Szamosújvár Castle
Szamosújvár Castle
Hungarian:
Szamosújvár
Romanian:
Gherla
Unknown author, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons
Condition:
Renovated / Good
Entrance:
Closed to the public
Address:
Strada Andrei Mureșanu 4
Settlement:
Szamosújvár, Gherla
Historical Hungarian county:
Szolnok-Doboka
Country:
Romania
County:
Cluj
Geographic region:
Mezőség
GPS coordinates:
47.036081, 23.908589
Google map:
History
895
Arrival of the Hungarians
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895
The alliance of the seven Hungarian tribes took possession of the then largely uninhabited Carpathian Basin. Until then, the sparse Slavic population of the north-western Carpathians had lived under Moravian rule for a few decades after the collapse of the Avar Khaganate in the early 9th century.
1000
Foundation of the Hungarian Kingdom
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1000
The Kingdom of Hungary was established with the coronation of King Stephen I. He converted the Hungarians to Christianity and created two archdioceses (Esztergom and Kalocsa) and ten dioceses. He divided Hungary into counties led by ispáns, who were appointed by the king.
1241-1242
Mongol Invasion
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1241-1242
The hordes of the Mongol Empire invaded Hungary and almost completely destroyed it. One third to one half of the population was destroyed. The Mongols also suffered heavy losses in the battle of Muhi and they could not hunt down the king. After their withdrawal, King Béla IV reorganized Hungary. He allowed the feudal lords to build stone castles because they were able to successfully resist the nomadic Mongols. The vast majority of stone castles were built after this. The king called in German, Vlach (Romanian) and Slavic settlers to replace the destroyed population.
1291
The settlement was mentioned for the first time. It was called Gerlahida after the important river crossing. The village belonged to the nearby Bálványos Castle at that time.
early 15th century
the settlement was owned by Szántai Laczk Jakab, vajda of Transylvania.
1456
The Bánffy aristocratic family acquired the settlement.
1467
King Matthias of Hungary extended the tax of the royal treasury (tributum fisci regalis) and the Crown’s customs (vectigal coronae) to Transylvania as well. An uprising broke out and they wanted to put vajda Szentgyörgyi János of Transylvania on the throne. King Matthias quickly marched into Transylvania with his army, and the conspirators surrendered without any resistance. Szentgyörgyi pleaded for mercy and was pardoned, but was removed from his position.
1467
Bánffy László and Zsigmond participated in the conspiracy against King Matthias of Hungary. The king confiscated the prospering oppidum (serf town) from them and donated it to his favoured supporter Bishop Várdai János of Várad.
1526
Battle of Mohács and the splitting of Hungary into two parts
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1526
Sultan Suleiman I launched a war against Vienna, instigated by the French. Ferdinand I, Duke of Austria, was the brother-in-law of King Louis II of Hungary. The army of the Ottoman Empire defeated the much smaller Hungarian army at Mohács, and King Louis II died in the battle. A group of the barons elected Ferdinand I of the House of Habsburg to the throne, who promised to defend Hungary from the Turks. He was the younger brother of the most powerful European monarch Emperor Charles V. But the nobility chose the most powerful Hungarian baron, Szapolyai János, who was also crowned as King John I. The country was split in two and a decades-long struggle for power began.
1539
The confident advisor of King John I of Hungary George Martinuzzi ordered the construction of a fortress, which was built according to the plans of the Italian military engineer Domenico da Bologna complying with the most modern military standards of the era. Most of the construction materials were extracted from the demolition of the already abandoned Bálványos Castle. The fortress was completed in 1542. Its purpose was to prevent the Habsburg forces from entering Transylvania.
1540
King John I died. George Martinuzzi became the guardian of his child John Sigismund (later John II), and the de facto ruler of the country. He set up one of his residences in the lavish Renaissance palace of Szamosújvár, where his treasures were also guarded.
1541
The Turkish occupation of the capital, Buda, and the division of Hungary into three parts
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1541
The Turks conquered Buda, the capital of Hungary, after the death of King John I. The central part of the country was under Turkish rule for 150 years. The western and northern parts (including present-day Slovakia) formed the Kingdom of Hungary ruled by the Habsburg emperors. The eastern parts (now mainly under Romanian rule) were ruled by the successors of King John I of Hungary, who later established the Principality of Transylvania.
1549
At Nyírbátor, George Martinuzzi made a secret agreement with the envoys of King Ferdinand I, Báthory András and General Niklas Salm, on behalf of John II and his mother Queen Isabella, without her being aware of it. According to this, Queen Isabella and her child John II renounced the Hungarian throne in favour of King Ferdinand I, and they received the duchies of Oppeln And Ratibor in Silesia in exchange.
1551
General Castaldo and George Martinuzzi forced Queen Isabella to renounce the throne. The Queen and her son left for Poland. Imperial mercenaries marched into Transylvania under the command of Giovanni Batista Castaldo. George Martinuzzi was appointed vajda of Transylvania and Archbishop of Esztergom, and Pope Julius III raised him to the rank of cardinal. They drove back the voivodes of Moldova and Wallachia sent by the Sultan against Transylvania.
November 5, 1551
The soldiers of George Martinuzzi besieged Lippa held by the Turks. After weeks of fighting, Father George allowed Pasha Ulema a free retreat, and also sent the annual tax to the Sultan, so as not to incur the full wrath of the Turks. This gesture aroused the suspicions of General Castaldo, who believed that George Martinuzzi was in collusion with the Turks. The Court ordered him to do as he willed, as soon as his suspicion became certain.
December 17, 1551
George Martinuzzi was assassinated by the imperial mercenaries of General Castlado in his castle in Alvinc. After the ruthless murder, his corpse lay in the pool of his blood in the castle for 70 days until it was discovered. He was buried in the St. Michael's Cathedral in Gyulafehérvár only in March 1552. Martinuzzi's immense fortune was seized by General Castaldo on behalf of King Ferdinand I. According to contemporary sources, the foreign mercenaries loaded 250,000 Hungarian forints, 889 marks of gold bullion, 2453 marks of silver, 4000 Lysimachus gold coins, hoards of gold chains and silverwares onto the wagons, and Father George’s stud of 300 stallions was also stolen. Ferdinand I donated the lordship of Szamosújvár to Báthory András of Ecsed, who was also appointed vajda of Transylvania. Báthory appointed Dobó István captain of Szamosújvár, after Dobó heroically defended Eger Castle from the Turks in 1552.
1556
The Estates of Transylvania, dissatisfied with Habsburg rule, recalled Queen Isabella to the throne, to which the Sultan gave his consent. On her return, she regained control of eastern Hungary.
November 26, 1556
The army of Kendi Ferenc besieged Szamosújvár. Dobó István finally surrendered the castle after five months of siege by order of King Ferdinand I. Dobó was imprisoned, but he managed to escape after one year. Szamosújvár was later owned by the princes of Transylvania, who kept its defences up to date.
1570
The establishment of the Principality of Transylvania
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1570
John II (John Sigismund), the son of King John I of Hungary, renounced the title of King of Hungary in favor of King Maximilian of the House of Habsburg, and henceforth held the title of Prince. This formally created the Principality of Transylvania, which was the eastern half of Hungary not ruled by the Habsburgs and was also a vassal of the Ottoman Empire. John II died in 1571, after which the three nations of Transylvania (the Hungarian nobility, the Székelys and the Saxons) elected the prince.
1591-1606
Fifteen Years' War
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1591-1606
The Ottoman Empire started a war against the Habsburg Empire. The war was waged in the territory of Hungary. The Turks defeated the combined armies of the Habsburg Empire and the Principality of Transylvania in the battle of Mezőkeresztes in 1596, but their victory was not decisive. The war devastated the Principality of Transylvania, which was occupied by the Habsburg army, and General Basta introduced a reign of terror.
1594
Prince Báthory Zsigmond renounced the throne in favour of Báthory Boldizsár, but, instigated by Bocskai István, he soon returned to power and had Báthory Boldizsár and his followers killed.
August, 1594
Prince Báthory Zsigmond of Transylvania captured the leaders of the faction, which opposed his plan to make an alliance with the Habsburgs against the Turks. His cousin Báthory Boldizsár and Chancellor Kovacsóczy Farkas were executed in the prison of Szamosújvár Castle on 13 September by his order.
October 17, 1599
Instigated by Emperor Rudolf, Voivode Mihai (Viteazul) of Wallachia broke into Transylvania through the Bodza Pass, after Prince Báthory Zsigmond, contrary to his promise, hand over power over Transylvania to his cousin Cardinal Báthory András instead of Emperor Rudolf. Voivode Mihai sided with the Székelys, who were dissatisfied with the Báthory dynasty, by promising to restore their rights, and with their help he defeated the army of Prince Báthory András at Sellenberk on 28 October.
November 1, 1599
Voivode Mihai Viteazul of Wallachia marched into Gyulafehérvár, the capitol of Transylvania, and took over power as governor appointed by Emperor Rudolf. But soon he started to act on his own behalf and introduced a reign of terror. He arbitrarily appointed Wallachian boyars to every position, looted the treasury and his unpaid mercenaries plundered and murdered throughout the land. The Vlach peasants rose up and started to exterminate Hungarian and Saxon population in Transylvania, which had a Hungarian majority at that time.
1599
Voivode Mihai of Wallachia captured the castle.
September 18, 1600
Voivode Mihai of Wallachia was defeated in the battle of Miriszló and driven out by the combined armies of the Transylvanian nobility led by Báthory Zsigmond and General Basta’s imperial mercenaries. At the beginning of next year, the Estates of Transylvanian broke with the Emperor and Báthory Zsigmond was elected prince once more.
August 3, 1601
The combined armies of General Basta and Voivode Mihai of Wallachia defeated the Transylvanian army of Prince Báthory Zsigmond in the battle of Goroszló. After that, the army of Voivode Mihai sacked and burned the towns of Torda, Nagyenyed and Gyulafehérvár, where they robbed the tombs of the Hunyadi family, King John II of Hungary and his mother Queen Isabella. Then, on 19 August, Voivode Mihai was assassinated by the mercenaries of General Basta, because Mihai tried to usurp the throne of Transylvania once again. Genral Basta also introduced a reign of terror in Transylvania and let his mercenaries ravage freely throughout the land.
early 17th century
The mercenaries of General Basta sacked Szamosújvár.
1601
Gyulafi László took the castle back from the soldiers of General Basta temporarily, but then he had to surrender it.
1604-1606
Uprising of Bocskai István
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1604-1606
The alliance of the Habsburgs and the Principality of Transylvania was defeated by the Ottoman Empire in the Fifteen Years' War. The war devastated Transylvania, which was occupied by the Habsburg imperial army, and General Basta introduced a reign of terror. The nobility and the burghers were upset about the terror, the plundering mercenaries and the violent Counter-Reformation. Bocskai István decided to lead their uprising after the Habsburg emperor tried to confiscate his estates. Bocskai also rallied the hajdú warriors to his side. He was elected Prince of Transylvania and soon liberated the Kingdom of Hungary from the Habsburgs. In 1605 Bocskai István was crowned King of Hungary with the crown he received from the Turks.
1604
The army of Bocskai István liberated the castle from the mercenaries of Emperor Rudolf II.
23 June 1606
Peace of Vienna
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23 June 1606
Bocski István made peace with Emperor Rudolf. Their agreement secured the constitutional rights of the Estates of Hungary, and the freedom of religion. The counties of Szatmár, Bereg and Ugocsa were annexed to the Principality of Transylvania. Bocskai died of illness in the same year, leaving to his successors the idea of unifying Hungary from Transylvania.
April 26, 1609
The country assembly of Transylvania held in Kolozsvár gave it to Kendi István with the consent of Prince Báthory Gábor of Transylvania.
1610
Kornis Boldizsár and Kendi István conspired against Prince Báthory Gábor, who raped the wife of Kornis Boldizsár, and was guilty of other violent acts as well. Kendi István invited the Prince to stay at Szamosújvár on his way to the country assembly held in Beszterce. But the Prince rejected th invitation and stayed at Szék instead. Kendi convinced his head groom Török János to kill the Prince here in exchange for an estate of 25 serf houses. But Török rather confessed everything to the Prince.
March 21, 1610
Kendi István fled to Szamosújvár after the unsuccessful attempt against Prince Báthory Gábor of Transylvania at Szék.
between 1619 and 1652
Constructions were carried out several times.
1619
The campaign of Prince Bethlen Gábor of Transylvania in the Thirty Years' War
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1619
At the beginning of the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648), Prince Bethlen Gábor of Transylvania went to war against the Habsburg emperor as an ally of the rebelling Czech-Moravian-Austrian estates. The whole Kingdom of Hungary joined him, only the Austrian defenders of Pozsony had to be put to the sword. With his allies, he laid siege to Vienna. However, he was forced to abandon the siege because the Habsburg-loyal Hungarian aristocrat Homonnai Drugeth György attacked his heartland with Polish mercenaries. On 25 August 1620, the Diet of Besztercebánya elected Bethlen Gábor King of Hungary as vassal of the Turks. He continued to fight after the defeat of the Czechs at White Mountain on 8 November 1620, but without real chance to achieve decisive victory, he decided to come to an agreement with Emperor Ferdinand II.
31 December 1621
Peace of Nikolsburg
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31 December 1621
Prince Bethlen Gábor of Transylvania made peace with Emperor Ferdinand II. Their agreement secured the constitutional rights of the Estates of Hungary, and later it was supplemented with the freedom of religion. Bethlen renounced the title of King of Hungary in exchange for seven counties of the Upper Tisza region (Szabolcs, Szatmár, Bereg, Ugocsa, Zemplén, Borsod, Abaúj) for the rest of his life, other estates in Hungary as his private property and the imperial title of Duke of Oppeln and Ratibor (Opole and Racibórz), one of the Duchies of Silesia. Prince Bethlen went to war against the Habsburgs in 1623 and 1626, but was unable to negotiate more favourable terms.
1638
The condemned Sabbatarians were transported to Szamosújvár to work on the construction of the castle ramparts by order of Prince Rákóczi György I of Transylvania, until they were willing to abandon their faith. The Sabbatarians were mostly Székelys, who restored most of the regulations of Judaism, rejected the New Testament and considered Jesus only a human being.
1644-1645
The campaign of Prince Rákóczi György I of Transylvania in the Thirty Years' War
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1644-1645
Prince Rákóczi György I of Transylvania allied with the Swedes and the French in the Thirty Years' War and went to war against the Habsburg Emperor Ferdinand III. On 18 July 1645 his army joined forces with Torstenson's Swedish army under Brno (Moravia). The excellent artillery of Transylvania opened fire on the city walls. However, Rákóczi had to give up the siege, having been informed that the Turks were planning a punitive campaign against Transylvania, because he went to war against the Sultan's prohibition.
16 December 1645
Peace of Linz
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16 December 1645
Prince Rákóczi György I of Transylvania made peace with Emperor Ferdinand III. It secured the freedom of religion for the Protestants and extended it also to the serfs. Rákóczi received the same seven Hungarian counties that Prince Bethlen Gábor had also held (Abauj, Zemplén, Borsod, Bereg, Ugocsa, Szabolcs, Szatmár) until his death, and the counties of Szabolcs and Szatmár were also to be inherited by his sons. The Rákóczi family also received several new estates.
1657
Prince Rákóczi György II of Transylvania launched a campaign for the crown of Poland in alliance with Carl X Gustaf of Sweden. His aim was to unite the Hungarian-Polish-Wallachian forces against the Turks. The campaign started successfully with the prince taking Kraków and Warsawa, but then the King of Sweden abandoned him. The vengeful Poles invaded northern Transylvania, burning defenceless villages, destroying churches and castles. Soon the punitive campaign of Turkish and Tatar armies devastated Transylvania, as the prince launched his Polish campaign against the Sultan's will.
1658
The Tartars ravaged and plundered throughout Transylvania and Grand Vizier Köprülü Mehmed captured Jenő Castle. The Estates of Transylvania sent Barcsay Ákos to the camp of the grand vizier to beg for mercy. In return, the Grand Vizier demanded that the annual tax be raised from 15 to 40 thousand forints (gold coins) and that Lugos and Karansebes be ceded. This was the price for the Turks to leave Transylvania. The grand vizier appointed Barcsay prince on 14 September.
1659
Prince Rákóczi György II returned to Transylvania and forced Barcsay Ákos to retreat to Szeben and besieged him.
May 22, 1660
In the battle of Sászfenes, Pasha Shejdi Ahmed of Buda defeated Rákóczi György II, who lost his life. The Tatar armies invaded Transylvania for the second time.
November 1660
Kemény János, the former commander of Rákóczi György II, defeated the army of Gáspár, the brother of Prince Barcsay András, at Örményes. Barcsay Gáspár fell in the battle. Then, on 31 December, Barcsay Ákos renounced the throne. In 1661 Kemény János had Barcsay Ákos captured and murdered.
1661
The army of Pasha Seydi Ahmed of Buda marched into Transylvania, after the country assembly held in Beszterce on 23 April declared the independence of Transylvania from the Ottoman Empire and placed the country under the protection of Emperor Leopold I. On 14 September, Pasha Ali forced the country assembly to elect Apafi Mihály Prince of Transylvania in Marosvásárhely.
1661
The German mercenaries surrendered the fortress to the Turks, who sacked and burned the town. Then Prince Apafi Mihály I of Transylvania took possession of the fortress.
1683
Turkish defeat at Vienna and the formation of the Holy League
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1683
The combined armies of the Habsburg Empire and the Kingdom of Poland defeated the Turkish army besieging Vienna. Emperor Leopold I wanted to make peace with the Turks, but was refused by Sultan Mehmed IV. In 1684, at the persistent urging of Pope Innocent XI, the Holy League, an alliance of the Kingdom of Poland, the Habsburg Empire, the Republic of Venice and the Papal States, was formed to expel the Turks from Hungary. Thököly Imre, who had allied himself with the Turks, was gradually driven out of northern Hungary.
1686
Recapture of Buda and the liberation of Hungary from the Turks
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1686
The army of the Holy League recaptured Buda from the Turks by siege. In 1687, the Imperial army invaded the Principality of Transylvania. The liberation was hindered by the French breaking their promise of peace in 1688 and attacking the Habsburg Empire. By 1699, when the Peace of Karlóca was signed, all of Hungary and Croatia had been liberated from the Ottoman Empire with the exception of Temesköz, the area bounded by the Maros, the Tisza and the Danube rivers. It was not until the Peace of Požarevac in 1718 that Temesköz was liberated from the Turks. However, the continuous war against the Turkish invaders and the Habsburg autocracy, which lasted for more than 150 years, wiped out large areas of the Hungarian population, which had previously made up 80% of the country's population, and was replaced by Vlachs (Romanians), Serbs and other Slavic settlers and Germans. The Habsburgs also favoured the settlement of these foreign peoples over the 'rebellious' Hungarians.
1687
The imperial mercenaries occupied the fortress according to the Pact of Balázsfalva between Charles V, Duke of Lorraine, and Prince Apafi Mihály I of Transylvania. It guaranteed the independence of Transylvania in return for provisioning the imperial army during the winter and a single payment of 700,000 German forints. The Habsburgs did not keep the pact.
1690
Transylvania became part of the Kingdom of Hungary again, with internal autonomy and freedom of religion
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1690
According to the Diploma Leopoldinum issued by Emperor Leopold I, Transylvania became part of the Kingdom of Hungary again and Hungarian law remained in force. The three nations (the Hungarians, the Székelys – who are also Hungarians –, and the Saxons) administered its internal affairs with autonomy and the freedom of religion was also preserved. The incorporation of Transylvania into the Habsburg Empire was prevented by the temporary election of Thököly Imre as Prince of Transylvania in 1690 with Turkish help.
1703-1711
Hungarian War of Independence led by Prince Rákóczi Ferenc II
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1703-1711
After the expulsion of the Turks, the Habsburgs treated Hungary as a newly conquered province and did not respect its constitution. The serfs rose up against the Habsburg ruler because of the sufferings caused by the war and the heavy burdens, and they invited Rákóczi Ferenc II to lead them. Trusting in the help promised by King Louis XIV of France, he accepted. Rákóczi rallied the nobility to his side, and soon most of the country was under his control. The rebels were called the kurucs. In 1704, the French and the Bavarians were defeated at the Battle of Blenheim, depriving the Hungarians of their international allies. The Rusyn, Slovak and Vlach peasants and the Saxons of Szepes supported the fight for freedom, while the Serbs in the south and the Saxons in Transylvania served the Habsburgs. Due to lack of funds Rákóczi could not raise a strong regular army, and in 1710, Hungary was also hit by a severe plague. Rákóczi tried unsuccessfully to forge an alliance with Tsar Peter the Great of Russia. In his absence, without his knowledge, his commander-in-chief, Károlyi Sándor, accepted Emperor Joseph I's peace offer. The Peace of Szatmár formally restored the Hungarian constitution and religious freedom and granted amnesty, but did not ease the burden of serfdom. Rákóczi refused to accept the pardon and went into exile. He died in Rodosto, Turkey.
1703-1711
The imperial mercenaries harassed the inhabitants of Szamosújvár, who sympathized with the Hungarian war of independence led by Rákóczi Ferenc II. The castle was not destroyed since it was necessary for maintaining the centralized Habsburg power.
1848-1849
Hungarian Revolution and War of Independence
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1848-1849
Following the news of the Paris Revolution on 22 February 1848, the Hungarian liberal opposition led by Kossuth Lajos demanded the abolition of serfdom, the abolition of the tax exemption of the nobility, a parliament elected by the people, and an independent and accountable national government. The revolution that broke out in Pest on 15 March expressed its demands in 12 points, which, in addition to the above mentioned, included the freedom of the press, equality before the law, the release of the political prisoners and the union with Transylvania. A Hungarian government was formed, Batthyány Lajos became prime minister, and on 11 April Emperor Ferdinand V ratified the reform laws. On August 31 the Emperor demanded the repeal of the laws threatening with military intervention. In September the Emperor unleashed the army of Jelacic, Ban of Croatia, on Hungary, but they were defeated by the Hungarians in the Battle of Pákozd on 29 September. An open war began for the independence of Hungary. The Habsburgs incited the nationalities against the Hungarians. The Rusyns, the Slovenes and most of the Slovaks and Germans supported the cause persistently, but the Vlachs (Romanians) and the Serbians turned against the Hungarians. The glorious Spring Campaign in 1849 led by General Görgei Artúr liberated almost all of Hungary. On 1 May 1849, Emperor Franz Joseph, effectively admitting defeat, asked for the help of Tsar Nicholas I of Russia, who sent an intervention army of 200,000 soldiers against Hungary. The resistance became hopeless against the overwhelming enemy forces and on 13 August Görgei Artúr surrendered to the Russians at Világos. Bloody reprisals followed, and on 6 October 1849, 12 generals and a colonel of the Hungarian Revolution, the martyrs of Arad, were executed in Arad. On the same day, Batthyány Lajos, the first Hungarian Prime Minister, was executed by firing squad in Pest. The Habsburgs introduced total authoritarianism in Hungary, but they also failed to fulfil their promises to the nationalities that had betrayed the Hungarians.
1717
King Charles III of Hungary (Emperor Charles VI) donated the fortress to the Vlach Greek Catholic church.
1786
The fortress was turned into a prison by order of Emperor Joseph II.
1841
The moats were drained and the bastions and walls were gradually demolished.
1857-61
The prison was expanded to the east with a new three storey wing, destroying the defences located there. Its most famous prisoner was Rózsa Sándor, the bandit of the Great Hungarian Plain, who was brought here on May 1873 and also died here in 1878. His grave has still been preserved in the prison cemetery. The fortress still functions as a prison and is closed to the public.
1867
Austro-Hungarian Compromise
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1867
The Habsburg Empire was weakened by the defeats it suffered in the implementation of Italian and German unity. The Hungarians wanted to return to the reform laws of 1848, but they did not have the strength to do so. Emperor Franz Joseph and the Hungarian opposition, led by Deák Ferenc, finally agreed to restructure the Empire and abolish absolutism. Hungary was given autonomy in its internal affairs, with its own government and parliament, which was essential for the development of its economy and culture. However, foreign and military affairs remained in the hands of the Habsburgs and served their aspiration for becoming a great power. The majority wanted Hungary's independence, but they were excluded from political power.
4 June 1920
Trianon Dictate
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4 June 1920
Hungary was forced to sign the Treaty of Trianon, although the country was not invited to the peace talks. Hungary lost two thirds of its territory that had belonged to it for more than 1000 years. One-third of the Hungarian population came under foreign rule. On the basis of the national principle, countries with a more mixed and less ethnically balanced composition than the former Hungary were created, such as Czechoslovakia and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later Yugoslavia). For example, while 48% of the population of the territory ceded to Czechoslovakia was Slovak and 30% Hungarian, 54% of the population of the former Hungary was Hungarian and 10.6% Slovak. And in the territory that is now part of Serbia, the Hungarians outnumbered the Serbs. The part of the territory allocated to Romania from Hungary was larger than the remaining territory of Hungary, despite the fact that there were 10 million Hungarians and less than 3 million Romanians in the former Hungary. While Hungary used to have the most liberal nationality policy in Europe, the successor states had no respect at all for the national and cultural rights of the indigenous Hungarians and engaged in forced assimilation. The Trianon Dictate destroyed the organic economic unity of the region. Before the First World War, Hungary had a dynamic economy, more advanced than Spain's. After 1920, the successor states formed the so-called "Little Entente", putting Hungary under an economic blockade and sabotaging it on the international stage.
1958-64
Political prisoners were held captive in the prison exclusively, including many Hungarians. Two members of the group of Érmihályfalva, the Calvinist pastor Sass Kálmán and the teacher dr. Hollós István, were executed here on 2 December 1958. Two young men, Reisz Ferenc and Bircze János, started to distribute anti-communist pamphlets in Érmihályfalva in 1956 after having heard the news of the Hungarian Revolution. The Securitate caught them quickly, and made them confess by means of torture against people who had long annoyed the communists. A show trial was started as a result of which 3 people were sentenced to death, 9 to life imprisonment and many others to imprisonment spanning from 5 to 25 years. The death penalty of the Calvinist pastor Balaskó Vilmos was later ’commuted’ to forced labour for the rest of his life. Romania still hasn’t rehabilitated the victims.
Source: varak.hu , Wikipedia, lexikon.adatbank.transindex.ro: A SZAMOSÚJVÁRI VÁR, A MAI BÖRTÖN, SZAMOSÚJVÁR , wikipedia: Szamosújvári vár , arcanum.hu - Bánlaky József: A magyar nemzet hadtörténelme
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{"item":"castle","set":{"castleId":154,"townId":0,"active":1,"name_LO":"","settlement_HU":"Szamos\u00fajv\u00e1r","settlement_LO":"Gherla","address":"Strada Andrei Mure\u0219anu 4","listorder":35,"gps_lat":"47.0360810000","gps_long":"23.9085890000","oldcounty":30,"country":4,"division":18,"cond":1,"entrance":0,"varaklink":"https:\/\/varak.hu\/kereses\/index\/Telepules-vagy-megnevezes\/szamos%C3%BAjv%C3%A1r","homepage":"","openinghours":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Unknown author, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Szamos%C3%BAjv%C3%A1ri_v%C3%A1r.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Szamos\u00fajv\u00e1ri v\u00e1r\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/97\/Szamos%C3%BAjv%C3%A1ri_v%C3%A1r.jpg\/512px-Szamos%C3%BAjv%C3%A1ri_v%C3%A1r.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Szamos%C3%BAjv%C3%A1ri_v%C3%A1r.jpg\u0022\u003EUnknown author\u003C\/a\u003E, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Szamos\u00fajv\u00e1r Castle","georegion":"Mez\u0151s\u00e9g","description":"","nameorigin":"","history":"#1|@#3|@#5|@1291|The settlement was mentioned for the first time. It was called Gerlahida after the important river crossing. The village belonged to the nearby B\u00e1lv\u00e1nyos Castle at that time.@early 15th century|the settlement was owned by Sz\u00e1ntai Laczk Jakab, vajda of Transylvania.@1456|The B\u00e1nffy aristocratic family acquired the settlement.@1467|King Matthias of Hungary extended the tax of the royal treasury (tributum fisci regalis) and the Crown\u2019s customs (vectigal coronae) to Transylvania as well. An uprising broke out and they wanted to put vajda Szentgy\u00f6rgyi J\u00e1nos of Transylvania on the throne. King Matthias quickly marched into Transylvania with his army, and the conspirators surrendered without any resistance. Szentgy\u00f6rgyi pleaded for mercy and was pardoned, but was removed from his position.@1467|B\u00e1nffy L\u00e1szl\u00f3 and Zsigmond participated in the conspiracy against King Matthias of Hungary. The king confiscated the prospering oppidum (serf town) from them and donated it to his favoured supporter Bishop V\u00e1rdai J\u00e1nos of V\u00e1rad.@#8|@1539|The confident advisor of King John I of Hungary George Martinuzzi ordered the construction of a fortress, which was built according to the plans of the Italian military engineer Domenico da Bologna complying with the most modern military standards of the era. Most of the construction materials were extracted from the demolition of the already abandoned B\u00e1lv\u00e1nyos Castle. The fortress was completed in 1542. Its purpose was to prevent the Habsburg forces from entering Transylvania.@1540|King John I died. George Martinuzzi became the guardian of his child John Sigismund (later John II), and the de facto ruler of the country. He set up one of his residences in the lavish Renaissance palace of Szamos\u00fajv\u00e1r, where his treasures were also guarded.@#9|@1549|At Ny\u00edrb\u00e1tor, George Martinuzzi made a secret agreement with the envoys of King Ferdinand I, B\u00e1thory Andr\u00e1s and General Niklas Salm, on behalf of John II and his mother Queen Isabella, without her being aware of it. According to this, Queen Isabella and her child John II renounced the Hungarian throne in favour of King Ferdinand I, and they received the duchies of Oppeln And Ratibor in Silesia in exchange.@1551|General Castaldo and George Martinuzzi forced Queen Isabella to renounce the throne. The Queen and her son left for Poland. Imperial mercenaries marched into Transylvania under the command of Giovanni Batista Castaldo. George Martinuzzi was appointed vajda of Transylvania and Archbishop of Esztergom, and Pope Julius III raised him to the rank of cardinal. They drove back the voivodes of Moldova and Wallachia sent by the Sultan against Transylvania.@November 5, 1551|The soldiers of George Martinuzzi besieged Lippa held by the Turks. After weeks of fighting, Father George allowed Pasha Ulema a free retreat, and also sent the annual tax to the Sultan, so as not to incur the full wrath of the Turks. This gesture aroused the suspicions of General Castaldo, who believed that George Martinuzzi was in collusion with the Turks. The Court ordered him to do as he willed, as soon as his suspicion became certain.@December 17, 1551|George Martinuzzi was assassinated by the imperial mercenaries of General Castlado in his castle in Alvinc. After the ruthless murder, his corpse lay in the pool of his blood in the castle for 70 days until it was discovered. He was buried in the St. Michael's Cathedral in Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r only in March 1552. Martinuzzi's immense fortune was seized by General Castaldo on behalf of King Ferdinand I. According to contemporary sources, the foreign mercenaries loaded 250,000 Hungarian forints, 889 marks of gold bullion, 2453 marks of silver, 4000 Lysimachus gold coins, hoards of gold chains and silverwares onto the wagons, and Father George\u2019s stud of 300 stallions was also stolen. Ferdinand I donated the lordship of Szamos\u00fajv\u00e1r to B\u00e1thory Andr\u00e1s of Ecsed, who was also appointed vajda of Transylvania. B\u00e1thory appointed Dob\u00f3 Istv\u00e1n captain of Szamos\u00fajv\u00e1r, after Dob\u00f3 heroically defended Eger Castle from the Turks in 1552.@1556|The Estates of Transylvania, dissatisfied with Habsburg rule, recalled Queen Isabella to the throne, to which the Sultan gave his consent. On her return, she regained control of eastern Hungary.@November 26, 1556|The army of Kendi Ferenc besieged Szamos\u00fajv\u00e1r. Dob\u00f3 Istv\u00e1n finally surrendered the castle after five months of siege by order of King Ferdinand I. Dob\u00f3 was imprisoned, but he managed to escape after one year. Szamos\u00fajv\u00e1r was later owned by the princes of Transylvania, who kept its defences up to date.@#10|@#12|@1594|Prince B\u00e1thory Zsigmond renounced the throne in favour of B\u00e1thory Boldizs\u00e1r, but, instigated by Bocskai Istv\u00e1n, he soon returned to power and had B\u00e1thory Boldizs\u00e1r and his followers killed.@August, 1594|Prince B\u00e1thory Zsigmond of Transylvania captured the leaders of the faction, which opposed his plan to make an alliance with the Habsburgs against the Turks. His cousin B\u00e1thory Boldizs\u00e1r and Chancellor Kovacs\u00f3czy Farkas were executed in the prison of Szamos\u00fajv\u00e1r Castle on 13 September by his order.@October 17, 1599|Instigated by Emperor Rudolf, Voivode Mihai (Viteazul) of Wallachia broke into Transylvania through the Bodza Pass, after Prince B\u00e1thory Zsigmond, contrary to his promise, hand over power over Transylvania to his cousin Cardinal B\u00e1thory Andr\u00e1s instead of Emperor Rudolf. Voivode Mihai sided with the Sz\u00e9kelys, who were dissatisfied with the B\u00e1thory dynasty, by promising to restore their rights, and with their help he defeated the army of Prince B\u00e1thory Andr\u00e1s at Sellenberk on 28 October.@November 1, 1599|Voivode Mihai Viteazul of Wallachia marched into Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r, the capitol of Transylvania, and took over power as governor appointed by Emperor Rudolf. But soon he started to act on his own behalf and introduced a reign of terror. He arbitrarily appointed Wallachian boyars to every position, looted the treasury and his unpaid mercenaries plundered and murdered throughout the land. The Vlach peasants rose up and started to exterminate Hungarian and Saxon population in Transylvania, which had a Hungarian majority at that time.@1599|Voivode Mihai of Wallachia captured the castle.@September 18, 1600|Voivode Mihai of Wallachia was defeated in the battle of Miriszl\u00f3 and driven out by the combined armies of the Transylvanian nobility led by B\u00e1thory Zsigmond and General Basta\u2019s imperial mercenaries. At the beginning of next year, the Estates of Transylvanian broke with the Emperor and B\u00e1thory Zsigmond was elected prince once more.@August 3, 1601|The combined armies of General Basta and Voivode Mihai of Wallachia defeated the Transylvanian army of Prince B\u00e1thory Zsigmond in the battle of Goroszl\u00f3. After that, the army of Voivode Mihai sacked and burned the towns of Torda, Nagyenyed and Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r, where they robbed the tombs of the Hunyadi family, King John II of Hungary and his mother Queen Isabella. Then, on 19 August, Voivode Mihai was assassinated by the mercenaries of General Basta, because Mihai tried to usurp the throne of Transylvania once again. Genral Basta also introduced a reign of terror in Transylvania and let his mercenaries ravage freely throughout the land.@early 17th century|The mercenaries of General Basta sacked Szamos\u00fajv\u00e1r.@1601|Gyulafi L\u00e1szl\u00f3 took the castle back from the soldiers of General Basta temporarily, but then he had to surrender it.@#13|@1604|The army of Bocskai Istv\u00e1n liberated the castle from the mercenaries of Emperor Rudolf II.@#14|@April 26, 1609|The country assembly of Transylvania held in Kolozsv\u00e1r gave it to Kendi Istv\u00e1n with the consent of Prince B\u00e1thory G\u00e1bor of Transylvania.@1610|Kornis Boldizs\u00e1r and Kendi Istv\u00e1n conspired against Prince B\u00e1thory G\u00e1bor, who raped the wife of Kornis Boldizs\u00e1r, and was guilty of other violent acts as well. Kendi Istv\u00e1n invited the Prince to stay at Szamos\u00fajv\u00e1r on his way to the country assembly held in Beszterce. But the Prince rejected th invitation and stayed at Sz\u00e9k instead. Kendi convinced his head groom T\u00f6r\u00f6k J\u00e1nos to kill the Prince here in exchange for an estate of 25 serf houses. But T\u00f6r\u00f6k rather confessed everything to the Prince.@March 21, 1610|Kendi Istv\u00e1n fled to Szamos\u00fajv\u00e1r after the unsuccessful attempt against Prince B\u00e1thory G\u00e1bor of Transylvania at Sz\u00e9k.@between 1619 and 1652|Constructions were carried out several times.@#15|@#16|@1638|The condemned Sabbatarians were transported to Szamos\u00fajv\u00e1r to work on the construction of the castle ramparts by order of Prince R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Gy\u00f6rgy I of Transylvania, until they were willing to abandon their faith. The Sabbatarians were mostly Sz\u00e9kelys, who restored most of the regulations of Judaism, rejected the New Testament and considered Jesus only a human being.@#17|@#18|@1657|Prince R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Gy\u00f6rgy II of Transylvania launched a campaign for the crown of Poland in alliance with Carl X Gustaf of Sweden. His aim was to unite the Hungarian-Polish-Wallachian forces against the Turks. The campaign started successfully with the prince taking Krak\u00f3w and Warsawa, but then the King of Sweden abandoned him. The vengeful Poles invaded northern Transylvania, burning defenceless villages, destroying churches and castles. Soon the punitive campaign of Turkish and Tatar armies devastated Transylvania, as the prince launched his Polish campaign against the Sultan's will.@1658|The Tartars ravaged and plundered throughout Transylvania and Grand Vizier K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc Mehmed captured Jen\u0151 Castle. The Estates of Transylvania sent Barcsay \u00c1kos to the camp of the grand vizier to beg for mercy. In return, the Grand Vizier demanded that the annual tax be raised from 15 to 40 thousand forints (gold coins) and that Lugos and Karansebes be ceded. This was the price for the Turks to leave Transylvania. The grand vizier appointed Barcsay prince on 14 September.@1659|Prince R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Gy\u00f6rgy II returned to Transylvania and forced Barcsay \u00c1kos to retreat to Szeben and besieged him.@May 22, 1660|In the battle of S\u00e1szfenes, Pasha Shejdi Ahmed of Buda defeated R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Gy\u00f6rgy II, who lost his life. The Tatar armies invaded Transylvania for the second time.@November 1660|Kem\u00e9ny J\u00e1nos, the former commander of R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Gy\u00f6rgy II, defeated the army of G\u00e1sp\u00e1r, the brother of Prince Barcsay Andr\u00e1s, at \u00d6rm\u00e9nyes. Barcsay G\u00e1sp\u00e1r fell in the battle. Then, on 31 December, Barcsay \u00c1kos renounced the throne. In 1661 Kem\u00e9ny J\u00e1nos had Barcsay \u00c1kos captured and murdered.@1661|The army of Pasha Seydi Ahmed of Buda marched into Transylvania, after the country assembly held in Beszterce on 23 April declared the independence of Transylvania from the Ottoman Empire and placed the country under the protection of Emperor Leopold I. On 14 September, Pasha Ali forced the country assembly to elect Apafi Mih\u00e1ly Prince of Transylvania in Marosv\u00e1s\u00e1rhely.@1661|The German mercenaries surrendered the fortress to the Turks, who sacked and burned the town. Then Prince Apafi Mih\u00e1ly I of Transylvania took possession of the fortress.@#23|@#25|@1687|The imperial mercenaries occupied the fortress according to the Pact of Bal\u00e1zsfalva between Charles V, Duke of Lorraine, and Prince Apafi Mih\u00e1ly I of Transylvania. It guaranteed the independence of Transylvania in return for provisioning the imperial army during the winter and a single payment of 700,000 German forints. The Habsburgs did not keep the pact.@#26|@#27|@1703-1711|The imperial mercenaries harassed the inhabitants of Szamos\u00fajv\u00e1r, who sympathized with the Hungarian war of independence led by R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Ferenc II. The castle was not destroyed since it was necessary for maintaining the centralized Habsburg power.@#28|@1717|King Charles III of Hungary (Emperor Charles VI) donated the fortress to the Vlach Greek Catholic church.@1786|The fortress was turned into a prison by order of Emperor Joseph II.@1841|The moats were drained and the bastions and walls were gradually demolished.@1857-61|The prison was expanded to the east with a new three storey wing, destroying the defences located there. Its most famous prisoner was R\u00f3zsa S\u00e1ndor, the bandit of the Great Hungarian Plain, who was brought here on May 1873 and also died here in 1878. His grave has still been preserved in the prison cemetery. The fortress still functions as a prison and is closed to the public.@#30|@#36|@1958-64|Political prisoners were held captive in the prison exclusively, including many Hungarians. Two members of the group of \u00c9rmih\u00e1lyfalva, the Calvinist pastor Sass K\u00e1lm\u00e1n and the teacher dr. Holl\u00f3s Istv\u00e1n, were executed here on 2 December 1958. Two young men, Reisz Ferenc and Bircze J\u00e1nos, started to distribute anti-communist pamphlets in \u00c9rmih\u00e1lyfalva in 1956 after having heard the news of the Hungarian Revolution. The Securitate caught them quickly, and made them confess by means of torture against people who had long annoyed the communists. A show trial was started as a result of which 3 people were sentenced to death, 9 to life imprisonment and many others to imprisonment spanning from 5 to 25 years. The death penalty of the Calvinist pastor Balask\u00f3 Vilmos was later \u2019commuted\u2019 to forced labour for the rest of his life. Romania still hasn\u2019t rehabilitated the victims.&lexikon.adatbank.transindex.ro: A SZAMOS\u00daJV\u00c1RI V\u00c1R, A MAI B\u00d6RT\u00d6N, SZAMOS\u00daJV\u00c1R|https:\/\/lexikon.adatbank.transindex.ro\/muemlek.php?id=370\nwikipedia: Szamos\u00fajv\u00e1ri v\u00e1r|https:\/\/hu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Szamos%C3%BAjv%C3%A1ri_v%C3%A1r"},"language":"en","region":"romania","regionid":4,"offer":[{"id":"112","settlement_HU":"Szal\u00e1rd","settlement_LO":"S\u0103lard","gps_lat":"47.2378340000","gps_long":"22.0440240000","cond":"6","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Utilizator:Grossecali at ro.wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0 <http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Cetatea_Adorjan_Salard.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022256\u0022 alt=\u0022Cetatea Adorjan Salard\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/2e\/Cetatea_Adorjan_Salard.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Cetatea_Adorjan_Salard.jpg\u0022\u003EUtilizator:Grossecali at ro.wikipedia\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Adorj\u00e1n","seolink":"adorjan-castle"},{"id":"113","settlement_HU":"V\u00e1ralm\u00e1s","settlement_LO":"Alma\u0219u","gps_lat":"46.9361130000","gps_long":"23.1472870000","cond":"6","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022almasu2012, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Le_ch%C3%A2teau_m%C3%A9dieval_de_Almasu_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Le ch\u00e2teau m\u00e9dieval de Almasu - panoramio\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/02\/Le_ch%C3%A2teau_m%C3%A9dieval_de_Almasu_-_panoramio.jpg\/512px-Le_ch%C3%A2teau_m%C3%A9dieval_de_Almasu_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Le_ch%C3%A2teau_m%C3%A9dieval_de_Almasu_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003Ealmasu2012\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Alm\u00e1s Castle; Rezs\u0151 Castle; Dezs\u0151 Castle","seolink":"almas-castle-cetatea-almasului"},{"id":"114","settlement_HU":"B\u00e1lv\u00e1nyosf\u00fcrd\u0151, Torja","settlement_LO":"B\u0103ile Balvanyos, Turia","gps_lat":"46.1137020000","gps_long":"25.9654040000","cond":"5","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Andrei kokelburg, CC BY-SA 3.0 RO \u003Chttps:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/ro\/deed.en\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Turia_Cetatea_Balvanyos_(3).JPG\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Turia Cetatea Balvanyos (3)\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/f4\/Turia_Cetatea_Balvanyos_%283%29.JPG\/512px-Turia_Cetatea_Balvanyos_%283%29.JPG\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Turia_Cetatea_Balvanyos_(3).JPG\u0022\u003EAndrei kokelburg\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/ro\/deed.en\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0 RO\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"B\u00e1lv\u00e1nyos Castle","seolink":"balvanyos-castle-cetatea-balvanyos"},{"id":"115","settlement_HU":"Szil\u00e1gysomly\u00f3","settlement_LO":"\u0218imleu Silvaniei","gps_lat":"47.2307430000","gps_long":"22.7991270000","cond":"4","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Ady Negrean, CC BY-SA 4.0 \u003Chttps:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Ruinele_Cetatii_B%C3%A1thory4.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Ruinele Cetatii B\u00e1thory4\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/59\/Ruinele_Cetatii_B%C3%A1thory4.jpg\/512px-Ruinele_Cetatii_B%C3%A1thory4.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Ruinele_Cetatii_B%C3%A1thory4.jpg\u0022\u003EAdy Negrean\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 4.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Szil\u00e1gysomly\u00f3, B\u00e1thory Castle","seolink":"szilagysomlyo-bathory-castle-castelul-simleu-silvaniei"},{"id":"116","settlement_HU":"Bork\u00fati v\u00f6lgy, Nagyb\u00e1nya","settlement_LO":"Valea Borcutului, Baia Mare","gps_lat":"47.6915750000","gps_long":"23.5204630000","cond":"7","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022VRicardo95, CC BY-SA 3.0 RO \u003Chttps:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/ro\/deed.en\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Cetatea_din_Baia_Mare,_punct_%22Valea_Borcutului%22.JPG\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Cetatea din Baia Mare, punct Valea Borcutului\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/6c\/Cetatea_din_Baia_Mare%2C_punct_%22Valea_Borcutului%22.JPG\/512px-Cetatea_din_Baia_Mare%2C_punct_%22Valea_Borcutului%22.JPG\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Cetatea_din_Baia_Mare,_punct_%22Valea_Borcutului%22.JPG\u0022\u003EVRicardo95\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/ro\/deed.en\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0 RO\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Nagyb\u00e1nya Castle ","seolink":"nagybanya-castle-cetatea-baia-mare"},{"id":"117","settlement_HU":"Gyergy\u00f3szentmikl\u00f3s","settlement_LO":"Gheorgheni","gps_lat":"46.7284390000","gps_long":"25.6346430000","cond":"7","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Ukiy, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Chapelle_ch%C3%A2teau_Both_Both_v%C3%A1rai_k%C3%A1polna.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Chapelle ch\u00e2teau Both Both v\u00e1rai k\u00e1polna\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/bb\/Chapelle_ch%C3%A2teau_Both_Both_v%C3%A1rai_k%C3%A1polna.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Chapelle_ch%C3%A2teau_Both_Both_v%C3%A1rai_k%C3%A1polna.jpg\u0022\u003EUkiy\u003C\/a\u003E, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Both Castle","seolink":"gyergyoszentmiklos-both-castle-gheorgheni"},{"id":"118","settlement_HU":"Cenk-hegy, Brass\u00f3","settlement_LO":"T\u00e2mpa, Bra\u0219ov","gps_lat":"45.6334490000","gps_long":"25.5921770000","cond":"6","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Ecologicmarket, CC BY-SA 3.0 \u003Chttps:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Tampa_Natural_Reservation_from_Brasov_Romania.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Tampa Natural Reservation from Brasov Romania\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/82\/Tampa_Natural_Reservation_from_Brasov_Romania.jpg\/512px-Tampa_Natural_Reservation_from_Brasov_Romania.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Tampa_Natural_Reservation_from_Brasov_Romania.jpg\u0022\u003EEcologicmarket\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca 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title=\u0022Nenea hartia, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Drencova_Romania.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Drencova Romania\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/eb\/Drencova_Romania.jpg\/512px-Drencova_Romania.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Drencova_Romania.jpg\u0022\u003ENenea hartia\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 4.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Drank\u00f3 Castle","seolink":"dranko-castle"},{"id":"124","settlement_HU":"Facs\u00e1d","settlement_LO":"F\u0103get","gps_lat":"45.8662280000","gps_long":"22.1741410000","cond":"6","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Yo6own, CC BY-SA 3.0 RO 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