Nagyvárad Castle
Cetatea Oradea
Nagyvárad Castle
Condition:
Renovated / Good
Entrance:
Entrance fee
Settlement:
Historical Hungarian county:
Bihar
Country:
Romania
County:
Bihor
Geographic region:
Körös Region, Great Hungarian Plain
GPS coordinates:
47.051582, 21.942853
Google map:
History
895
Arrival of the Hungarians
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895
The alliance of the seven Hungarian tribes took possession of the then largely uninhabited Carpathian Basin. Until then, the sparse Slavic population of the north-western Carpathians had lived under Moravian rule for a few decades after the collapse of the Avar Khaganate in the early 9th century.
1000
Foundation of the Hungarian Kingdom
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1000
The Kingdom of Hungary was established with the coronation of King Stephen I. He converted the Hungarians to Christianity and created two archdioceses (Esztergom and Kalocsa) and ten dioceses. He divided Hungary into counties led by ispáns, who were appointed by the king.
11th century
There was a smaller, circular shaped hillfort here. When László became the lord of the Duchy of Bihar, a residential tower was built on the western side of the fort. The settlement's name comes from the old Hungarian noun várad, meaning small castle. The nagy prefix distinguished it from Kisvárda.
after 1091
After the destructive attack of the Cumans, King László I of Hungary established a monastery dedicated to Virgin Mary inside the castle. The king moved the Diocese of Bihar here, and his nephew, Kálmán, became the bishop. Kálmán the Book-lover followed St. László on the throne.
11-12th century
The castle was expanded. It was surrounded with moat, its palisade was reinforced and later stone walls were erected.
1241-1242
Mongol Invasion
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1241-1242
The hordes of the Mongol Empire invaded Hungary and almost completely destroyed it. One third to one half of the population was destroyed. The Mongols also suffered heavy losses in the battle of Muhi and they could not hunt down the king. After their withdrawal, King Béla IV reorganized Hungary. He allowed the feudal lords to build stone castles because they were able to successfully resist the nomadic Mongols. The vast majority of stone castles were built after this. The king called in German, Vlach (Romanian) and Slavic settlers to replace the destroyed population.
1241
The Mongols besieged and occupied Várad on 15 April after a great fight. The town was destroyed and the people were either massacred or dragged to slavery. Canon Rogerius escaped from captivity and wrote his story in the Carmen Miserabile (Sorrowful Lament). The Register of Várad containing 389 legal cases miraculously survived the attack.
1244
The rebuilding was started by Bishop Vince. By the second half of the 13th century, the settlement had largely recovered from the Mongol invasion. The castle and its cathedral were restored. Várad's heyday was under the Hunyadi dynasty.
1301
The extinction of the House of Árpád
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1301
The House of Árpád, the first Hungarian royal dynasty, died out with the death of King Andrew III. Hungary was ruled by oligarchs, the most powerful of whom was Csák Máté, whose main ally was the Aba family. King Charles I (1308-1342), supported by the Pope, eventually emerged as the most prominent of the contenders for the Hungarian throne. But it took decades to break the power of the oligarchs.
1456
Siege of Nándorfehérvár (Belgrade)
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1456
The Turkish army of Sultan Mehmed II, the conqueror of Constantinople, besieged the castle of Nándorfehérvár (Belgrade), which was the southern gateway to Hungary. But the Hungarian army, led by Hunyadi János, won a decisive victory over the twice to three times larger Turkish army. The Pope had earlier ordered that church bells should be rung every noon to pray for the victory of the defenders. Hunyadi János died of plague in the camp after the battle.
early 1474
While the army of King Matthias was in Moravia, Ali, Bey of Smederevo, crossed the Danube and attacked Várad on 27 February. Finally, after two days of fruitless siege, they sacked and burned the town. Bishop Filipecz János immediately began the restoration of the castle and built new, stronger walls and bastions.
1514
The peasant army led by the priest Lőrinc burned the town and besieged the castle, which was defended by Captain Pöstyén Gergely. A peasants abandoned the siege and left for Bihar after having heard of the approach of the noble army led by Captain Tomori Pál of Fogaras.
1526
Battle of Mohács and the splitting of Hungary into two parts
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1526
Sultan Suleiman I launched a war against Vienna, instigated by the French. Ferdinand I, Duke of Austria, was the brother-in-law of King Louis II of Hungary. The army of the Ottoman Empire defeated the much smaller Hungarian army at Mohács, and King Louis II died in the battle. A group of the barons elected Ferdinand I of the House of Habsburg to the throne, who promised to defend Hungary from the Turks. He was the younger brother of the most powerful European monarch Emperor Charles V. But the nobility chose the most powerful Hungarian baron, Szapolyai János, who was also crowned as King John I. The country was split in two and a decades-long struggle for power began.
1534
King John I of Hungary appointed Martinuzzi György bishop of Várad. Várad became the capitol of the eastern part of Hungary ruled by King John I.
February 24, 1538
The two kings of Hungary, King Ferdinand and King John I, made peace in Várad and recognized each other as legitimate rulers.
1541
The Turkish occupation of the capital, Buda, and the division of Hungary into three parts
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1541
The Turks conquered Buda, the capital of Hungary, after the death of King John I. The central part of the country was under Turkish rule for 150 years. The western and northern parts (including present-day Slovakia) formed the Kingdom of Hungary ruled by the Habsburg emperors. The eastern parts (now mainly under Romanian rule) were ruled by the successors of King John I of Hungary, who later established the Principality of Transylvania.
after 1541
Bishop Martinuzzi (Fráter) György of Várad reinforced the castle significantly, being afraid of the Turks, who occupied Buda, the capitol of Hungary. He built a new defensive wall on the west side and a new bastion tower west of the gate.
1551
General Castaldo and George Martinuzzi forced Queen Isabella to renounce the throne. The Queen and her son left for Poland. Imperial mercenaries marched into Transylvania under the command of Giovanni Batista Castaldo. George Martinuzzi was appointed vajda of Transylvania and Archbishop of Esztergom, and Pope Julius III raised him to the rank of cardinal. They drove back the voivodes of Moldova and Wallachia sent by the Sultan against Transylvania. The Turks then launched a punitive campaign against Hungary the following year.
November 5, 1551
The soldiers of George Martinuzzi besieged Lippa held by the Turks. After weeks of fighting, Father George allowed Pasha Ulema a free retreat, and also sent the annual tax to the Sultan, so as not to incur the full wrath of the Turks. This gesture aroused the suspicions of General Castaldo, who believed that George Martinuzzi was in collusion with the Turks. The Court ordered him to do as he willed, as soon as his suspicion became certain.
December 17, 1551
George Martinuzzi was assassinated by the imperial mercenaries of General Castlado in his castle in Alvinc. After the ruthless murder, his corpse lay in the pool of his blood in the castle for 70 days until it was discovered. He was buried in the St. Michael's Cathedral in Gyulafehérvár only in March 1552. Martinuzzi's immense fortune was seized by General Castaldo on behalf of King Ferdinand I. According to contemporary sources, the foreign mercenaries loaded 250,000 Hungarian forints, 889 marks of gold bullion, 2453 marks of silver, 4000 Lysimachus gold coins, hoards of gold chains and silverwares onto the wagons, and Father George’s stud of 300 stallions was also stolen. Ferdinand I donated the lordship of Szamosújvár to Báthory András of Ecsed, who was also appointed vajda of Transylvania. Báthory appointed Dobó István captain of Szamosújvár, after Dobó heroically defended Eger Castle from the Turks in 1552.
1556
The Estates of Transylvania, dissatisfied with Habsburg rule, recalled Queen Isabella to the throne, to which the Sultan gave his consent. On her return, she regained control of eastern Hungary.
June 13, 1557
Varkoch Tamás, the supporter of Queen Isabella, captured Várad with the Transylvanian army after 9 months of siege. The town and the castle were nearly completely destroyed in the siege. He confiscated the properties of the cathedral chapter, which marked the victory of Reformation. The Diocese of Várad established by Saint László ceased to exist.
1569-1570
The restoration of the fortifications began. Because of the pending Turkish attack, a new and stronger fortress had to be built. The construction was ordered by Captain Báthory István of Várad, who was elected Prince of Transylvania in 1571 after the death of King John II. Around the irregular circle shaped medieval castle, which incorporated the cathedral, a regular pentagonal bastion fort was built.
1570
The establishment of the Principality of Transylvania
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1570
John II (John Sigismund), the son of King John I of Hungary, renounced the title of King of Hungary in favor of King Maximilian of the House of Habsburg, and henceforth held the title of Prince. This formally created the Principality of Transylvania, which was the eastern half of Hungary not ruled by the Habsburgs and was also a vassal of the Ottoman Empire. John II died in 1571, after which the three nations of Transylvania (the Hungarian nobility, the Székelys and the Saxons) elected the prince.
between 1570-1595
The new and modern fortress planned by Italian engineers was constructed. It had five gigantic bastions surrounded with a deep and wide moat. One of the bastions was later rebuilt by Prince Bethlen Gábor of Transylvania. Várad became the most important element in the border defence system of the Principality of Transylvania. Its captain was second in command after the prince. Some captains later became princes, for example Bocskai István and Rákóczi György II.
1591-1606
Fifteen Years' War
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1591-1606
The Ottoman Empire started a war against the Habsburg Empire. The war was waged in the territory of Hungary. The Turks defeated the combined armies of the Habsburg Empire and the Principality of Transylvania in the battle of Mezőkeresztes in 1596, but their victory was not decisive. The war devastated the Principality of Transylvania, which was occupied by the Habsburg army, and General Basta introduced a reign of terror.
1594
Prince Báthory Zsigmond of Transylvania renounced the throne in favour of the king (Habsburg emperor), but he soon changed his mind and returned to power. In the meanwhile the town swore loyalty to King Rudolf of Hungary, who took control of Várad with his army. Báthory Zsigmond enraged the Sultan with his intention to hand over power to the Habsburgs.
September 29, 1598
Pasha Omer encircled the newly built fortress with 50 thousand Tatar warriors. Várad was defended by hardly 2 thousand men under the command of Captain Királyi György and Colonel Nyáry Pál. After less than a month of siege, the Turks lifted the siege and left towards Szolnok on 3 November.
1604-1606
Uprising of Bocskai István
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1604-1606
The alliance of the Habsburgs and the Principality of Transylvania was defeated by the Ottoman Empire in the Fifteen Years' War. The war devastated Transylvania, which was occupied by the Habsburg imperial army, and General Basta introduced a reign of terror. The nobility and the burghers were upset about the terror, the plundering mercenaries and the violent Counter-Reformation. Bocskai István decided to lead their uprising after the Habsburg emperor tried to confiscate his estates. Bocskai also rallied the hajdú warriors to his side. He was elected Prince of Transylvania and soon liberated the Kingdom of Hungary from the Habsburgs. In 1605 Bocskai István was crowned King of Hungary with the crown he received from the Turks.
1604-1606
Bocskai István held Várad under siege for two years. Finally, having been starved out, the defenders surrendered the fortress to the Prince of Transylvania.
23 June 1606
Peace of Vienna
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23 June 1606
Bocski István made peace with Emperor Rudolf. Their agreement secured the constitutional rights of the Estates of Hungary, and the freedom of religion. The counties of Szatmár, Bereg and Ugocsa were annexed to the Principality of Transylvania. Bocskai died of illness in the same year, leaving to his successors the idea of unifying Hungary from Transylvania.
1606
The Peace of Vienna left Várad in the hands of the Principality of Transylvania permanently.
1613-1618
During the captaincy of Rhédey Ferenc, the defences were renewed and the Bethlen bastion rebuilt. The constructions were ordered by Prince Bethlen Gábor of Transylvania. After the death of Bethlen, Prince Rákóczi György I continued the constructions. The damages done to the Csonka and Királyfia bastions by the siege in 1598 were repaired at that time. The medieval cathedral was demolished and the construction of a new church was decided.
between 1618-1648
The inner (medieval) castle was remodelled to pentagonal shape with five bastions.
1619
Prince Bethlen Gábor of Transylvania started to build a Renaissance palace inside the castle in place of the medieval buildings, which was only finished around 1650 during the reign of Prince Rákóczi György II. This was the largest Renaissance palace in Eastern Central Europe. The palace was later converted to a barracks.
1619
The campaign of Prince Bethlen Gábor of Transylvania in the Thirty Years' War
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1619
At the beginning of the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648), Prince Bethlen Gábor of Transylvania went to war against the Habsburg emperor as an ally of the rebelling Czech-Moravian-Austrian estates. The whole Kingdom of Hungary joined him, only the Austrian defenders of Pozsony had to be put to the sword. With his allies, he laid siege to Vienna. However, he was forced to abandon the siege because the Habsburg-loyal Hungarian aristocrat Homonnai Drugeth György attacked his heartland with Polish mercenaries. On 25 August 1620, the Diet of Besztercebánya elected Bethlen Gábor King of Hungary as vassal of the Turks. He continued to fight after the defeat of the Czechs at White Mountain on 8 November 1620, but without real chance to achieve decisive victory, he decided to come to an agreement with Emperor Ferdinand II.
31 December 1621
Peace of Nikolsburg
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31 December 1621
Prince Bethlen Gábor of Transylvania made peace with Emperor Ferdinand II. Their agreement secured the constitutional rights of the Estates of Hungary, and later it was supplemented with the freedom of religion. Bethlen renounced the title of King of Hungary in exchange for seven counties of the Upper Tisza region (Szabolcs, Szatmár, Bereg, Ugocsa, Zemplén, Borsod, Abaúj) for the rest of his life, other estates in Hungary as his private property and the imperial title of Duke of Oppeln and Ratibor (Opole and Racibórz), one of the Duchies of Silesia. Prince Bethlen went to war against the Habsburgs in 1623 and 1626, but was unable to negotiate more favourable terms.
1644-1645
The campaign of Prince Rákóczi György I of Transylvania in the Thirty Years' War
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1644-1645
Prince Rákóczi György I of Transylvania allied with the Swedes and the French in the Thirty Years' War and went to war against the Habsburg Emperor Ferdinand III. On 18 July 1645 his army joined forces with Torstenson's Swedish army under Brno (Moravia). The excellent artillery of Transylvania opened fire on the city walls. However, Rákóczi had to give up the siege, having been informed that the Turks were planning a punitive campaign against Transylvania, because he went to war against the Sultan's prohibition.
16 December 1645
Peace of Linz
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16 December 1645
Prince Rákóczi György I of Transylvania made peace with Emperor Ferdinand III. It secured the freedom of religion for the Protestants and extended it also to the serfs. Rákóczi received the same seven Hungarian counties that Prince Bethlen Gábor had also held (Abauj, Zemplén, Borsod, Bereg, Ugocsa, Szabolcs, Szatmár) until his death, and the counties of Szabolcs and Szatmár were also to be inherited by his sons. The Rákóczi family also received several new estates.
1657
Prince Rákóczi György II of Transylvania launched a campaign for the crown of Poland in alliance with Carl X Gustaf of Sweden. His aim was to unite the Hungarian-Polish-Wallachian forces against the Turks. The campaign started successfully with the prince taking Kraków and Warsawa, but then the King of Sweden abandoned him. The vengeful Poles invaded northern Transylvania, burning defenceless villages, destroying churches and castles. Soon the punitive campaign of Turkish and Tatar armies devastated Transylvania, as the prince launched his Polish campaign against the Sultan's will.
1658
The Tartars ravaged and plundered throughout Transylvania and Grand Vizier Köprülü Mehmed captured Jenő Castle. The Estates of Transylvania sent Barcsay Ákos to the camp of the grand vizier to beg for mercy. In return, the Grand Vizier demanded that the annual tax be raised from 15 to 40 thousand forints (gold coins) and that Lugos and Karansebes be ceded. This was the price for the Turks to leave Transylvania. The grand vizier appointed Barcsay prince on 14 September.
1659
Prince Rákóczi György II returned to Transylvania and forced Barcsay Ákos to retreat to Szeben and besieged him.
May 22, 1660
The armies of Prince Rákóczi György II of Transylvania and Pasha Seydi Ahmed of Buda clashed in the battle of Szászfenes. The prince suffered a deadly wound and died on 7 June. The Tatar armies invaded Transylvania for the second time.
July 13, 1660
The united army of Pasha Ali of Temesvár and Pasha Seydi Ahmed of Buda besieged Várad and captured it on 28 August. The 850 defenders resisted for 46 days against the 60 thousand Turks. Captain Balogh Máté, after his garrison depleted to 330 men, the walls were partly crumbled, and they were out of food, surrendered the fortress. The Calvinist College fled to Debrecen (Hungary), where it still operates. The Turks destroyed the famous statues of the saint kings of Hungary.
1664
Rákóczi László attempted to liberate Várad, but he was wounded lethally in the siege, and his army retreated.
1664
Victory over the Turks at Szentgotthárd and the shameful Peace of Vasvár
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1664
The imperial army achieved a significant victory over the Turks at the battle of Szentgotthárd. Despite this, Emperor Leopold I concluded a 20-year peace treaty with the Turks at Vasvár on terms that made it look as if the Turks had won. This caused a huge outcry in Europe and among the Hungarian nobility, who expected the country to be liberated after the victory. The formerly Habsburg-loyal Catholic Hungarian barons began to plot against the Emperor with the leadership of Wesselényi Ferenc. In 1668, at the end of the Franco-Spanish War, King Louis XIV of France withdrew his support for the conspiracy, and the support of the Turks was not obtained.
1671
Exposure of the Wesselényi conspiracy
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1671
After the exposure of the anti-Hapsburg Wesselényi conspiracy, the main organisers, Zrínyi Péter, Nádasdy Ferenc and Frangepán Ferenc were executed. Wesselényi Ferenc died in 1667. The Croatian uprising, which was part of the conspiracy, was crushed by the Habsburgs in 1670.
after 1671
Kuruc Movement
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after 1671
Many noble, burgher and preacher fled to the Principality of Transylvania and the territory under Turkish occupation from the reprisals after the exposure of the anti-Habsburg Wesselényi-conspiracy and from the violent Counter-Reformation. They were joined by dismissed Hungarian soldiers of the Turkish border forts, who were replaced by German mercenaries. They were called the fugitives (bujdosók). They started an armed movement against the Habsburg rule. Because of the Turkish ban, the Principality of Transylvania could not openly support them. From 1677, the French supported their cause with money and Polish mercenaries. They achieved their first serious success when they temporarily occupied the mining towns of northern Hungary (now central Slovakia) under the command of Thököly lmre. He then became the sole leader of the movement. In 1679, the French made peace with Emperor Leopold I and withdrew their support for the fugitives. Between 1678 and 1681 Thököly Imre led successful raids against the Habsburgs and their supporters in the territory of the Kingdom of Hungary. The insurgents were called kurucs.
1682
Thököly Imre, Prince of Upper Hungary
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1682
Thököly Imre, the leader of the kuruc insurgents, gained the support of the Turks. He launched a campaign against the Habsburgs in the Kingdom of Hungary. With the support of the Turkish army, he occupied the town of Kassa and also the important stronghold of Fülek. He was then recognized by the Turks as King of Hungary, but he chose the title of Prince of Upper Hungary.
1683
Turkish defeat at Vienna and the formation of the Holy League
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1683
The combined armies of the Habsburg Empire and the Kingdom of Poland defeated the Turkish army besieging Vienna. Emperor Leopold I wanted to make peace with the Turks, but was refused by Sultan Mehmed IV. In 1684, at the persistent urging of Pope Innocent XI, the Holy League, an alliance of the Kingdom of Poland, the Habsburg Empire, the Republic of Venice and the Papal States, was formed to expel the Turks from Hungary. Thököly Imre, who had allied himself with the Turks, was gradually driven out of northern Hungary.
1685
The Turkish captivity of Thököly Imre and the fall of the kuruc movement
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1685
The Pasha of Várad captured Thököly Imre as he was asking for Turkish help and offered him to Emperor Leopold I for peace. But the Imperial emissaries laughed at his face, because, having the upper hand, they no longer cared for Thököly. On the news of his capture, the town of Kassa and the kuruc strongholds surrendered to the Emperor one after the other. The Turks, seeing their fatal mistake, released Thököly the following year and tried to restore his authority, but his power was broken forever and the Hungarian insurgents no longer trusted the Turks. Most of the insurgents joined the imperial army and helped to liberate the rest of Hungary from the Turks.
October 15, 1685
Thököly Imre asked the Pasha of Várad for help, but he captured Thököly instead. The remaining authority of the Hungarian prince vanished due to the mistake of the Turks. The pasha arranged him a reception with great splendour on 1 February, 1686, but it was too late. Much of the disillusioned Hungarian insurgents of Thököly joined the Habsburg emperor by that time.
1686
Recapture of Buda and the liberation of Hungary from the Turks
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1686
The army of the Holy League recaptured Buda from the Turks by siege. In 1687, the Imperial army invaded the Principality of Transylvania. The liberation was hindered by the French breaking their promise of peace in 1688 and attacking the Habsburg Empire. By 1699, when the Peace of Karlóca was signed, all of Hungary and Croatia had been liberated from the Ottoman Empire with the exception of Temesköz, the area bounded by the Maros, the Tisza and the Danube rivers. It was not until the Peace of Požarevac in 1718 that Temesköz was liberated from the Turks. However, the continuous war against the Turkish invaders and the Habsburg autocracy, which lasted for more than 150 years, wiped out large areas of the Hungarian population, which had previously made up 80% of the country's population, and was replaced by Vlachs (Romanians), Serbs and other Slavic settlers and Germans. The Habsburgs also favoured the settlement of these foreign peoples over the 'rebellious' Hungarians.
1689
Louis William, Margrave of Baden-Baden, besieged Várad unsuccessfully.
August 21, 1690
Thököly Imre, the former leader of the anti-Habsburg Hungarian kuruc uprising, crossed the mountains with Turkish and Wallachian auxiliaries, attacked the imperial army of General Heisler from behind and defeated him.
September 21, 1690
The nobility of Transylvania joined Thököly Imre and he was elected Prince of Transylvania in Szeben. Soon the combined armies of Castelli and Heisler pushed him out of Transylvania.
1690
Transylvania became part of the Kingdom of Hungary again, with internal autonomy and freedom of religion
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1690
According to the Diploma Leopoldinum issued by Emperor Leopold I, Transylvania became part of the Kingdom of Hungary again and Hungarian law remained in force. The three nations (the Hungarians, the Székelys – who are also Hungarians –, and the Saxons) administered its internal affairs with autonomy and the freedom of religion was also preserved. The incorporation of Transylvania into the Habsburg Empire was prevented by the temporary election of Thököly Imre as Prince of Transylvania in 1690 with Turkish help.
May - June 6, 1692
Donath Heissler, general of the imperial cavalry, liberated Várad from the Turks by siege. The town and the fortress were in ruins. The imperial military took Várad for itself and they started to repair the damaged walls, defences and buildings according to the plans of Ernst von Borgsdorf. The constructions went on slowly due to the constant lack of money.
1703-1711
Hungarian War of Independence led by Prince Rákóczi Ferenc II
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1703-1711
After the expulsion of the Turks, the Habsburgs treated Hungary as a newly conquered province and did not respect its constitution. The serfs rose up against the Habsburg ruler because of the sufferings caused by the war and the heavy burdens, and they invited Rákóczi Ferenc II to lead them. Trusting in the help promised by King Louis XIV of France, he accepted. Rákóczi rallied the nobility to his side, and soon most of the country was under his control. The rebels were called the kurucs. In 1704, the French and the Bavarians were defeated at the Battle of Blenheim, depriving the Hungarians of their international allies. The Rusyn, Slovak and Vlach peasants and the Saxons of Szepes supported the fight for freedom, while the Serbs in the south and the Saxons in Transylvania served the Habsburgs. Due to lack of funds Rákóczi could not raise a strong regular army, and in 1710, Hungary was also hit by a severe plague. Rákóczi tried unsuccessfully to forge an alliance with Tsar Peter the Great of Russia. In his absence, without his knowledge, his commander-in-chief, Károlyi Sándor, accepted Emperor Joseph I's peace offer. The Peace of Szatmár formally restored the Hungarian constitution and religious freedom and granted amnesty, but did not ease the burden of serfdom. Rákóczi refused to accept the pardon and went into exile. He died in Rodosto, Turkey.
1703-1711
During the War of Independence led by Rákóczi Ferenc II, the insurgents could not occupy Várad even by holding it under siege for seven years. The insurgents, lacking the necessary siege equipments, tried to capture the castles by starving them out. But the population of Várad supported the defenders effectively.
18th century
Only a smaller garrison stationed in the fortress. The imperials took care of the fort, renovating and renewing it regularly in 1725, in 1754-1755 and in 1775-1777. The fort gained its present form due to these constructions.
1783
Emperor Joseph II converted the castle into a military barracks.
November 1793
450 French war prisoners were held captive here.
1848-1849
Hungarian Revolution and War of Independence
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1848-1849
Following the news of the Paris Revolution on 22 February 1848, the Hungarian liberal opposition led by Kossuth Lajos demanded the abolition of serfdom, the abolition of the tax exemption of the nobility, a parliament elected by the people, and an independent and accountable national government. The revolution that broke out in Pest on 15 March expressed its demands in 12 points, which, in addition to the above mentioned, included the freedom of the press, equality before the law, the release of the political prisoners and the union with Transylvania. A Hungarian government was formed, Batthyány Lajos became prime minister, and on 11 April Emperor Ferdinand V ratified the reform laws. On August 31 the Emperor demanded the repeal of the laws threatening with military intervention. In September the Emperor unleashed the army of Jelacic, Ban of Croatia, on Hungary, but they were defeated by the Hungarians in the Battle of Pákozd on 29 September. An open war began for the independence of Hungary. The Habsburgs incited the nationalities against the Hungarians. The Rusyns, the Slovenes and most of the Slovaks and Germans supported the cause persistently, but the Vlachs (Romanians) and the Serbians turned against the Hungarians. The glorious Spring Campaign in 1849 led by General Görgei Artúr liberated almost all of Hungary. On 1 May 1849, Emperor Franz Joseph, effectively admitting defeat, asked for the help of Tsar Nicholas I of Russia, who sent an intervention army of 200,000 soldiers against Hungary. The resistance became hopeless against the overwhelming enemy forces and on 13 August Görgei Artúr surrendered to the Russians at Világos. Bloody reprisals followed, and on 6 October 1849, 12 generals and a colonel of the Hungarian Revolution, the martyrs of Arad, were executed in Arad. On the same day, Batthyány Lajos, the first Hungarian Prime Minister, was executed by firing squad in Pest. The Habsburgs introduced total authoritarianism in Hungary, but they also failed to fulfil their promises to the nationalities that had betrayed the Hungarians.
1848
The town played an important role in the Hungarian War of Independence, because the town hosted the largest Hungarian military factory.
1848-49
The imperial garrison of the fortress under the command of General Glasser switched to the side of the Hungarian revolution. Due to its strategic position, it became one of the most important military centres of Hungary in 1849.
May 16, 1857
The decree of Emperor Franz Joseph ended the military function of the fortress, but it was still used by the military for supplementary purposes. It was repaired between 1883 and 1887. Between the two world wars, during the Romanian occupation, a gendarmerie school was in the fortress.
4 June 1920
Trianon Dictate
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4 June 1920
Hungary was forced to sign the Treaty of Trianon, although the country was not invited to the peace talks. Hungary lost two thirds of its territory that had belonged to it for more than 1000 years. One-third of the Hungarian population came under foreign rule. On the basis of the national principle, countries with a more mixed and less ethnically balanced composition than the former Hungary were created, such as Czechoslovakia and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later Yugoslavia). For example, while 48% of the population of the territory ceded to Czechoslovakia was Slovak and 30% Hungarian, 54% of the population of the former Hungary was Hungarian and 10.6% Slovak. And in the territory that is now part of Serbia, the Hungarians outnumbered the Serbs. The part of the territory allocated to Romania from Hungary was larger than the remaining territory of Hungary, despite the fact that there were 10 million Hungarians and less than 3 million Romanians in the former Hungary. While Hungary used to have the most liberal nationality policy in Europe, the successor states had no respect at all for the national and cultural rights of the indigenous Hungarians and engaged in forced assimilation. The Trianon Dictate destroyed the organic economic unity of the region. Before the First World War, Hungary had a dynamic economy, more advanced than Spain's. After 1920, the successor states formed the so-called "Little Entente", putting Hungary under an economic blockade and sabotaging it on the international stage.
after 1945
The fortress continued to serve military purpose and it was used by the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Ministry of Defence. During the decades of communism, Romanian authorities did everything to destroy, falsify or hide the proofs of the Hungarian past. The fort of Várad was left to decay. A high-rise block was built in order to hide it from curious eyes. A few years ago the town restored the fortress completely, partly from European sources. State-organized migration changed the ethnic ratios of the town in favour of the Romanians in the second half of the 20th century.
between 1947-52
The Securitate operated a prison camp in the northern corner of the inner castle.
Source: varak.hu , Wikipedia, oradea.ro: Nagyvárad történelme , arcanum.hu - Bánlaky József: A magyar nemzet hadtörténelme
Check out other castles in Transylvania as well!
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{"item":"castle","set":{"castleId":161,"townId":59,"active":1,"name_LO":"Cetatea Oradea","settlement_HU":"Nagyv\u00e1rad","settlement_LO":"Oradea","address":"","listorder":4,"gps_lat":"47.0515820000","gps_long":"21.9428530000","oldcounty":26,"country":4,"division":12,"cond":1,"entrance":1,"varaklink":"https:\/\/varak.hu\/latnivalo\/index\/1295-Nagyvarad-Var\/","homepage":"https:\/\/muzeulmoo.ro\/","openinghours":"https:\/\/muzeulmoo.ro\/viziteaza-muzeul-orasului-oradea\/","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Vertigoro, CC BY 2.5 \u003Chttps:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.5\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Cetatea_Oradea.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Cetatea Oradea\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b6\/Cetatea_Oradea.jpg\/512px-Cetatea_Oradea.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Cetatea_Oradea.jpg\u0022\u003EVertigoro\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.5\u0022\u003ECC BY 2.5\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Nagyv\u00e1rad Castle","georegion":"K\u00f6r\u00f6s Region, Great Hungarian Plain","description":"","nameorigin":"","history":"#1|@#3|@11th century|There was a smaller, circular shaped hillfort here. When L\u00e1szl\u00f3 became the lord of the Duchy of Bihar, a residential tower was built on the western side of the fort. The settlement's name comes from the old Hungarian noun v\u00e1rad, meaning small castle. The nagy prefix distinguished it from Kisv\u00e1rda.@after 1091|After the destructive attack of the Cumans, King L\u00e1szl\u00f3 I of Hungary established a monastery dedicated to Virgin Mary inside the castle. The king moved the Diocese of Bihar here, and his nephew, K\u00e1lm\u00e1n, became the bishop. K\u00e1lm\u00e1n the Book-lover followed St. L\u00e1szl\u00f3 on the throne.@11-12th century|The castle was expanded. It was surrounded with moat, its palisade was reinforced and later stone walls were erected.@#5|@1241|The Mongols besieged and occupied V\u00e1rad on 15 April after a great fight. The town was destroyed and the people were either massacred or dragged to slavery. Canon Rogerius escaped from captivity and wrote his story in the Carmen Miserabile (Sorrowful Lament). The Register of V\u00e1rad containing 389 legal cases miraculously survived the attack.@1244|The rebuilding was started by Bishop Vince. By the second half of the 13th century, the settlement had largely recovered from the Mongol invasion. The castle and its cathedral were restored. V\u00e1rad's heyday was under the Hunyadi dynasty.@#6|@#7|@early 1474|While the army of King Matthias was in Moravia, Ali, Bey of Smederevo, crossed the Danube and attacked V\u00e1rad on 27 February. Finally, after two days of fruitless siege, they sacked and burned the town. Bishop Filipecz J\u00e1nos immediately began the restoration of the castle and built new, stronger walls and bastions.@1514|The peasant army led by the priest L\u0151rinc burned the town and besieged the castle, which was defended by Captain P\u00f6sty\u00e9n Gergely. A peasants abandoned the siege and left for Bihar after having heard of the approach of the noble army led by Captain Tomori P\u00e1l of Fogaras.@#8|@1534|King John I of Hungary appointed Martinuzzi Gy\u00f6rgy bishop of V\u00e1rad. V\u00e1rad became the capitol of the eastern part of Hungary ruled by King John I.@February 24, 1538|The two kings of Hungary, King Ferdinand and King John I, made peace in V\u00e1rad and recognized each other as legitimate rulers.@#9|@after 1541|Bishop Martinuzzi (Fr\u00e1ter) Gy\u00f6rgy of V\u00e1rad reinforced the castle significantly, being afraid of the Turks, who occupied Buda, the capitol of Hungary. He built a new defensive wall on the west side and a new bastion tower west of the gate.@1551|General Castaldo and George Martinuzzi forced Queen Isabella to renounce the throne. The Queen and her son left for Poland. Imperial mercenaries marched into Transylvania under the command of Giovanni Batista Castaldo. George Martinuzzi was appointed vajda of Transylvania and Archbishop of Esztergom, and Pope Julius III raised him to the rank of cardinal. They drove back the voivodes of Moldova and Wallachia sent by the Sultan against Transylvania. The Turks then launched a punitive campaign against Hungary the following year.@November 5, 1551|The soldiers of George Martinuzzi besieged Lippa held by the Turks. After weeks of fighting, Father George allowed Pasha Ulema a free retreat, and also sent the annual tax to the Sultan, so as not to incur the full wrath of the Turks. This gesture aroused the suspicions of General Castaldo, who believed that George Martinuzzi was in collusion with the Turks. The Court ordered him to do as he willed, as soon as his suspicion became certain.@December 17, 1551|George Martinuzzi was assassinated by the imperial mercenaries of General Castlado in his castle in Alvinc. After the ruthless murder, his corpse lay in the pool of his blood in the castle for 70 days until it was discovered. He was buried in the St. Michael's Cathedral in Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r only in March 1552. Martinuzzi's immense fortune was seized by General Castaldo on behalf of King Ferdinand I. According to contemporary sources, the foreign mercenaries loaded 250,000 Hungarian forints, 889 marks of gold bullion, 2453 marks of silver, 4000 Lysimachus gold coins, hoards of gold chains and silverwares onto the wagons, and Father George\u2019s stud of 300 stallions was also stolen. Ferdinand I donated the lordship of Szamos\u00fajv\u00e1r to B\u00e1thory Andr\u00e1s of Ecsed, who was also appointed vajda of Transylvania. B\u00e1thory appointed Dob\u00f3 Istv\u00e1n captain of Szamos\u00fajv\u00e1r, after Dob\u00f3 heroically defended Eger Castle from the Turks in 1552.@1556|The Estates of Transylvania, dissatisfied with Habsburg rule, recalled Queen Isabella to the throne, to which the Sultan gave his consent. On her return, she regained control of eastern Hungary.@June 13, 1557|Varkoch Tam\u00e1s, the supporter of Queen Isabella, captured V\u00e1rad with the Transylvanian army after 9 months of siege. The town and the castle were nearly completely destroyed in the siege. He confiscated the properties of the cathedral chapter, which marked the victory of Reformation. The Diocese of V\u00e1rad established by Saint L\u00e1szl\u00f3 ceased to exist.@1569-1570|The restoration of the fortifications began. Because of the pending Turkish attack, a new and stronger fortress had to be built. The construction was ordered by Captain B\u00e1thory Istv\u00e1n of V\u00e1rad, who was elected Prince of Transylvania in 1571 after the death of King John II. Around the irregular circle shaped medieval castle, which incorporated the cathedral, a regular pentagonal bastion fort was built.@#10|@between 1570-1595|The new and modern fortress planned by Italian engineers was constructed. It had five gigantic bastions surrounded with a deep and wide moat. One of the bastions was later rebuilt by Prince Bethlen G\u00e1bor of Transylvania. V\u00e1rad became the most important element in the border defence system of the Principality of Transylvania. Its captain was second in command after the prince. Some captains later became princes, for example Bocskai Istv\u00e1n and R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Gy\u00f6rgy II.@#12|@1594|Prince B\u00e1thory Zsigmond of Transylvania renounced the throne in favour of the king (Habsburg emperor), but he soon changed his mind and returned to power. In the meanwhile the town swore loyalty to King Rudolf of Hungary, who took control of V\u00e1rad with his army. B\u00e1thory Zsigmond enraged the Sultan with his intention to hand over power to the Habsburgs.@September 29, 1598|Pasha Omer encircled the newly built fortress with 50 thousand Tatar warriors. V\u00e1rad was defended by hardly 2 thousand men under the command of Captain Kir\u00e1lyi Gy\u00f6rgy and Colonel Ny\u00e1ry P\u00e1l. After less than a month of siege, the Turks lifted the siege and left towards Szolnok on 3 November.@#13|@1604-1606|Bocskai Istv\u00e1n held V\u00e1rad under siege for two years. Finally, having been starved out, the defenders surrendered the fortress to the Prince of Transylvania.@#14|@1606|The Peace of Vienna left V\u00e1rad in the hands of the Principality of Transylvania permanently.@1613-1618|During the captaincy of Rh\u00e9dey Ferenc, the defences were renewed and the Bethlen bastion rebuilt. The constructions were ordered by Prince Bethlen G\u00e1bor of Transylvania. After the death of Bethlen, Prince R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Gy\u00f6rgy I continued the constructions. The damages done to the Csonka and Kir\u00e1lyfia bastions by the siege in 1598 were repaired at that time. The medieval cathedral was demolished and the construction of a new church was decided.@between 1618-1648|The inner (medieval) castle was remodelled to pentagonal shape with five bastions.@1619|Prince Bethlen G\u00e1bor of Transylvania started to build a Renaissance palace inside the castle in place of the medieval buildings, which was only finished around 1650 during the reign of Prince R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Gy\u00f6rgy II. This was the largest Renaissance palace in Eastern Central Europe. The palace was later converted to a barracks.@#15|@#16|@#17|@#18|@1657|Prince R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Gy\u00f6rgy II of Transylvania launched a campaign for the crown of Poland in alliance with Carl X Gustaf of Sweden. His aim was to unite the Hungarian-Polish-Wallachian forces against the Turks. The campaign started successfully with the prince taking Krak\u00f3w and Warsawa, but then the King of Sweden abandoned him. The vengeful Poles invaded northern Transylvania, burning defenceless villages, destroying churches and castles. Soon the punitive campaign of Turkish and Tatar armies devastated Transylvania, as the prince launched his Polish campaign against the Sultan's will.@1658|The Tartars ravaged and plundered throughout Transylvania and Grand Vizier K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc Mehmed captured Jen\u0151 Castle. The Estates of Transylvania sent Barcsay \u00c1kos to the camp of the grand vizier to beg for mercy. In return, the Grand Vizier demanded that the annual tax be raised from 15 to 40 thousand forints (gold coins) and that Lugos and Karansebes be ceded. This was the price for the Turks to leave Transylvania. The grand vizier appointed Barcsay prince on 14 September.@1659|Prince R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Gy\u00f6rgy II returned to Transylvania and forced Barcsay \u00c1kos to retreat to Szeben and besieged him.@May 22, 1660|The armies of Prince R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Gy\u00f6rgy II of Transylvania and Pasha Seydi Ahmed of Buda clashed in the battle of Sz\u00e1szfenes. The prince suffered a deadly wound and died on 7 June. The Tatar armies invaded Transylvania for the second time.@July 13, 1660|The united army of Pasha Ali of Temesv\u00e1r and Pasha Seydi Ahmed of Buda besieged V\u00e1rad and captured it on 28 August. The 850 defenders resisted for 46 days against the 60 thousand Turks. Captain Balogh M\u00e1t\u00e9, after his garrison depleted to 330 men, the walls were partly crumbled, and they were out of food, surrendered the fortress. The Calvinist College fled to Debrecen (Hungary), where it still operates. The Turks destroyed the famous statues of the saint kings of Hungary.@1664|R\u00e1k\u00f3czi L\u00e1szl\u00f3 attempted to liberate V\u00e1rad, but he was wounded lethally in the siege, and his army retreated.@#19|@#20|@#21|@#22|@#23|@#24|@October 15, 1685|Th\u00f6k\u00f6ly Imre asked the Pasha of V\u00e1rad for help, but he captured Th\u00f6k\u00f6ly instead. The remaining authority of the Hungarian prince vanished due to the mistake of the Turks. The pasha arranged him a reception with great splendour on 1 February, 1686, but it was too late. Much of the disillusioned Hungarian insurgents of Th\u00f6k\u00f6ly joined the Habsburg emperor by that time.@#25|@1689|Louis William, Margrave of Baden-Baden, besieged V\u00e1rad unsuccessfully.@August 21, 1690|Th\u00f6k\u00f6ly Imre, the former leader of the anti-Habsburg Hungarian kuruc uprising, crossed the mountains with Turkish and Wallachian auxiliaries, attacked the imperial army of General Heisler from behind and defeated him.@September 21, 1690|The nobility of Transylvania joined Th\u00f6k\u00f6ly Imre and he was elected Prince of Transylvania in Szeben. Soon the combined armies of Castelli and Heisler pushed him out of Transylvania.@#26|@May - June 6, 1692|Donath Heissler, general of the imperial cavalry, liberated V\u00e1rad from the Turks by siege. The town and the fortress were in ruins. The imperial military took V\u00e1rad for itself and they started to repair the damaged walls, defences and buildings according to the plans of Ernst von Borgsdorf. The constructions went on slowly due to the constant lack of money.@#27|@1703-1711|During the War of Independence led by R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Ferenc II, the insurgents could not occupy V\u00e1rad even by holding it under siege for seven years. The insurgents, lacking the necessary siege equipments, tried to capture the castles by starving them out. But the population of V\u00e1rad supported the defenders effectively.@18th century|Only a smaller garrison stationed in the fortress. The imperials took care of the fort, renovating and renewing it regularly in 1725, in 1754-1755 and in 1775-1777. The fort gained its present form due to these constructions.@1783|Emperor Joseph II converted the castle into a military barracks.@November 1793|450 French war prisoners were held captive here.@#28|@1848|The town played an important role in the Hungarian War of Independence, because the town hosted the largest Hungarian military factory.@1848-49|The imperial garrison of the fortress under the command of General Glasser switched to the side of the Hungarian revolution. Due to its strategic position, it became one of the most important military centres of Hungary in 1849.@May 16, 1857|The decree of Emperor Franz Joseph ended the military function of the fortress, but it was still used by the military for supplementary purposes. It was repaired between 1883 and 1887. Between the two world wars, during the Romanian occupation, a gendarmerie school was in the fortress.@#36|@after 1945|The fortress continued to serve military purpose and it was used by the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Ministry of Defence. During the decades of communism, Romanian authorities did everything to destroy, falsify or hide the proofs of the Hungarian past. The fort of V\u00e1rad was left to decay. A high-rise block was built in order to hide it from curious eyes. A few years ago the town restored the fortress completely, partly from European sources. State-organized migration changed the ethnic ratios of the town in favour of the Romanians in the second half of the 20th century.@between 1947-52|The Securitate operated a prison camp in the northern corner of the inner castle.&oradea.ro: Nagyv\u00e1rad t\u00f6rt\u00e9nelme|http:\/\/oradea.ro\/pagina\/istoria-orasului-oradea?limba=2"},"language":"en","region":"romania","regionid":4,"offer":[{"id":"112","settlement_HU":"Szal\u00e1rd","settlement_LO":"S\u0103lard","gps_lat":"47.2378340000","gps_long":"22.0440240000","cond":"6","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Utilizator:Grossecali at ro.wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0 <http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Cetatea_Adorjan_Salard.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022256\u0022 alt=\u0022Cetatea Adorjan Salard\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/2e\/Cetatea_Adorjan_Salard.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Cetatea_Adorjan_Salard.jpg\u0022\u003EUtilizator:Grossecali at ro.wikipedia\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Adorj\u00e1n","seolink":"adorjan-castle"},{"id":"113","settlement_HU":"V\u00e1ralm\u00e1s","settlement_LO":"Alma\u0219u","gps_lat":"46.9361130000","gps_long":"23.1472870000","cond":"6","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022almasu2012, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Le_ch%C3%A2teau_m%C3%A9dieval_de_Almasu_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Le ch\u00e2teau m\u00e9dieval de Almasu - panoramio\u0022 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title=\u0022Nenea hartia, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Drencova_Romania.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Drencova Romania\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/eb\/Drencova_Romania.jpg\/512px-Drencova_Romania.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Drencova_Romania.jpg\u0022\u003ENenea hartia\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 4.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Drank\u00f3 Castle","seolink":"dranko-castle"},{"id":"124","settlement_HU":"Facs\u00e1d","settlement_LO":"F\u0103get","gps_lat":"45.8662280000","gps_long":"22.1741410000","cond":"6","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Yo6own, CC BY-SA 3.0 RO 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