, which repelled the attack. Sz\u00e1szv\u00e1ros was sacked and burned by the Turks.@March 25, 1442|Hunyadi J\u00e1nos crushed the Turkis army of Bey Mezid on the plain next to Nagyszeben. The Turks wanted to achieve victory by killing Hunyadi, who was informed of this. The hero Kem\u00e9ny Simon put on the ornate armour of Hunyadi voluntarily. The Turks assaulted him with full force and killed him. But their delight didn\u2019t last long as they noticed that in the meantime the real Hunyadi captured their camp and encircled them. 20.000 Turks fell in the battle including Bey Mezid. After that, Hunyadi defeated Beylerbey Sehabeddin of Rumelia in July next to the Iron Gates gorge. These victories brought Hunyadi the fame as Turk-beater.@1479|The Turks broke into Hungary along the valley of the Maros River and destroyed the town. The smaller Hungarian army of Kinizsi P\u00e1l and B\u00e1thory Istv\u00e1n won a decisive victory over the Turkish-Wallachian army at Keny\u00e9rmez\u0151 (Breadfield). After that, Saxons probably still formed the majority of the town, but Hungarian and Vlach burghers moved to Sz\u00e1szv\u00e1ros as well. Hungarians took over the fortified church from the Saxons after having restored it from the damages caused by the Turks.@from 1486|Hungarians and Vlachs were also given seats on the town council.@1486|King Matthias of Hungary confirmed the autonomy of the Saxons. The Transylvanian Saxon Universality (universitas saxonum) was established, which was the official body of self-governance of the Saxons. It had administrative, legislative and judicial powers and was only subordinate to the King of Hungary. Saxons could only be judged by the Saxon Universality. It had the right to elect the Count of the Saxons from among the 12 members of the town council of Nagyszeben. The official language of the Saxon Universality was German, while the official language of Hungary was Latin.@1491|According to a royal decree, the town was to be managed by both Saxons and Hungarians. The two nations were represented equally in the town council.@from 1464|The town was allowed to elect its royal judge (kir\u00e1lyb\u00edr\u00f3). The royal judge and seat judge (sz\u00e9kb\u00edr\u00f3) were elected for one year, and one of them was always delegated by the Hungarians, and the other one by the Saxons. Guilds were also led by Hungarian and Saxon members alternately.@1500|The yearly fair on the feast of St. Michael was held for the first time.@1504|The Wallachian Istv\u00e1n was elected town judge. He was the father of Ol\u00e1h Mikl\u00f3s, the great Renaissance humanist bishop of Esztergom. M\u00e1t\u00e9, the brother of Istv\u00e1n, was elected royal judge in the 1520s.@1509|Hungarians fleeing from the Turks moved to the town from Temesv\u00e1r, Lippa, Borosjen\u0151 and from the area of B\u00e1ns\u00e1g with the support of vajda Szapolyai J\u00e1nos of Transylvania (King John I of Hungary from 1526).@#8|@1529|The town swore loyalty to King John I of Hungary.@1533|The burghers of the town converted to Lutheran faith and drove away the Franciscan monks.@#9|@1558|The Lutheran preacher K\u00e1rolyi Boldi Sebesty\u00e9n, the former rector of the school of Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r, started his service in the town. After the Calvinist reformation, the priest of the former Catholic parish church followed the Calvinism, but the Saxons still insisting on Lutheranism also had their own pastor. The town became the spiritual centre of Calvinism in Hunyad County and the conversion of the Vlachs to Calvinism was also directed from here.@#10|@1572|Prince B\u00e1thory Istv\u00e1n of Transylvania ordered that the Saxons and the Hungarians were to delegate equal number of representatives to the town council, after the Saxons demanded it.@1582|The Vlach Calvinist bishop Tordasi Mih\u00e1ly ordered the translation of the Old Testament to Vlach language. The so called Old Testament of Sz\u00e1szv\u00e1ros (Palie de la Or\u0103\u0219tie) was prepared by preacher Moisi Pe\u0219ti\u0219i from Lugos, Dean Archirie of Vajdahunyad, \u0218tefan Herce local Vlach superintendent and the teacher Efrem Z\u0103can. They used the work of Heltai G\u00e1sp\u00e1r, the first Hungarian translation of the Bible. \u0218erban Coresi and the student Marian printed the translation in Sz\u00e1szv\u00e1ros under the supervision of Bishop Tordasi Mih\u00e1ly.@May 11, 1585|Captain Geszti Ferenc of Transylvania, the supporter of the Old Testament of Sz\u00e1szv\u00e1ros, died in the town. He was allegedly poisoned by Giorgio Biandrata. The Hungarian Geszti Ferenc arrived in Transylvania from Pannonia at the invitation of Prince B\u00e1thory Krist\u00f3f and became his counsellor and also the captain of D\u00e9va Castle. He was later appointed Captain of Transylvania. He was a faithful Calvinist and he financed the publishing of the Old Testament of Sz\u00e1szv\u00e1ros.@#12|@October 17, 1599|Instigated by Emperor Rudolf, Voivode Mihai (Viteazul) of Wallachia broke into Transylvania through the Bodza Pass, after Prince B\u00e1thory Zsigmond, contrary to his promise, hand over power over Transylvania to his cousin Cardinal B\u00e1thory Andr\u00e1s instead of Emperor Rudolf. Voivode Mihai sided with the Sz\u00e9kelys, who were dissatisfied with the B\u00e1thory dynasty, by promising to restore their rights, and with their help he defeated the army of Prince B\u00e1thory Andr\u00e1s at Sellenberk on 28 October.@November 1, 1599|Voivode Mihai Viteazul of Wallachia marched into Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r, the capitol of Transylvania, and took over power as governor appointed by Emperor Rudolf. But soon he started to act on his own behalf and introduced a reign of terror. He arbitrarily appointed Wallachian boyars to every position, looted the treasury and his unpaid mercenaries plundered and murdered throughout the land. The Vlach peasants rose up and started to exterminate Hungarian and Saxon population in Transylvania, which had a Hungarian majority at that time.@September 18, 1600|Voivode Mihai of Wallachia was defeated in the battle of Miriszl\u00f3 and driven out by the combined armies of the Transylvanian nobility led by B\u00e1thory Zsigmond and General Basta\u2019s imperial mercenaries. At the beginning of next year, the Estates of Transylvanian broke with the Emperor and B\u00e1thory Zsigmond was elected prince once more.@August 3, 1601|The combined armies of General Basta and Voivode Mihai of Wallachia defeated the Transylvanian army of Prince B\u00e1thory Zsigmond in the battle of Goroszl\u00f3. After that, the army of Voivode Mihai sacked and burned the towns of Torda, Nagyenyed and Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r, where they robbed the tombs of the Hunyadi family, King John II of Hungary and his mother Queen Isabella. Then, on 19 August, Voivode Mihai was assassinated by the mercenaries of General Basta, because Mihai tried to usurp the throne of Transylvania once again. Genral Basta also introduced a reign of terror in Transylvania and let his mercenaries ravage freely throughout the land.@July 2, 1602|General Giorgio Basta defeated the army of Sz\u00e9kely M\u00f3zes at T\u00f6vis. Sz\u00e9kely M\u00f3zes became the leader of the Transylvanian uprising against the Habsburg Empire after the battle of Goroszl\u00f3.@winter of 1602\u20131603|Four hundred imperial mercenaries were quartered in the town for winter under the command of Elias Tech.@1603|General Basta left Transylvania with his imperial army. Sz\u00e9kely M\u00f3zes set out from Temesv\u00e1r with Sz\u00e9kely and Turkish armies to liberate Transylvania. The estates of Transylvania, having enough of Basta\u2019s terror, welcomed him in Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r and elected him Prince of Transylvania on 9 May. The Habsburgs mobilized their vassal, Voivode Radu Serban of Wallachia, who attacked the camp of Sz\u00e9kely M\u00f3zes at Brass\u00f3 at night on 17 July. The Prince was killed and General Basta returned to Transylvania.@April 1603|The imperial mercenaries tried to flee to the fortified church from the army of Bethlen G\u00e1bor, the supporter of Prince Sz\u00e9kely M\u00f3zes, and his Turkish and Tatar auxiliary troops. But the burghers led by royal judge B\u00e1nyai (De\u00e1k) Mih\u00e1ly shut the gates to them. The burghers led the Hungarian army after the fleeing mercenaries, who were all slaughtered in the Gergya Forest except for 11 of them.@August 7, 1603|The imperial general Basta took revenge and had the royal judge and two members of the town council hanged.@#13|@#14|@#15|@#16|@1628|The Transylvanian Saxon Universality obliged the town to maintain the town management between the Hungarian and the Saxon burghers equally. After that, this was maintained until 1848.@#17|@#18|@1657|Prince R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Gy\u00f6rgy II of Transylvania launched a campaign for the crown of Poland in alliance with Carl X Gustaf of Sweden. His aim was to unite the Hungarian-Polish-Wallachian forces against the Turks. The campaign started successfully with the prince taking Krak\u00f3w and Warsawa, but then the King of Sweden abandoned him. The vengeful Poles invaded northern Transylvania, burning defenceless villages, destroying churches and castles. Soon the punitive campaign of Turkish and Tatar armies devastated Transylvania, as the prince launched his Polish campaign against the Sultan's will.@1658|The Tartars ravaged and plundered throughout Transylvania and Grand Vizier K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc Mehmed captured Jen\u0151 Castle. The Estates of Transylvania sent Barcsay \u00c1kos to the camp of the grand vizier to beg for mercy. In return, the Grand Vizier demanded that the annual tax be raised from 15 to 40 thousand forints (gold coins) and that Lugos and Karansebes be ceded. This was the price for the Turks to leave Transylvania. The grand vizier appointed Barcsay prince on 14 September.@1659|Prince R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Gy\u00f6rgy II returned to Transylvania and forced Barcsay \u00c1kos to retreat to Szeben and besieged him.@May 22, 1660|In the battle of S\u00e1szfenes, Pasha Shejdi Ahmed of Buda defeated R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Gy\u00f6rgy II, who lost his life. The Tatar armies invaded Transylvania for the second time.@November 1660|Kem\u00e9ny J\u00e1nos, the former commander of R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Gy\u00f6rgy II, defeated the army of G\u00e1sp\u00e1r, the brother of Prince Barcsay Andr\u00e1s, at \u00d6rm\u00e9nyes. Barcsay G\u00e1sp\u00e1r fell in the battle. Then, on 31 December, Barcsay \u00c1kos renounced the throne. In 1661 Kem\u00e9ny J\u00e1nos had Barcsay \u00c1kos captured and murdered.@1661|The army of Pasha Ali burned the town while pursuing Prince Kem\u00e9ny J\u00e1nos of Transylvania, after the country assembly of Transylvania gathered in Beszterce on 23 April declared the country independent from the Ottoman Empire and placed it under the protection of Emperor Leopold I. On 14 September, Pasha Ali forced the country assembly in Marosv\u00e1s\u00e1rhely to elect Apafi Mih\u00e1ly Prince of Transylvania. After that, the Emperor let down the dethroned prince Kem\u00e9ny J\u00e1nos, who was defeated and killed by the Turks at Nagysz\u0151l\u0151s (near Segesv\u00e1r) on 23 January 1662.@1663|Prince Apafi Mih\u00e1ly I of Transylvania raised the town\u2019s school to the rank of college. The school was also supported previously by Prince B\u00e1thory G\u00e1bor and Prince R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Gy\u00f6rgy I with significant donations. The school, together with the ones in Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r, Marosv\u00e1s\u00e1rhely, Nagyenyed, Fogaras and Sz\u00e9kelyudvarhely, was among the most outstanding intellectual institutions of the Calvinist Church of Transylvania. In the school year of 1866\/67, it had 217 Hungarian and 124 Vlach students.@#23|@#25|@#26|@from the early 18th century|The Saxon villages that were left desolate by the wars were repopulated by Vlach migrants from Wallachia. Vlachs appeared in the Saxon towns as well. This was the start of the process by the end of which Vlachs were in the majority in Transylvania instead of Hungarians.@#27|@1725|The Franciscan monks returned to the town and they established a Roman Catholic parish in 1730.@1731|An Orthodox school was established. But soon, part of the Vlach community living in the town converted to the Greek Catholic faith.@1733|2800 inhabitants and 568 families were registered for taxation in the town. Of the families 240 were Vlachs, 170 were Hungarians, 100 were Saxons, 50 were Gypsies and 8 were Greeks. During the 18th century, Vlach migration from Wallachia to Transylvania increased, while many Hungarians moved from Transylvania to the more fertile Great Plain, where the Hungarian population was wiped out in the Turkish wars.@1738|Plague decimated the population.@1749|The Roman Catholic church was reconstructed to its current form (the tower was added in 1880).@1752\u20131756|144 settlers arrived from Upper Austria. The Viennese Court wanted to replenish the decimated Saxon population.@1757\u20131758|222 further settlers arrived from Upper Austria.@1781|The decree of Emperor Joseph II introduced \u0022concivility\u0022, which allowed non-Saxons to settle and acquire property in King's Land.@1783|Emperor Joseph II abolished the Transylvanian Saxon Universality and the Saxon seats (traditional administrative units) were incorporated into the new county system. Joseph II, who was never crowned King of Hungary, thus he was called \u2019the king in hat\u2019, made German the official language of Hungary instead of Latin, which the Saxons protested against together with the Hungarian Estates.@1784|The town shut its gates to the fleeing nobility during the Vlach uprising of Horea for fear of the revenge of the peasants. In 1784, Emperor Joseph II ordered an increase in the number of border guards. The Valch serfs in Transylvania were under the misapprehension that the conscription had been started, and began to gather en masse, as the military service was the only way for the Vlach migrants that overpopulated in the Transylvanian mountains to escape the misery. The leaders of the local administration, believing that they were being bypassed by the imperial court, tried to block the process. In addition, the Vlach Orthodox priests incited the Vlach population against the Hungarians, whom they hated, and fooled the Vlachs with the myth of their Daco-Roman origin. Horea spread the word that the emperor had appointed him as the leader of the Vlachs. The enraged Vlach peasants attacked the Hungarian and Saxon citizens and began a terrible ethnic cleansing, exterminating 133 mostly Hungarian settlements and murdering thousands of people. After the mob was crushed, two of their leaders, Horea and Clo\u0219ca, were executed by the wheel in Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r. The third leader, Cri\u015fan, cowardly committed suicide in the prison. There was no mass reprisal.@1790|When Emperor Joseph II, the \u2019enlightened\u2019 absolute ruler of Hungary died, bonfires were lit throughout Transylvania and Hungarians and Saxons celebrated the repeal of his decrees as one. The Transylvanian Saxon Universality was restored, but the \u0022concivility\u0022, the decree that allowed non-Saxons to settle in the land of the Saxons was not withdrawn.@First half of the 19th century|The town became the regular winter residence of the nobility of Hunyad County, where a Hungarian casino was also established in 1837.@1820\u20131823|A Lutheran church was built (the tower was added in 1841).@1841\u20131842|L\u00e9szay D\u00e1niel, the representative sent to the country assembly of Transylvania, biased towards the liberal opposition, and the Transylvanian Saxon Universality made him resign.@#28|@autumn 1848|The Hungarian and Vlach inhabitants of the town demonstrated together in favour of the union of Transylvania with Hungary, which was against the will of the Transylvanian Saxon Universality.@1848|The Transylvanian Saxons also voted in favour of the reunion with Hungary. However, during the Hungarian War of Independence, they supported the Habsburgs because of their German national consciousness and their loyalty to the Emperor. One of their leaders, the pastor Stephan Ludwig Roth was executed by the Hungarian authorities for treason on May 11, 1849.@February 6, 1849|The Hungarian army of General Bem J\u00f3zsef occupied the town with an assault, but he suffered a defeat from the imperials the next day. The middle finger of General Bem\u2019s right hand was crushed by a bullet in the battle. Later he successfully liberated most of Transylvania from the imperial troops, only Russian intervention could defeat him.@after 1849|After the fall of the Hungarian War of Independence, the Saxons\u2019 reward for supporting the Habsburgs against Hungary was that the Habsburg emperor abolished their autonomy and incorporated King's Land into the new centralized administrative system controlled from Vienna. The Count of the Saxons was removed, the locally elected magistrates were replaced by centrally assigned clerks and the Saxons lost their control over the judicial system as well.@1850|Major Hauck Lajos, the revolutionary commander of the town, was executed. He was born Austrian, but he fought on the side of the Hungarian Revolution.@1851|The town was officially separated from King's Land.@between 1854 and 1861|The town was the seat of a district.@1861|The October Diploma issued by Emperor Franz Joseph eased the absolutism and restored the autonomy of the Saxons. The old administrative system of King's Land was restored and the seat of Sz\u00e1szv\u00e1ros (Sz\u00e1szv\u00e1rossz\u00e9k) was resurrected for one and a half decades.@#30|@1876|Public administration was modernized and medieval structures were abolished in Hungary. The autonomy of the Saxons was abolished (as was that of the Hungarian Sz\u00e9kelys) and their seats were incorporated into the county system. King's Land had already lost its Saxon homogeneity (which was mainly due to low Saxon fertility) by that time making territorial autonomy redundant. Sz\u00e1szv\u00e1ros was attached to Hunyad County, and D\u00e9va remained its seat. Sz\u00e1szv\u00e1ros became the seat of a district. The town council was divided into factions on nationality basis (Hungarians,Vlachs and Saxons). After the Austro-Hungarian Compromise in 1867, an agreement was made between the nationalities. They shared the municipal offices proportionately and minutes were taken in all three languages.@after 1876|The Saxon Universality was transformed into a foundation to foster culture and education.@#31|@1916|On 27 August, Romania declared war on the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and launched an attack against Hungary. This triggered a huge wave of refugees from Transylvania, as the population feared a repeat of the Romanian ethnic cleansing of 1848-49. The Saxon Arthur Arz von Straussenberg led the defence of Transylvania until the arrival of German reinforcement. Austro-Hungarian and German forces drove the invaders out of the country by mid-October and occupied Bucharest on 6 December. Romania surrendered and signed a peace treaty with the central powers on 7 May 1918 (Treaty of Bucharest).@1918|On 3 November, the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy signed the Armistice of Padua. The already defeated Romania then declared war on Germany on 10 November, just one day before the Germans signed the armistice near Compi\u00e8gne. The Romanians then launched an offensive against Hungary, which had already unconditionally ceased fighting at the demand of the Entente. Romania was only recognised by the Entente powers as one of the victors of WWI only later.@#32|@January 8, 1919|In the shadow of Romanian occupation, the assembly of the Saxon delegates in Medgyes accepted the union with Romania with the promise of the restoration of Saxon autonomy. In 1910 only 231,000 Saxons lived in Transylvania.@#36|@1923|The Romanian government abolished all what remained of the Saxon autonomy. The vast estates of the Saxon Universality were confiscated, just like the lands of the Hungarian nobility and the historical churches, which almost exclusively financed Hungarian and Saxon education systems in Transylvania. Once again, Saxons were rewarded for betraying Hungary, though it depended by no means on their decision that Transylvania was united with Wallachia and Moldova, which was a decision similar to uniting Switzerland with Nigeria.@until 1941|As a result of the Romanian settlements, the Saxons lost their majority in every town. In desperation, the Saxons joined the SS en masse.@1944|The German high command ordered the evacuation of King's Land, just like East Prussia, but the majority stayed in their homeland. Romania betrayed their allies and sided with the Soviet Union, as soon as the first Soviet forces reached their eastern borders. After that, Saxons were also obliged to enlist in the Romanian army. Soviets despised the traitors, so they sent the Romanians to the front line to catch the bullet, which meant that Saxons had to fight against Saxons.@1950s|Illegal emigration to Germany began with the bribery of state employees. The Romanian secret service, the Securitate and the Directorate for Foreign Intelligence (DIE) became aware of the process and wanted to turn it to their own advantage.@from 1962|The state-coordinated sale of German nationalities in Romania has been launched. The so called \u2019products\u2019 were divided into four categories with different prices. For example West Germany had to pay 11,000 marks for a highly qualified person, while a student could be ransomed for only 1,800 marks.@from 1970|Romania made the process more democratic, because the FRG had to pay a uniform 8,000 marks for each German. This was the price of the one-way visa to West Germany.@from 1982|The price increased, because West Germany had to reimburse also the money the high quality education system of Romania spent on the German people wishing to leave the country. Moreover, the emigrants had to sign a declaration that they would leave their assets to the Romanian state. West Germany was allowed to pay in kind as well. For example, when the Germans said that they could only supply Volkswagen cars, the Romanians said that they would prefer Mercedes cars, but were willing to wait.@Ceau\u0219escu era|The town gained symbolic significance by being the closest situated town to the former capitol of the Dacian kings.@until 1990|Approximately 250 to 400 thousand Germans were ransomed to West Germany together with the Swabians that lived in the B\u00e1ns\u00e1g (Banat). Seeing the success of the deal, the Romanians also started selling Jews to Israel, and eventually they sold literally anyone, who had someone to pay the ransom.@1991-1992|With the opening of the borders, 75,000 of the remaining 95,000 Transylvanian Saxons emigrated to Germany voluntarily, leaving ghost villages behind. Those few that remained became more Romanian than Romanians, just as the example of the \u2019liberal\u2019 President of Romania, Klaus Iohannis shows, who took political advantage by accusing the \u2019social democrats\u2019 of wanting to hand over Transylvania to the Hungarians. This describes political conditions in Romania and the mental state of an average Romanian quite well.@2002|7.2 million people lived in Transylvania, including 1.42 million Hungarians. There were 1.65 million Hungarians out of 5.2 million in 1910. The proportion of the Romanians increased from 53.78% to 74.69%, while the proportion of the Hungarians decreased from 31.64% to 19.6%. The proportion of the Germans dropped from 10.75% to below 1%. These changes were mainly the results of migration and the persecution of Hungarians and Saxons. Transylvania here refers to the entire territory that once belonged to Hungary, which is much larger than historical Transylvania.&pangea.blog.hu: Az erd\u00e9lyi sz\u00e1sz etnikai t\u00e9rszerkezet kialakul\u00e1sa|https:\/\/pangea.blog.hu\/2014\/12\/03\/erdelyi_szasz_etnikai_terszerkezet_kialakulasa\npangea.blog.hu: Az erd\u00e9lyi sz\u00e1sz etnikai t\u00e9rszerkezet megsemmis\u00fcl\u00e9se|https:\/\/pangea.blog.hu\/2014\/12\/31\/az_erdelyi_szasz_etnikai_terszerkezet_megsemmisulese"},"sights":[{"sightId":1828,"townId":72,"active":1,"name_LO":"Biserica Reformat\u0103","address":"","mapdata":"1|1047|1098","gps_lat":"45.8369855146","gps_long":"23.1959026744","religion":2,"oldtype":"1","newtype":"1","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"https:\/\/www.muemlekem.hu\/hatareset\/Eroditett-reformatus-templom-Szaszvaros-2978","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Levente Nuber, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Biseric%C4%83_luteran%C4%83_din_Or%C4%83%C8%99tie_3.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Biseric\u0103 luteran\u0103 din Or\u0103\u0219tie 3\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/91\/Biseric%C4%83_luteran%C4%83_din_Or%C4%83%C8%99tie_3.jpg\/512px-Biseric%C4%83_luteran%C4%83_din_Or%C4%83%C8%99tie_3.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Biseric%C4%83_luteran%C4%83_din_Or%C4%83%C8%99tie_3.jpg\u0022\u003ELevente Nuber\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 4.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Calvinist Church","seolink":"calvinist-church","note":"","history":"The church was built in the 15th century on the site of an earlier church with three naves dating from the 12th and 13th centuries. The bastioned defensive walls were built around the church in the first half of the 14th century, during the Gothic rebuilding. The tower collapsed in an earthquake in 1839, and the present tower was built between 1840-43. An 11th century rotunda (round church) was excavated next to the sanctuary.@\nThe busts of Ku\u00fan Kocs\u00e1rd and Ku\u00fan G\u00e9za, originally standing in front of the new college building, were erected in the Reformed Church.@\nIn 1834 Count Ku\u00fan Kocs\u00e1rd was elected the superintendent of the Reformed (Calvinist) grammar school in Sz\u00e1szv\u00e1ros, an office he held for the rest of his life. In 1848 he became a member of the Hungarian Parliament representing Hunyad County, and was appointed isp\u00e1n of Hunyad Count by the national government. After the defeat of the Hungarian War of Independence, his estates were confiscated and he was imprisoned in Kom\u00e1rom for 6 years. He was released in 1856 and was given back his estates. @\nHe restored his estate and his manor house in Algy\u00f3gy, which had been devastated by the Vlachs. In 1866, he was re-elected to the Hungarian Parliament by the district of H\u00e1tszeg in Hunyad Count and in 1867 he was again appointed the county's isp\u00e1n. He had the building of the reformed college in Sz\u00e1szv\u00e1ros renovated at his own expense and donated 120,000 forints. In 1887, he donated his estate in Algy\u00f3gy to the Transylvanian Hungarian Cultural Association (EMKE). In 1892 he donated his remaining property to the association. He died in 1895 and was buried at the expense of the association. The EMKE was founded in 1885 in Kolozsv\u00e1r with the aim of strengthening the Hungarian language and culture. It maintained hundreds of schools, kindergartens, libraries and orphanages throughout Transylvania. It was dissolved by the communists in 1947. It was re-established in 1991 in Brass\u00f3.@\nCount Kuun G\u00e9za (1838-1905) was a Hungarian linguist, philologist, orientalist, member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, university professor. We will mention only a few of his many activities. Among others, he was president and founding member of the Hungarian Ethnographic Society, president and founding member of the Hunyad County Historical and Archaeological Society. He was a founding member of the Hungarian Historical Society, the Hungarian Heraldic and Genealogical Society and the Transylvanian Museum Association. He was also the superintendent of the Reformed Diocese and one of the superintendents of the Reformed College in Sz\u00e1szv\u00e1ros."},{"sightId":1829,"townId":72,"active":1,"name_LO":"Biserica Luteran\u0103","address":"","mapdata":"1|1051|1062","gps_lat":"45.8371625157","gps_long":"23.1957358099","religion":3,"oldtype":"1","newtype":"1","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022\u021aetcu Mircea Rare\u0219, CC BY-SA 3.0 RO <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/ro\/deed.en>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:OrastieHD2012_(23).JPG\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022256\u0022 alt=\u0022OrastieHD2012 (23)\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/94\/OrastieHD2012_%2823%29.JPG\/256px-OrastieHD2012_%2823%29.JPG\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:OrastieHD2012_(23).JPG\u0022\u003E\u021aetcu Mircea Rare\u0219\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/ro\/deed.en\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0 RO\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Lutheran Church","seolink":"lutheran-church","note":"","history":"The church was built between 1820 and 1823 (the tower between 1839 and 1842). It was built due to the disputes between the Reformed (Calvinist) and Lutheran denominations, as the present Reformed church was used jointly by Hungarian Calvinists and Saxon Lutherans."},{"sightId":1830,"townId":72,"active":1,"name_LO":"Biserica Romano-Catolic\u0103\u200b","address":"Strada Luminii","mapdata":"1|1508|759","gps_lat":"45.8389773559","gps_long":"23.1996975589","religion":0,"oldtype":"9","newtype":"9,86","homepage":"https:\/\/ersekseg.ro\/hu\/templom\/645","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"https:\/\/www.muemlekem.hu\/hatareset\/Volt-ferences-kolostor-Szaszvaros-982","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Oguszt, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Szaszvaros_ferences_templom_es_kolostor.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Szaszvaros ferences templom es kolostor\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/fd\/Szaszvaros_ferences_templom_es_kolostor.jpg\/512px-Szaszvaros_ferences_templom_es_kolostor.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Szaszvaros_ferences_templom_es_kolostor.jpg\u0022\u003EOguszt\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"St. Elisabeth of Hungary Franciscan Church and Monastery","seolink":"st-elisabeth-of-hungary-franciscan-church-and-monastery","note":"","history":"There are records of Franciscans settling in the town in 1239. In 1344 it also had a house for the Beguines. In 1302 it was the seat of the Transylvanian Franciscan order. The predecessor of the present church was built in the 14th century. After the Reformation, it was mainly used by the Unitarians, and stood in ruins between 1661 and 1730. The Franciscan monks returned in 1725 and the Roman Catholic parish was reorganised in 1730. Around this time they rebuilt their monastery and in 1749 a new church was built. A Franciscan school was also established in 1739. The church was enlarged in 1880 with a large nave.@\nAfter 1989 it was the seat of the Transylvanian Province of the Franciscan Order until 1997. In 1999, the St. Elizabeth Children's Home of the St. Francis Foundation of D\u00e9va started its activities in the monastery."},{"sightId":1831,"townId":72,"active":1,"name_LO":"Biserica Adormirea Maicii Domnului","address":"\u0218oseaua Unirii 4A","mapdata":"1|1383|183","gps_lat":"45.8425015773","gps_long":"23.1986322429","religion":5,"oldtype":"1","newtype":"1","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Biruitorul, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Orastie_Dormition_2.jpeg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Orastie Dormition 2\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/c4\/Orastie_Dormition_2.jpeg\/512px-Orastie_Dormition_2.jpeg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Orastie_Dormition_2.jpeg\u0022\u003EBiruitorul\u003C\/a\u003E, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Dormition of the Mother of God Orthodox Church","seolink":"dormition-of-the-mother-of-god-orthodox-church","note":"","history":"The church is located on the edge of the town centre, on the right side of the road to Sz\u00e1szsebes. Its style is typical of the Orthodox churches of the area. The church itself was built either around 1701-1705 (as the inscription stone in the sanctuary wall shows) or in 1780. The tower with the wooden balcony was built in 1873."},{"sightId":1832,"townId":72,"active":1,"name_LO":"Sinagoga","address":"Strada Cet\u0103\u021bii","mapdata":"1|1156|1096","gps_lat":"45.8370107063","gps_long":"23.1967612341","religion":6,"oldtype":"8","newtype":"105","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Oguszt, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Szaszvarosi_zsinagoga.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Szaszvarosi zsinagoga\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/d0\/Szaszvarosi_zsinagoga.jpg\/512px-Szaszvarosi_zsinagoga.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Szaszvarosi_zsinagoga.jpg\u0022\u003EOguszt\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Former Neolog Synagogue","seolink":"former-neolog-synagogue","note":"","history":"Built in 1896, it was used as a synagogue until the mid-20th century. It is currently run by the Local Council and used for cultural exhibitions and events."},{"sightId":1833,"townId":72,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"Strada Cet\u0103\u021bii","mapdata":"1|1061|1156","gps_lat":"45.8366554613","gps_long":"23.1958254973","religion":0,"oldtype":"24","newtype":"122","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Levente Nuber, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Biseric%C4%83_luteran%C4%83_din_Or%C4%83%C8%99tie_2.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Biseric\u0103 luteran\u0103 din Or\u0103\u0219tie 2\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/df\/Biseric%C4%83_luteran%C4%83_din_Or%C4%83%C8%99tie_2.jpg\/512px-Biseric%C4%83_luteran%C4%83_din_Or%C4%83%C8%99tie_2.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Biseric%C4%83_luteran%C4%83_din_Or%C4%83%C8%99tie_2.jpg\u0022\u003ELevente Nuber\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 4.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Fortification","seolink":"fortification","note":"","history":"In fact, the castle is made up of the Reformed and Lutheran churches, surrounded by a common defensive wall with three bastions and three corner towers.@\nThe defensive walls were built in the first half of the 14th century. To the east of the two churches, the foundation walls of an 11th century circular chapel were excavated in the 1990s. For the time being, the castle gates are only opened for religious services."},{"sightId":1834,"townId":72,"active":2,"name_LO":"","address":"Strada Nicolae B\u0103lcescu","mapdata":"1|1069|968","gps_lat":"45.8377773519","gps_long":"23.1959598810","religion":2,"oldtype":"74","newtype":"53","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Oguszt, CC BY-SA 3.0 \u003Chttps:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Szaszvaros_regi_ref_kollegium.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Szaszvaros regi ref kollegium\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b1\/Szaszvaros_regi_ref_kollegium.jpg\/512px-Szaszvaros_regi_ref_kollegium.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Szaszvaros_regi_ref_kollegium.jpg\u0022\u003EOguszt\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Old building of the former Calvinist College","seolink":"old-building-of-the-former-calvinist-college","note":"","history":"The \u0022old\u0022 building of the Reformed college, built in 1847, is now the town hospital."},{"sightId":1835,"townId":72,"active":2,"name_LO":"Liceul Teoretic Aurel Vlaicu","address":"Strada Gheorghe Laz\u0103r 8","mapdata":"1|1365|980","gps_lat":"45.8376743757","gps_long":"23.1985028879","religion":2,"oldtype":"74","newtype":"74","homepage":"https:\/\/www.colegiulavlaicu.ro\/j\/index.php","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022FOTO:FORTEPAN \/ Magyar F\u00f6ldrajzi M\u00fazeum \/ Erd\u00e9lyi M\u00f3r c\u00e9ge, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Sz%C3%A1szv%C3%A1ros,_Hunyad_megye,_Erd%C3%A9ly._A_Reform%C3%A1tus_K%C3%BAn_Koll%C3%A9gium_(ma_Aurel_Vlaicu_Koll%C3%A9gium)._Fortepan_86988.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Sz\u00e1szv\u00e1ros, Hunyad megye, Erd\u00e9ly. A Reform\u00e1tus K\u00fan Koll\u00e9gium (ma Aurel Vlaicu Koll\u00e9gium). Fortepan 86988\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/5a\/Sz%C3%A1szv%C3%A1ros%2C_Hunyad_megye%2C_Erd%C3%A9ly._A_Reform%C3%A1tus_K%C3%BAn_Koll%C3%A9gium_%28ma_Aurel_Vlaicu_Koll%C3%A9gium%29._Fortepan_86988.jpg\/512px-Sz%C3%A1szv%C3%A1ros%2C_Hunyad_megye%2C_Erd%C3%A9ly._A_Reform%C3%A1tus_K%C3%BAn_Koll%C3%A9gium_%28ma_Aurel_Vlaicu_Koll%C3%A9gium%29._Fortepan_86988.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Sz%C3%A1szv%C3%A1ros,_Hunyad_megye,_Erd%C3%A9ly._A_Reform%C3%A1tus_K%C3%BAn_Koll%C3%A9gium_(ma_Aurel_Vlaicu_Koll%C3%A9gium)._Fortepan_86988.jpg\u0022\u003EFOTO:FORTEPAN \/ Magyar F\u00f6ldrajzi M\u00fazeum \/ Erd\u00e9lyi M\u00f3r c\u00e9ge\u003C\/a\u003E, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"New building of the former Calvinist College","seolink":"new-building-of-the-former-calvinist-college","note":"","history":"The new building of the Reformed college was built in 1901 and is now occupied by the Aurel Vlaicu High School."},{"sightId":1836,"townId":72,"active":1,"name_LO":"Liceul Tehnologic Nicolaus Olahus","address":"Strada Octavian Goga 25","mapdata":"1|1161|787","gps_lat":"45.8388415594","gps_long":"23.1968454547","religion":0,"oldtype":"74","newtype":"74","homepage":"http:\/\/www.nicolausolahus.ro\/page2.html","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"","picture_ref":"","name":"Former Civil Girl's School","seolink":"former-civil-girls-school","note":"","history":"The school was built in 1900. Today it is occupied by the Nikolaus Olahus School Group."},{"sightId":1837,"townId":72,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"Pia\u0163a Victoriei","mapdata":"1|818|939","gps_lat":"45.8379507665","gps_long":"23.1938035121","religion":0,"oldtype":"53","newtype":"53","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Mihai Andrei, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Casa_memoriala_Kocsard_Kun.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Casa memoriala Kocsard Kun\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/8e\/Casa_memoriala_Kocsard_Kun.jpg\/512px-Casa_memoriala_Kocsard_Kun.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Casa_memoriala_Kocsard_Kun.jpg\u0022\u003EMihai Andrei\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 4.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Birthplace of Ku\u00fan Kocs\u00e1rd","seolink":"birthplace-of-kuun-kocsard","note":"","history":"In 1834 Count Ku\u00fan Kocs\u00e1rd was elected the superintendent of the Reformed (Calvinist) grammar school in Sz\u00e1szv\u00e1ros, an office he held for the rest of his life. In 1848 he became a member of the Hungarian Parliament representing Hunyad County, and was appointed isp\u00e1n of Hunyad Count by the national government. After the defeat of the Hungarian War of Independence, his estates were confiscated and he was imprisoned in Kom\u00e1rom for 6 years. He was released in 1856 and was given back his estates.@\nHe restored his estate and his manor house in Algy\u00f3gy, which had been devastated by the Vlachs. In 1866, he was re-elected to the Hungarian Parliament by the district of H\u00e1tszeg in Hunyad Count and in 1867 he was again appointed the county's isp\u00e1n. He had the building of the reformed college in Sz\u00e1szv\u00e1ros renovated at his own expense and donated 120,000 forints. In 1887, he donated his estate in Algy\u00f3gy to the Transylvanian Hungarian Cultural Association (EMKE). In 1892 he donated his remaining property to the association. He died in 1895 and was buried at the expense of the association. The EMKE was founded in 1885 in Kolozsv\u00e1r with the aim of strengthening the Hungarian language and culture. It maintained hundreds of schools, kindergartens, libraries and orphanages throughout Transylvania. It was dissolved by the communists in 1947. It was re-established in 1991 in Brass\u00f3."},{"sightId":1838,"townId":72,"active":1,"name_LO":"Catedrala Sfin\u021bii Arhangheli Mihail \u0219i Gavriil","address":"Pia\u021ba Victoriei","mapdata":"1|678|1001","gps_lat":"45.8375944609","gps_long":"23.1926327467","religion":5,"oldtype":"1","newtype":"1","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Julio Aquino, CC BY 3.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Iglesia_ortodoxa,_Orastie,_Rumania_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Iglesia ortodoxa, Orastie, Rumania - panoramio\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/77\/Iglesia_ortodoxa%2C_Orastie%2C_Rumania_-_panoramio.jpg\/512px-Iglesia_ortodoxa%2C_Orastie%2C_Rumania_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Iglesia_ortodoxa,_Orastie,_Rumania_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003EJulio Aquino\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\u0022\u003ECC BY 3.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"St. Michael and Gabriel Archangels Orthodox Cathedral","seolink":"st-michael-and-gabriel-archangels-orthodox-cathedral","note":"","history":"The church was built between 1936 and 1943, designed by George Cristinel."},{"sightId":1839,"townId":72,"active":1,"name_LO":"Prim\u0103ria","address":"Strada Aurel Vlaicu 3","mapdata":"1|908|1174","gps_lat":"45.8365493476","gps_long":"23.1946290074","religion":0,"oldtype":"12","newtype":"12","homepage":"http:\/\/www.orastie.info.ro\/","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Codrin.B, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Orastie_2011_-_City_Hall.JPG\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Orastie 2011 - City Hall\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/f2\/Orastie_2011_-_City_Hall.JPG\/512px-Orastie_2011_-_City_Hall.JPG\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Orastie_2011_-_City_Hall.JPG\u0022\u003ECodrin.B\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Town Hall","seolink":"town-hall","note":"","history":""},{"sightId":1840,"townId":72,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"Bulevardul Armatei","mapdata":"1|71|976","gps_lat":"45.8377832920","gps_long":"23.1874078349","religion":0,"oldtype":"21","newtype":"19","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Unknown authorUnknown author, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Szasvaros_Broos_k.u.k_IR_64.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Szasvaros Broos k.u.k IR 64\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/c8\/Szasvaros_Broos_k.u.k_IR_64.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Szasvaros_Broos_k.u.k_IR_64.jpg\u0022\u003EUnknown authorUnknown author\u003C\/a\u003E, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Former Infantry Barracks","seolink":"former-infantry-barracks","note":"","history":""},{"sightId":1841,"townId":72,"active":1,"name_LO":"Casa de Cultur\u0103","address":"Pia\u021ba Victoriei","mapdata":"1|597|1054","gps_lat":"45.8372633885","gps_long":"23.1919125781","religion":0,"oldtype":"80","newtype":"106","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022\u021aetcu Mircea Rare\u0219, CC BY-SA 3.0 RO <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/ro\/deed.en>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:OrastieHD2012_(9).JPG\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022OrastieHD2012 (9)\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/4b\/OrastieHD2012_%289%29.JPG\/512px-OrastieHD2012_%289%29.JPG\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:OrastieHD2012_(9).JPG\u0022\u003E\u021aetcu Mircea Rare\u0219\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/ro\/deed.en\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0 RO\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Former Hotel Transsylvania","seolink":"former-hotel-transsylvania","note":"","history":""},{"sightId":1842,"townId":72,"active":1,"name_LO":"Central Cafe","address":"nr., Strada Nicolae B\u0103lcescu 5","mapdata":"1|926|959","gps_lat":"45.8378042988","gps_long":"23.1947609555","religion":0,"oldtype":"80","newtype":"81","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"","picture_ref":"","name":"Former Hotel Central","seolink":"former-hotel-central","note":"","history":""},{"sightId":1843,"townId":72,"active":1,"name_LO":"Muzeul de Etnografie \u0219i Art\u0103 Popular\u0103","address":"","mapdata":"1|889|1096","gps_lat":"45.8370074376","gps_long":"23.1945566913","religion":0,"oldtype":"98","newtype":"98","homepage":"http:\/\/www.orastie.mcdr.ro\/","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Codrin.B, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Orastie_Ethnography_Museum_2011_-_Enlarged_Model_of_a_Dacian_Hunedoara_Radulesti_Coin_Type.JPG\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Orastie Ethnography Museum 2011 - Enlarged Model of a Dacian Hunedoara Radulesti Coin Type\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/cf\/Orastie_Ethnography_Museum_2011_-_Enlarged_Model_of_a_Dacian_Hunedoara_Radulesti_Coin_Type.JPG\/512px-Orastie_Ethnography_Museum_2011_-_Enlarged_Model_of_a_Dacian_Hunedoara_Radulesti_Coin_Type.JPG\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Orastie_Ethnography_Museum_2011_-_Enlarged_Model_of_a_Dacian_Hunedoara_Radulesti_Coin_Type.JPG\u0022\u003ECodrin.B\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Ethnographic and Folklore Museum","seolink":"ethnographic-and-folklore-museum","note":"","history":"It presents the Vlach folk art of the region."},{"sightId":1844,"townId":72,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"","mapdata":"1|1313|973","gps_lat":"45.8378753382","gps_long":"23.1980476723","religion":0,"oldtype":"38","newtype":"125","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"","picture_ref":"","name":"Former Busts of Count Ku\u00fan Kocs\u00e1rd and Kuun G\u00e9za ","seolink":"former-busts-of-count-kuun-kocsard-and-kuun-geza","note":"","history":"Their busts stood in front of the new building of the Reformed College before the Romanian invasion.@\nIn 1834 Count Ku\u00fan Kocs\u00e1rd was elected the superintendent of the Reformed (Calvinist) grammar school in Sz\u00e1szv\u00e1ros, an office he held for the rest of his life. In 1848 he became a member of the Hungarian Parliament representing Hunyad County, and was appointed isp\u00e1n of Hunyad Count by the national government. After the defeat of the Hungarian War of Independence, his estates were confiscated and he was imprisoned in Kom\u00e1rom for 6 years. He was released in 1856 and was given back his estates. He restored his estate and his manor house in Algy\u00f3gy, which had been devastated by the Vlachs. In 1866, he was re-elected to the Hungarian Parliament by the district of H\u00e1tszeg in Hunyad Count and in 1867 he was again appointed the county's isp\u00e1n. He had the building of the reformed college in Sz\u00e1szv\u00e1ros renovated at his own expense and donated 120,000 forints. In 1887, he donated his estate in Algy\u00f3gy to the Transylvanian Hungarian Cultural Association (EMKE). In 1892 he donated his remaining property to the association. He died in 1895 and was buried at the expense of the association. The EMKE was founded in 1885 in Kolozsv\u00e1r with the aim of strengthening the Hungarian language and culture. It maintained hundreds of schools, kindergartens, libraries and orphanages throughout Transylvania. It was dissolved by the communists in 1947. It was re-established in 1991 in Brass\u00f3.@\nCount Kuun G\u00e9za (1838-1905) was a Hungarian linguist, philologist, orientalist, member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, university professor. We will mention only a few of his many activities. Among others, he was president and founding member of the Hungarian Ethnographic Society, president and founding member of the Hunyad County Historical and Archaeological Society. He was a founding member of the Hungarian Historical Society, the Hungarian Heraldic and Genealogical Society and the Transylvanian Museum Association. He was also the superintendent of the Reformed Diocese and one of the superintendents of the Reformed College in Sz\u00e1szv\u00e1ros.\n&\ndiaszporaalapitvany.ro: GR\u00d3F KU\u00daN KOCS\u00c1RD EML\u00c9K\u00c9RE|http:\/\/www.diaszporaalapitvany.ro\/szorvanytallozo\/hunyad-megye\/szaszvaros\/grof-kuun-kocsard-emlekere"}]},"language":"en","region":"romania","regionid":4,"offer":[],"gallery":false,"album":false}