Nagybánya
Baia Mare
Nagybánya
Hungarian:
Nagybánya
Romanian:
Baia Mare
German:
Frauenbach, Neustadt
Latin:
Rivulus Dominarum
Historical Hungarian county:
Szatmár
Country:
Romania
County:
Maramureș
River:
Zazar
Altitude:
228 m
GPS coordinates:
47.658763, 23.581868
Google map:
Population
Population:
123k
Hungarian:
16.68%
Population in 1910
| Total | 12877 |
|---|---|
| Hungarian | 77.6% |
| German | 1.36% |
| Vlach | 20.8% |
Coat of Arms
The town was founded on the gold and silver mines of the surrounding area, and gained the status of a free royal town in the first half of the 14th century. Its development was promoted by the Angevin monarchs of Hungary, Charles I and Louis the Great, who granted it privileges. Of the Gothic church dedicated to King Saint Stephen of Hungary, now only the tower completed under King Matthias remains, but it is the symbol of the city. Already in the early 15th century, the town had a coin mint, but its real boom began after it became the property of Hunyadi János, who built a house in the main square. It soon developed into one of the largest mining towns in Hungary and was increasingly referred to as Nagybánya. During the reign of King Matthias, Nagybánya accounted for more than half of the gold production in the Kingdom of Hungary. Matthias allowed it to be surrounded by walls to protect it from the raids of the Moldavian Vlachs. After the Reformation, Kopácsi István founded the first secondary school in Transylvania here, called Schola Rivulina. In 1551, the town fell into the hands of Emperor Ferdinand I, who leased the mines to private tenants, leading to the decline of mining. Mining revived under Prince Bethlen Gábor of Transylvania, who leased the mines to the town of Nagybánya. Most of the principality's money was minted here. The minting ceased in 1864. Gold mining continued until recently, and one of the mines here was responsible for the cyanide pollution of the Tisza River in 2000. The famous Nagybánya School of Painting and Artists Colony, established at the end of the 19th century, had a significant influence on Hungarian painting. The once Hungarian-majority town became Romanian-majority as a result of the massive settlements in the 20th century.
Check out other towns in Transylvania as well!
History
Sights
© OpenStreetMap contributors
895
Arrival of the Hungarians
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895
The alliance of the seven Hungarian tribes took possession of the then largely uninhabited Carpathian Basin. Until then, the sparse Slavic population of the north-western Carpathians had lived under Moravian rule for a few decades after the collapse of the Avar Khaganate in the early 9th century.
1000
Foundation of the Hungarian Kingdom
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1000
The Kingdom of Hungary was established with the coronation of King Stephen I. He converted the Hungarians to Christianity and created two archdioceses (Esztergom and Kalocsa) and ten dioceses. He divided Hungary into counties led by ispáns, who were appointed by the king.
1142
The town was mentioned for the first time as Asszonypataka (Frauenbach, Woman's brook), when King Géza II of Hungary brought Saxons to the neighbourhood. According to others, the town was founded after the Mongol Invasion during the reign of King Béla IV.
1181
The area belonged to Szatmár County.
1241-1242
Mongol Invasion
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1241-1242
The hordes of the Mongol Empire invaded Hungary and almost completely destroyed it. One third to one half of the population was destroyed. The Mongols also suffered heavy losses in the battle of Muhi and they could not hunt down the king. After their withdrawal, King Béla IV reorganized Hungary. He allowed the feudal lords to build stone castles because they were able to successfully resist the nomadic Mongols. The vast majority of stone castles were built after this. The king called in German, Vlach (Romanian) and Slavic settlers to replace the destroyed population.
1301
The extinction of the House of Árpád
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1301
The House of Árpád, the first Hungarian royal dynasty, died out with the death of King Andrew III. Hungary was ruled by oligarchs, the most powerful of whom was Csák Máté, whose main ally was the Aba family. King Charles I (1308-1342), supported by the Pope, eventually emerged as the most prominent of the contenders for the Hungarian throne. But it took decades to break the power of the oligarchs.
1327
King Charles I of Hungary mentioned the settlement by the name Zazarbánya. Zazar is the river that flows across the settlement, while bánya means mine. The settlement got its name from its gold and silver mines, and its prefix distinguished it from the neighbouring Felsőbánya (literally Upper Mine).
1329
The royal charter of King Charles I of Hungary calls the settlement Rivulus Dominarum (Latin version of Asszonypataka). The name refered to the medieval convent, which stood on today's Klastrom (Cloister) meadow. The charter allowed the common judge of Nagybánya and Felsőbánya to use the forest between the two settlements for settling in order to boost mining.
October 12, 1347
King Louis I of Hungary renewed the settlement's charter of rights destroyed in a fire. According to this charter, Nagybánya was a free royal town with right to elect its own priest and judge and to hold a 15 days fair on the feast of St. Martin (11 November). A rampart was built around the settlement with palisade and bastions. Behind the defences large-scale constructions started, the foundation stone of the church of St. Stephen of Hungary was laid.
1347
King Louis I issued another charter of rights to the town. The burghers of the town were German speaking settlers (craftsmen, miners and traders) at that time. The patron saint of the mining town was St. Stephen of Hungary.
1387
The Gothic church dedicated to the patron saint of the town, St. Stephen of Hungary, was finished. It was built in a unique fashion, with two naves. The building was 50 metres long and the tower was 40 metres tall. Its huge tower that still stands, the St. Stephen Tower, was built during the reign of King Matthias of Hungary.
1380
The school of the town was mentioned.
1407
The town's castle on the hill above the Borkút Valley was mentioned for the first time. The town belonged to the royal chamber at that time. The castle was last mentioned in the possession of Szilágyi Erzsébet, the widow of Hunyadi János, in 1457. The circumstances of its downfall are unknown.
1408
The town's hospital was recorded.
1411
The coin mint was already in operation in the town.
1412
The tailors' guild was established. The furriers followed in 1479. The butchers' guild in 1506, the potters' guild in 1569, the locksmiths' guild in 1572, the shoemakers' guild in 1581 were formed subsequently. Later other craftsmen also established their guilds (masons, smiths, bakers etc.).
May 1426
Treaty of Tata. The childless Despot of Serbia Stefan Lazarević (†1427), his nephew and chosen successor Đurađ Branković and King Sigismund of Hungary concluded a treaty. Lazarević became a Hungarian aristocrat and Serbia was to be secured for him and his successors under the sovereignty of the Hungarian crown, and defended by Hungarian troops. Lazarević swore allegiance to the King of Hungary and promised that after his death 17 castles (to which the Hungarian crown had a long-standing right: among them Belgrade and Golubac) would be returned to Hungarian rule, and the despot would help Hungary with his entire army. Hungary needed the castles to complete its defence system against the Ottoman Empire. In return Lazarević received large estates in Hungary. After the death of Lazarević, King Sigismund took possession of Belgrade in October 1427 and Branković inherited the Hungarian estates of Lazarević. Among them was Nagybánya with the right to mine and mint coins. The towns fell under the jurisdiction of its landowner, which was a major setback for the former free royal town.
1445
Nagybánya and Felsőbánya were acquired by Hunyadi János, and gold and silver mining started to flourish again. Soon it developed into one of the largest mining towns of Hungary, and it was mentioned by the name Nagybánya (referring to its size and importance) more and more frequently. Hunyadi János built a mansion on the main square of the town, which can still be seen. From 1456 his widow, Szilágyi Erszébet, owned the town.
until the middle of the 15th century
The town was called Asszonypataka.
1456
Siege of Nándorfehérvár (Belgrade)
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1456
The Turkish army of Sultan Mehmed II, the conqueror of Constantinople, besieged the castle of Nándorfehérvár (Belgrade), which was the southern gateway to Hungary. But the Hungarian army, led by Hunyadi János, won a decisive victory over the twice to three times larger Turkish army. The Pope had earlier ordered that church bells should be rung every noon to pray for the victory of the defenders. Hunyadi János died of plague in the camp after the battle.
1458
Nagybánya and Felsőbánya came under control of King Matthias of Hungary, the son of Hunyadi János.
1464
King Matthias granted the town a royal charter of rights, which fostered mining. During this period Nagybánya gave more than half of the gold production of Hungary.
1468
There was a coin mint in the town.
1469
King Matthias allowed the town to be surrounded with walls, ramparts and bastions against the intrusions of the Moldavian Vlachs, of which only the Butcher's Bastion still exists.
1490
After the death of King Matthias of Hungary, Poles invaded the town. They were driven out the next year by King Ulászló II of Hungary.
1526
Battle of Mohács and the splitting of Hungary into two parts
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1526
Sultan Suleiman I launched a war against Vienna, instigated by the French. Ferdinand I, Duke of Austria, was the brother-in-law of King Louis II of Hungary. The army of the Ottoman Empire defeated the much smaller Hungarian army at Mohács, and King Louis II died in the battle. A group of the barons elected Ferdinand I of the House of Habsburg to the throne, who promised to defend Hungary from the Turks. He was the younger brother of the most powerful European monarch Emperor Charles V. But the nobility chose the most powerful Hungarian baron, Szapolyai János, who was also crowned as King John I. The country was split in two and a decades-long struggle for power began.
after 1526
After the Battle of Mohács, the town was owned by King John I of Hungary.
1541
The Turkish occupation of the capital, Buda, and the division of Hungary into three parts
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1541
The Turks conquered Buda, the capital of Hungary, after the death of King John I. The central part of the country was under Turkish rule for 150 years. The western and northern parts (including present-day Slovakia) formed the Kingdom of Hungary ruled by the Habsburg emperors. The eastern parts (now mainly under Romanian rule) were ruled by the successors of King John I of Hungary, who later established the Principality of Transylvania.
1547
Kopácsi István converted the burghers of the town to Calvinism and established the Schola Rivulina, which was the first secondary school in the territory of present-day Romania. The school was replaced by a Jesuit secondary school in 1755. The school was operated by the Minorites from 1776.
1551
The child John Sigismund's guardian, George Martinuzzi, with Castaldo's imperial army, forced Queen Isabella to surrender the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom (including Transylvania) to King Ferdinand I. Isabella left for Poland with her child, the heir to the throne. The Turks then launched a punitive campaign against Hungary.
1551
Castaldo, the general of King Ferdinand, occupied the town. The mines were given to tenants, who were only interested in short-term profit and neglected their maintenance. Mining started to decline. The goldsmiths of Nagybánya were famous. One of them, Bánfihunyadi Ötvös János, became world-famous by becoming the teacher of the Gresham College in London and in Britain he is respected as an outstanding scholar. Another famous goldsmith, Ocsovai Dániel, made the wax seal stamp of Rákóczi Ferenc II.
1556
The Estates of Transylvania, dissatisfied with Habsburg rule, recalled Queen Isabella to the throne, to which the Sultan gave his consent. On her return, she regained control of eastern Hungary.
1560
Balassa Menyhért built a castle.
1564
John II occupied the castle.
1565
Imperial General Schwendi Lázár converted the castle into a fortress.
1567
John II occupied it again and destroyed the fortress during the siege of the town.
1570
The establishment of the Principality of Transylvania
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1570
John II (John Sigismund), the son of King John I of Hungary, renounced the title of King of Hungary in favor of King Maximilian of the House of Habsburg, and henceforth held the title of Prince. This formally created the Principality of Transylvania, which was the eastern half of Hungary not ruled by the Habsburgs and was also a vassal of the Ottoman Empire. John II died in 1571, after which the three nations of Transylvania (the Hungarian nobility, the Székelys and the Saxons) elected the prince.
late 16th century
The town was acquired by the Báthory family. They gave the mines and the coin mint to tenants, who exploited them.
1591-1606
Fifteen Years' War
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1591-1606
The Ottoman Empire started a war against the Habsburg Empire. The war was waged in the territory of Hungary. The Turks defeated the combined armies of the Habsburg Empire and the Principality of Transylvania in the battle of Mezőkeresztes in 1596, but their victory was not decisive. The war devastated the Principality of Transylvania, which was occupied by the Habsburg army, and General Basta introduced a reign of terror.
1604-1606
Uprising of Bocskai István
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1604-1606
The alliance of the Habsburgs and the Principality of Transylvania was defeated by the Ottoman Empire in the Fifteen Years' War. The war devastated Transylvania, which was occupied by the Habsburg imperial army, and General Basta introduced a reign of terror. The nobility and the burghers were upset about the terror, the plundering mercenaries and the violent Counter-Reformation. Bocskai István decided to lead their uprising after the Habsburg emperor tried to confiscate his estates. Bocskai also rallied the hajdú warriors to his side. He was elected Prince of Transylvania and soon liberated the Kingdom of Hungary from the Habsburgs. In 1605 Bocskai István was crowned King of Hungary with the crown he received from the Turks.
23 June 1606
Peace of Vienna
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23 June 1606
Bocski István made peace with Emperor Rudolf. Their agreement secured the constitutional rights of the Estates of Hungary, and the freedom of religion. The counties of Szatmár, Bereg and Ugocsa were annexed to the Principality of Transylvania. Bocskai died of illness in the same year, leaving to his successors the idea of unifying Hungary from Transylvania.
1619
The campaign of Prince Bethlen Gábor of Transylvania in the Thirty Years' War
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1619
At the beginning of the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648), Prince Bethlen Gábor of Transylvania went to war against the Habsburg emperor as an ally of the rebelling Czech-Moravian-Austrian estates. The whole Kingdom of Hungary joined him, only the Austrian defenders of Pozsony had to be put to the sword. With his allies, he laid siege to Vienna. However, he was forced to abandon the siege because the Habsburg-loyal Hungarian aristocrat Homonnai Drugeth György attacked his heartland with Polish mercenaries. On 25 August 1620, the Diet of Besztercebánya elected Bethlen Gábor King of Hungary as vassal of the Turks. He continued to fight after the defeat of the Czechs at White Mountain on 8 November 1620, but without real chance to achieve decisive victory, he decided to come to an agreement with Emperor Ferdinand II.
1620
Prince Bethlen Gábor of Transylvania took back the mines from the tenants and gave them to the town of Nagybánya. Mining started to flourish again.
31 December 1621
Peace of Nikolsburg
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31 December 1621
Prince Bethlen Gábor of Transylvania made peace with Emperor Ferdinand II. Their agreement secured the constitutional rights of the Estates of Hungary, and later it was supplemented with the freedom of religion. Bethlen renounced the title of King of Hungary in exchange for seven counties of the Upper Tisza region (Szabolcs, Szatmár, Bereg, Ugocsa, Zemplén, Borsod, Abaúj) for the rest of his life, other estates in Hungary as his private property and the imperial title of Duke of Oppeln and Ratibor (Opole and Racibórz), one of the Duchies of Silesia. Prince Bethlen went to war against the Habsburgs in 1623 and 1626, but was unable to negotiate more favourable terms.
1644-1645
The campaign of Prince Rákóczi György I of Transylvania in the Thirty Years' War
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1644-1645
Prince Rákóczi György I of Transylvania allied with the Swedes and the French in the Thirty Years' War and went to war against the Habsburg Emperor Ferdinand III. On 18 July 1645 his army joined forces with Torstenson's Swedish army under Brno (Moravia). The excellent artillery of Transylvania opened fire on the city walls. However, Rákóczi had to give up the siege, having been informed that the Turks were planning a punitive campaign against Transylvania, because he went to war against the Sultan's prohibition.
16 December 1645
Peace of Linz
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16 December 1645
Prince Rákóczi György I of Transylvania made peace with Emperor Ferdinand III. It secured the freedom of religion for the Protestants and extended it also to the serfs. Rákóczi received the same seven Hungarian counties that Prince Bethlen Gábor had also held (Abauj, Zemplén, Borsod, Bereg, Ugocsa, Szabolcs, Szatmár) until his death, and the counties of Szabolcs and Szatmár were also to be inherited by his sons. The Rákóczi family also received several new estates.
middle of the 17th century
Nagybánya was owned by Prince Rákóczi György I of Transylvania, and afterwards by Prince Rákóczi György II.
1657
Prince Rákóczi György II of Transylvania launched a campaign for the crown of Poland in alliance with Carl X Gustaf of Sweden. His aim was to unite the Hungarian-Polish-Wallachian forces against the Turks. The campaign started successfully with the prince taking Kraków and Warsawa, but then the King of Sweden abandoned him. The vengeful Poles invaded northern Transylvania, burning defenceless villages, destroying churches and castles. Soon the punitive campaign of Turkish and Tatar armies devastated Transylvania, as the prince launched his Polish campaign against the Sultan's will.
1660
Pasha Ali of Várad plundered the neighbourhood and in summer they forced the town to pay an enormous ransom of 16,000 gold coins.
1664
Victory over the Turks at Szentgotthárd and the shameful Peace of Vasvár
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1664
The imperial army achieved a significant victory over the Turks at the battle of Szentgotthárd. Despite this, Emperor Leopold I concluded a 20-year peace treaty with the Turks at Vasvár on terms that made it look as if the Turks had won. This caused a huge outcry in Europe and among the Hungarian nobility, who expected the country to be liberated after the victory. The formerly Habsburg-loyal Catholic Hungarian barons began to plot against the Emperor with the leadership of Wesselényi Ferenc. In 1668, at the end of the Franco-Spanish War, King Louis XIV of France withdrew his support for the conspiracy, and the support of the Turks was not obtained.
1664
After the Peace of Vasvár the Habsburg emperor took control of Nagybánya.
1671
Exposure of the Wesselényi conspiracy
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1671
After the exposure of the anti-Hapsburg Wesselényi conspiracy, the main organisers, Zrínyi Péter, Nádasdy Ferenc and Frangepán Ferenc were executed. Wesselényi Ferenc died in 1667. The Croatian uprising, which was part of the conspiracy, was crushed by the Habsburgs in 1670.
after 1671
Kuruc Movement
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after 1671
Many noble, burgher and preacher fled to the Principality of Transylvania and the territory under Turkish occupation from the reprisals after the exposure of the anti-Habsburg Wesselényi-conspiracy and from the violent Counter-Reformation. They were joined by dismissed Hungarian soldiers of the Turkish border forts, who were replaced by German mercenaries. They were called the fugitives (bujdosók). They started an armed movement against the Habsburg rule. Because of the Turkish ban, the Principality of Transylvania could not openly support them. From 1677, the French supported their cause with money and Polish mercenaries. They achieved their first serious success when they temporarily occupied the mining towns of northern Hungary (now central Slovakia) under the command of Thököly lmre. He then became the sole leader of the movement. In 1679, the French made peace with Emperor Leopold I and withdrew their support for the fugitives. Between 1678 and 1681 Thököly Imre led successful raids against the Habsburgs and their supporters in the territory of the Kingdom of Hungary. The insurgents were called kurucs.
1672
The German garrison was driven away by the kuruc insurgents, but the town fell into imperial hands again soon. General Cobb ordered the burghers to demolish the walls and the defences, but it is more likely that they were only damaged at that time.
1682
Thököly Imre, Prince of Upper Hungary
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1682
Thököly Imre, the leader of the kuruc insurgents, gained the support of the Turks. He launched a campaign against the Habsburgs in the Kingdom of Hungary. With the support of the Turkish army, he occupied the town of Kassa and also the important stronghold of Fülek. He was then recognized by the Turks as King of Hungary, but he chose the title of Prince of Upper Hungary.
1683
Turkish defeat at Vienna and the formation of the Holy League
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1683
The combined armies of the Habsburg Empire and the Kingdom of Poland defeated the Turkish army besieging Vienna. Emperor Leopold I wanted to make peace with the Turks, but was refused by Sultan Mehmed IV. In 1684, at the persistent urging of Pope Innocent XI, the Holy League, an alliance of the Kingdom of Poland, the Habsburg Empire, the Republic of Venice and the Papal States, was formed to expel the Turks from Hungary. Thököly Imre, who had allied himself with the Turks, was gradually driven out of northern Hungary.
1685
The Turkish captivity of Thököly Imre and the fall of the kuruc movement
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1685
The Pasha of Várad captured Thököly Imre as he was asking for Turkish help and offered him to Emperor Leopold I for peace. But the Imperial emissaries laughed at his face, because, having the upper hand, they no longer cared for Thököly. On the news of his capture, the town of Kassa and the kuruc strongholds surrendered to the Emperor one after the other. The Turks, seeing their fatal mistake, released Thököly the following year and tried to restore his authority, but his power was broken forever and the Hungarian insurgents no longer trusted the Turks. Most of the insurgents joined the imperial army and helped to liberate the rest of Hungary from the Turks.
1685
The imperial forces spent the winter in Máramaros, occupying the neighbourhood.
1686
Recapture of Buda and the liberation of Hungary from the Turks
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1686
The army of the Holy League recaptured Buda from the Turks by siege. In 1687, the Imperial army invaded the Principality of Transylvania. The liberation was hindered by the French breaking their promise of peace in 1688 and attacking the Habsburg Empire. By 1699, when the Peace of Karlóca was signed, all of Hungary and Croatia had been liberated from the Ottoman Empire with the exception of Temesköz, the area bounded by the Maros, the Tisza and the Danube rivers. It was not until the Peace of Požarevac in 1718 that Temesköz was liberated from the Turks. However, the continuous war against the Turkish invaders and the Habsburg autocracy, which lasted for more than 150 years, wiped out large areas of the Hungarian population, which had previously made up 80% of the country's population, and was replaced by Vlachs (Romanians), Serbs and other Slavic settlers and Germans. The Habsburgs also favoured the settlement of these foreign peoples over the 'rebellious' Hungarians.
1687
The Calvinists lost the St. Stephen Church and their school, which was taken over by the Jesuits in 1691.
1690
Transylvania became part of the Kingdom of Hungary again, with internal autonomy and freedom of religion
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1690
According to the Diploma Leopoldinum issued by Emperor Leopold I, Transylvania became part of the Kingdom of Hungary again and Hungarian law remained in force. The three nations (the Hungarians, the Székelys – who are also Hungarians –, and the Saxons) administered its internal affairs with autonomy and the freedom of religion was also preserved. The incorporation of Transylvania into the Habsburg Empire was prevented by the temporary election of Thököly Imre as Prince of Transylvania in 1690 with Turkish help.
1692
The Minorite Order received the St. Nicholas Church on the small market, and they built a monastery next to it.
1703-1711
Hungarian War of Independence led by Prince Rákóczi Ferenc II
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1703-1711
After the expulsion of the Turks, the Habsburgs treated Hungary as a newly conquered province and did not respect its constitution. The serfs rose up against the Habsburg ruler because of the sufferings caused by the war and the heavy burdens, and they invited Rákóczi Ferenc II to lead them. Trusting in the help promised by King Louis XIV of France, he accepted. Rákóczi rallied the nobility to his side, and soon most of the country was under his control. The rebels were called the kurucs. In 1704, the French and the Bavarians were defeated at the Battle of Blenheim, depriving the Hungarians of their international allies. The Rusyn, Slovak and Vlach peasants and the Saxons of Szepes supported the fight for freedom, while the Serbs in the south and the Saxons in Transylvania served the Habsburgs. Due to lack of funds Rákóczi could not raise a strong regular army, and in 1710, Hungary was also hit by a severe plague. Rákóczi tried unsuccessfully to forge an alliance with Tsar Peter the Great of Russia. In his absence, without his knowledge, his commander-in-chief, Károlyi Sándor, accepted Emperor Joseph I's peace offer. The Peace of Szatmár formally restored the Hungarian constitution and religious freedom and granted amnesty, but did not ease the burden of serfdom. Rákóczi refused to accept the pardon and went into exile. He died in Rodosto, Turkey.
1703
Rákóczi Ferenc II sent the famous Vlach outlaw, Pintye (Pintea), to occupy Nagybánya for him. Pintye was shot to death at the south gate on 14 August. After having surrendered, Nagybánya supported the war of independence of Rákóczi.
1712
King Charles III of Hungary (Emperor Charles VI) reaffirmed the privileges of the town.
1717-1719
The Baroque Holy Trinity Church was built.
1739
The building of the coin mint was finished. The building now hosts the County Museum of History and Archaeology.
1742
Nagybánya was devastated by a plague.
1748
The Mining Inspectorate was formed. The coin mint, the neighbouring mines and the mine courts (later mine captaincies) belonged to its jurisdiction. The Jesuit monastery was built the same year.
1771
The construction of the Greek Catholic church was started.
1792
The construction of the Calvinist church was started.
1796
Hungarian theatre company was established, and in 1797 a German also was formed.
1802
The Black Eagle Inn was built, where the great Hungarian revolutionary poet Petőfi Sándor and his wife, Szendrey Júlia, stayed in September 1847.
1848-1849
Hungarian Revolution and War of Independence
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1848-1849
Following the news of the Paris Revolution on 22 February 1848, the Hungarian liberal opposition led by Kossuth Lajos demanded the abolition of serfdom, the abolition of the tax exemption of the nobility, a parliament elected by the people, and an independent and accountable national government. The revolution that broke out in Pest on 15 March expressed its demands in 12 points, which, in addition to the above mentioned, included the freedom of the press, equality before the law, the release of the political prisoners and the union with Transylvania. A Hungarian government was formed, Batthyány Lajos became prime minister, and on 11 April Emperor Ferdinand V ratified the reform laws. On August 31 the Emperor demanded the repeal of the laws threatening with military intervention. In September the Emperor unleashed the army of Jelacic, Ban of Croatia, on Hungary, but they were defeated by the Hungarians in the Battle of Pákozd on 29 September. An open war began for the independence of Hungary. The Habsburgs incited the nationalities against the Hungarians. The Rusyns, the Slovenes and most of the Slovaks and Germans supported the cause persistently, but the Vlachs (Romanians) and the Serbians turned against the Hungarians. The glorious Spring Campaign in 1849 led by General Görgei Artúr liberated almost all of Hungary. On 1 May 1849, Emperor Franz Joseph, effectively admitting defeat, asked for the help of Tsar Nicholas I of Russia, who sent an intervention army of 200,000 soldiers against Hungary. The resistance became hopeless against the overwhelming enemy forces and on 13 August Görgei Artúr surrendered to the Russians at Világos. Bloody reprisals followed, and on 6 October 1849, 12 generals and a colonel of the Hungarian Revolution, the martyrs of Arad, were executed in Arad. On the same day, Batthyány Lajos, the first Hungarian Prime Minister, was executed by firing squad in Pest. The Habsburgs introduced total authoritarianism in Hungary, but they also failed to fulfil their promises to the nationalities that had betrayed the Hungarians.
1848
The town joined the Hungarian revolution and Kossuth Lajos was named honorary citizen of the town the same year.
November 2, 1848
The cavalry of Katona Miklós put down the uprising of Vlach peasants incited by the Habsburgs against the Hungarians.
December 1848
General Bem József set off for liberating Kolozsvár from here.
1849
After the fall of the Hungarian War of Independence, Berenczey László, former government commissioner of Transylvania, found refuge in Nagybánya along with several other revolutionaries.
1860
A Calvinist school was built.
1867
Austro-Hungarian Compromise
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1867
The Habsburg Empire was weakened by the defeats it suffered in the implementation of Italian and German unity. The Hungarians wanted to return to the reform laws of 1848, but they did not have the strength to do so. Emperor Franz Joseph and the Hungarian opposition, led by Deák Ferenc, finally agreed to restructure the Empire and abolish absolutism. Hungary was given autonomy in its internal affairs, with its own government and parliament, which was essential for the development of its economy and culture. However, foreign and military affairs remained in the hands of the Habsburgs and served their aspiration for becoming a great power. The majority wanted Hungary's independence, but they were excluded from political power.
1867
After the Austro-Hungarian Compromise mining started to flourish again.
1884
The Nagybánya-Szatmár railway was opened.
1889
The Nagybánya-Zsibó-Dés railway was opened.
1889
The first Romanian language newspaper, the Gutinul weekly journal, was published.
1891-1892
The construction of the girl's school was finished.
1896
The Painting School of Nagybánya was established. It was one of the most significant centres of Hungarian fine art. The Hungarian artists Hollósy Simon, Réti István, Thorma János, Iványi-Grünwald Béla, and Ferenczy Károly went to Munich to study arts from the neighborhood. Later they returned and established the Artists' Colony of Nagybánya, which had a great influence on Hungarian painting through the introduction of naturalism and plein air. Their paintings can be seen in the National Gallery of Budapest.
1904
The Museum of Nagybánya was opened.
1905
The railway line between Nagybánya and Felsőbánya was opened.
1909
Electric lighting was introduced.
1914-1918
World War I
Little more...
1914-1918
As part of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, Hungary took part in the war on the side of the Central Powers.
1916
On 27 August, Romania declared war on the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and launched an attack against Hungary. This triggered a huge wave of refugees from Transylvania, as the population feared a repeat of the Romanian ethnic cleansing of 1848-49. Austro-Hungarian and German forces drove the invaders out of the country by mid-October and occupied Bucharest on 6 December. Romania surrendered and signed a peace treaty with the central powers on 7 May 1918 (Treaty of Bucharest).
1918
On 3 November, the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy signed the Armistice of Padua. The already defeated Romania then declared war on Germany on 10 November, just one day before the Germans signed the armistice near Compiègne. The Romanians then launched an offensive against Hungary, which had already unconditionally ceased fighting at the demand of the Entente. Romania was only recognised by the Entente powers as one of the victors of WWI only later.
November 1918 - January 1919
The Czech, Romanian and Serbian occupation of Hungary
Little more...
November 1918 - January 1919
In Hungary, the freemasonic subversion brought the pro-Entente Károlyi Mihály to power. The new government, naively trusting the Entente powers, met all their demands and disbanded the Hungarian military, which rendered the country completely defenseless in the most dire need. Under French and Italian command, Czech, Romanian and Serbian troops invaded large parts of Hungary, where they immediately began the takeover. They fired Hungarian railway workers, officials and teachers, banned the use of the Hungarian language, abolished Hungarian education, and disposed of everything that reminded them of the country's Hungarian past. Hundreds of thousands of Hungarians were forced to leave their homeland, and the forcible assimilation of the remaining Hungarians was begun.
from 1918
By 1922, 197,000 Hungarians were forced to leave the Romanian-occupied part of the country. By 1939 a further 169,000 Hungarians had left Transylvania, mostly aristocrats, intellectuals and a significant number of farmers. Most of them moved to Hungary. Before the Romanian invasion, 1,662,000 Hungarians lived in Transylvania, 32 percent of the population.
January 6, 1919
The Romanian army invaded the town. The language of the secondary education became Romanian in the predominantly Hungarian town. The Greek Catholic Bishopric moved from Máramarossziget to Nagybánya.
4 June 1920
Trianon Dictate
Little more...
4 June 1920
Hungary was forced to sign the Treaty of Trianon, although the country was not invited to the peace talks. Hungary lost two thirds of its territory that had belonged to it for more than 1000 years. One-third of the Hungarian population came under foreign rule. On the basis of the national principle, countries with a more mixed and less ethnically balanced composition than the former Hungary were created, such as Czechoslovakia and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later Yugoslavia). For example, while 48% of the population of the territory ceded to Czechoslovakia was Slovak and 30% Hungarian, 54% of the population of the former Hungary was Hungarian and 10.6% Slovak. And in the territory that is now part of Serbia, the Hungarians outnumbered the Serbs. The part of the territory allocated to Romania from Hungary was larger than the remaining territory of Hungary, despite the fact that there were 10 million Hungarians and less than 3 million Romanians in the former Hungary. While Hungary used to have the most liberal nationality policy in Europe, the successor states had no respect at all for the national and cultural rights of the indigenous Hungarians and engaged in forced assimilation. The Trianon Dictate destroyed the organic economic unity of the region. Before the First World War, Hungary had a dynamic economy, more advanced than Spain's. After 1920, the successor states formed the so-called "Little Entente", putting Hungary under an economic blockade and sabotaging it on the international stage.
30 August 1940
Second Vienna Award
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30 August 1940
Under the Second Vienna Award, Hungary regained 43,492 km2 of Hungarian-majority territory from Romania (Northern Transylvania). In Southern Transylvania, a further 400,000 Hungarians remained under Romanian rule.
September 7, 1940
Nagybánya returned to Hungary thanks to the Second Vienna Award.
June 27, 1941
One day after the bombing of Kassa, the Soviet Air Force bombed Nagybánya as well.
after 1945
As the occupying Romanian authorities returned behind Soviet tanks, Nagybánya became the seat of Máramaros Province (later Máramaros County). The massive state-organized Romanian migration resulted in the exponential growth of the town's population from 18,000 to 170,000.
1947
Paris Dictate
Little more...
1947
The Paris Dictate, in accordance with Soviet interests, did not recognise the just territorial revisions made by the two Vienna decisions and handed the reclaimed Hungarian-majority territories back to Czechoslovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia, where the Hungarians were subjected to severe atrocities, expulsions and deprivation of rights. It also seceded three more villages south of Pozsony from Hungary to Czechoslovakia.
from the 1950s
800,000 Romanians were settled in Transylvania from Moldavia, but many also came from Wallachia. The aim was to Romanianize the still majorly Hungarian towns and to break up the ethnic Hungarian blocks. While previously there was a Romanian majority in only a few small towns, this has been reversed by now.
since 1989
Mining declined, several mines were closed.
January 30, 2000
From the facility of the Aurul Mining Company 100 thousand cubic metres of sewage containing cyanide and heavy metal spilled into the Lápos River, and through it, to the Szamos and Tisza rivers. The cyanide pollution flowed down the Tisza River through Hungary in two weeks causing enormous destruction, killing every living creature in the water. The drinking supply of millions of Hungarians was also contaminated. It was called the worst environmental disaster in Europe since Chernobyl. The Romanian government and the Australian company Esmeralda Exploration claimed that they were not responsible and the fish died due to lack of oxygen because of the freezing of the river.
2002
7.2 million people lived in Transylvania, including 1.42 million Hungarians. There were 1.65 million Hungarians out of 5.2 million in 1910. The proportion of the Romanians increased from 53.78% to 74.69%, while the proportion of the Hungarians decreased from 31.64% to 19.6%. The proportion of the Germans dropped from 10.75% to below 1%. These changes were mainly the results of migration and the persecution of Hungarians and Saxons. Transylvania here refers to the entire territory that once belonged to Hungary, which is much larger than historical Transylvania.
Castles
Nagybánya Castle
Cetatea medievala din Valea Borcutului
VRicardo95, CC BY-SA 3.0 RO, via Wikimedia Commons
Condition:
Completely destroyed
Entrance:
Free
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Churches, religious buildings
Public buildings
Cultural facilities
Commerce, industry, hospitality
Town infrastructure
Private buildings
Memorials
Museums and Galleries
Churches, religious buildings
St. Stephan's Tower
Turnul Ștefan
Nenea hartia, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons
Originally:
church
Currently:
church
Church:
Roman Catholic
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St. Stephan's Tower
History
The charter of King Louis I of Hungary reported the construction of the church in 1347. In 1445, Nagybánya became the property of Hunyadi János, who, according to tradition, built the tower that still stands today.
The town became Protestant in 1547 as a result of the activities of Kopácsi István, a preacher from Erdőd. The parish priest at that time was Veress Mihály. St. Stephen's Church was taken over by the Protestants, first by the Lutherans, then by the Calvinists. In 1551, the Franciscans were expelled from the town by Deacon Péter, a supporter of Queen Isabella. In 1674, St Stephen's Church was returned to Catholic hands for three years thanks to the imperial army of General Spankau. In 1687, after the Turks had been driven out and Transylvania had been incorporated into the Habsburg Empire, St Stephen's Church was taken over by the Jesuits. Thanks to the Hungarian War of Independence led by Rákóczi Ferenc II, the Calvinists used St. Stephen's Church from 1705 to 1712. Afterwards the Jesuits reclaimed it, but did not have it restored, but built their new church on the site of the old St. Martin's Church. On 25 August 1769, the church was struck by lightning and completely destroyed. The St Stephen's Church was then dismantled and in 1847 the town council used gunpowder to blow up the still substantial ruins. The material was sold and used for the construction of the parish church and other buildings.
In 1619, Kaszai Farkas Péter replaced the tower's old spire that burnt down at the end of the 16th century with a new spire, which had four turrets. This was destroyed by a fire caused by lightning in 1769, and in 1770 the Austrian George Seisenpech, a tinker, built an onion dome to replace it. After this also burnt down, a new spire was built in 1871, based on the designs of the architect Schulz Ferenc.
Holy Trinity Former Jesuit Church and Monastery
Rlevente, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons
Originally:
church and monastery
Currently:
church
Church:
Roman Catholic
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Holy Trinity Former Jesuit Church and Monastery
History
The old Jesuit church included a convent and a school. The old school gym was converted into an Orthodox church in 1926 after the Romanian occupation. The church was built between 1717 and 1720. In 1773, the Pope dissolved the Jesuit order, and since then it has been a parish church.
The Jesuits appeared in Nagybánya in 1674, when the imperial military took the church of St. Stephen from the Calvinists and gave it to the Jesuits. The Jesuits were expelled in 1677.
In 1687, after the Turks had been driven out and Transylvania had been incorporated into the Habsburg Empire, St Stephen's Church was acquired by the Catholics and taken over by the Jesuits in 1691. Thanks to the Hungarian War of Independence led by Rákóczi Ferenc II, the Calvinists were able to use St. Stephen's again from 1705 to 1712. Afterwards the Jesuits reclaimed it, but did not have it restored, but built their new church on the site of the old St. Martin's Church. The Jesuit church and monastery were built thanks to a donation from Bishop Matyasovszki László of Nitra in 1696, and an oval-shaped memorial plaque was placed on the western facade in commemoration of the donation. St Stephen's Church was then torn down and was blown up in 1847. The altarpiece of the sanctuary was painted by Kármán László in 1823. The altar was carved by Schaintzer Fülöp in 1824-25. The monastery and school building was completed by 1748. The school was taken over by the Minorites in 1776. The church was completely renovated between 1852 and 1867 by the parish priest Smoczer Ignác, when the new main altarpiece was also made. At the beginning of the 20th century, the mosaic floor and the eight-coloured glass window were completed. The organ was completed between 1940 and 44, when Nagybánya was again part of Hungary. After the First World War the school, then a state grammar school, moved. It was replaced by a civil school for girls.
St. Nicholas Roman Catholic Church, Small Market Church
Biserica Romano-Catolică a Ordinului Franciscan
Originally:
church
Currently:
church
Church:
Roman Catholic
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St. Nicholas Roman Catholic Church, Small Market Church
History
This is the oldest church in Nagybánya. It was built in the 15th century. In 1547, it was taken over by the Calvinists, together with the two other Catholic churches (St. Stephen's and St. Martin's).
From 1703 to 1711, during the Hungarian War of Independence led by Rákóczi Ferenc II, it was again in the hands of the Calvinists. When the Catholics took the churches back after the war, only this one was in a usable state.
Calvinist Church
Biserica reformată
Originally:
church
Currently:
church
Church:
Calvinist
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Calvinist Church
History
The town became Protestant in 1547 as a result of the activities of Kopácsi István, a preacher from Erdőd. St. Stephen's church was then taken over by Protestants, first by Lutherans and then by Calvinists. In 1674, St Stephen's Church was returned to Catholic hands for three years thanks to the imperial army of General Spankau. In 1687, after the Turks had been driven out and Transylvania had been incorporated into the Habsburg Empire, St Stephen's Church was acquired by the Catholics and taken over by the Jesuits in 1691. Thanks to the Hungarian War of Independence led by Rákóczi Ferenc II, the Calvinists were able to use St. Stephen's again from 1705 to 1712. The present Calvinist (Reformed) church was built between 1792 and 1809 in the neoclassical style, previously Protestants were only allowed to build wooden churches. The tower was built in 1836. Its designer is not known, but there is a chance that it was Péchy Mihály, who also designed the Great Church in Debrecen (Hungary). The church was a favourite subject of the Nagybánya School of Painting. In 1991, a memorial plaque to the writer Németh László born in Nagybánya was erected in the church.
Lutheran Church
Biserica Evanghelică-Luterană
Danielaiulia, CC BY-SA 3.0 RO, via Wikimedia Commons
Originally:
church
Currently:
church
Church:
Lutheran
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Lutheran Church
History
In 1547 Kopácsi István converted the town to Lutheranism and founded a college. At that time the town was still inhabited by Hungarians and Germans. In 1693, the first Lutheran wooden church was built with the support Prince Apafi Mihály of Transylvania, which was destroyed by the Jesuits in 1766. In 1805 a small wooden church was built with a tower.
The present church was built between 1911 and 1912 in the Art Nouveau style on the site of the former church, and its altarpiece was painted in 1903 by Iványi-Grünwald Béla Jr., a participant of the Nagybánya School of Painting. It depicts Christ with his disciples in the Garden of Gethsemane. The organ was made in 1886.
Orthodox Cathedral of the Assumption
Catedrala Adormirea Maicii Domnului
Danielaiulia, CC BY-SA 3.0 RO, via Wikimedia Commons
Originally:
church
Currently:
church
Church:
Orthodox
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Orthodox Cathedral of the Assumption
History
It was built between 1909 and 1911 for the Greek Catholics. Most of the work was paid for by Canon Alexandru Breban. The martyred Greek Catholic Bishop Alexandru Rusu was ordained here. In 1948 the Greek Catholic denomination was banned and the church was given to the Orthodox. The Greek Catholics are trying to get it back through litigation.
St. Nicholas Orthodox Church
Biserica ortodoxă Sf.Nicolae
Nenea hartia, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons
Originally:
church
Currently:
church
Church:
Orthodox
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St. Nicholas Orthodox Church
History
The church was built after the Romanian occupation in 1922.
Former Minorite Monastery
Originally:
monastery / nunnery / canon's house / provost residence
Currently:
public administration, house
Church:
Roman Catholic
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Former Minorite Monastery
History
There was already a Minorite monastery in the town in the second half of the 14th century, but it was destroyed in 1547 as a result of the Reformation. The monastery, which still exists today, was founded in 1692. On 14 August 1703, the troops of Rákóczi Ferenc II occupied Nagybánya and expelled the Minorites, believing them to be supporting the Austrians. The monastery and the church were burnt down during the siege of the town. At the end of 1710, the Minorite father Kelemen Didák was sent to Nagybánya, who revived monastic life and was of great merit in teaching, nursing and evangelisation. After the dissolution of the Jesuit order in 1776, their school continued to function here. In 1948 the monks were expelled by the communists, but they returned. The building houses private apartments and various municipal offices.
Synagogue
Sinagoga
S.B., CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons
Originally:
synagogue
Currently:
abandoned
Church:
Jewish
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Synagogue
History
Built in 1885 in neo-Baroque style.
Public buildings
Former County Salt Office, Museum of Fine Arts
Muzeul Judeţean de Artă Centrul Artistic Baia Mare
VRicardo95, CC BY-SA 3.0 RO, via Wikimedia Commons
Originally:
public administration
Currently:
gallery
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Former County Salt Office, Museum of Fine Arts
History
The museum is located in the building of the former county salt office, built in 1748. The museum occupied the building in 1954. It also houses 400 works by 90 artists (including Hollósy Simon, Réti István, Ferenczy Károly, Thorma János, Jándi Dávid), who worked at the Nagybánya Artists' Colony from 1896 to the present day.
Former Hungarian Royal District Court
History
Cultural facilities
Schola Rivulina
.jpg)
Originally:
school, university / college
Currently:
n/a
Church:
Calvinist
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Schola Rivulina
History
In 1547, the reformer Kopácsi István converted the town to Protestantism and founded the Lutheran college, of which he became the first rector. It was the first secondary school in Transylvania. He named it Schola Rivulina after Nagybánya's Latin name, Rivulus Dominarum. It was soon promoted to the rank of a college, where pastors and teachers were trained. Kopácsi taught logic, Greek language and theology. It was closed down by the imperials in 1755 during the Counter-Reformation.
Former Summer Theatre, Máramaros County Museum of Ethnography and Folk Art
Muzeul Judeţean de Etnografie şi Artă Populară Maramureş
Bratek51, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons
Originally:
theatre/opera
Currently:
museum
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Former Summer Theatre, Máramaros County Museum of Ethnography and Folk Art
History
The museum has been operating since 1978 in the converted building of the former summer theatre. The exhibits come from the area of Máramaros, Kővárvidék, Lápos-vidék and Codru.
Nagybánya Artist's Colony, Painting school
Colonia Pictorilor
.jpg)
Unknown authorUnknown author, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons
Originally:
exhibition hall
Currently:
exhibition hall
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Nagybánya Artist's Colony, Painting school
History
Hollósy Simon established his painting school in Munich in 1896. Thorma János and Réti Simon, who were born in Nagybánya, took the initiative to move the entire international group of artists to Nagybánya for the summer. What started as a summer painting camp became a free school for painters in 1902, where hundreds of painters arrived every year, without any previous training. It had a significant impact on 20th century Hungarian painting. Ferenczi Károly , Iványi-Grünwald Béla, Glatz Oszkár, Csók István, Thorma János and many others worked here. Many of their works are on display in the local fine arts museum and in private collections. The painting school closed after the Second World War.
Former Hungarian State Civil Girl's School
History
Former Hungarian Royal State Elementary School in Kossuth Street
Colegiul național Gheorghe Șincai
Biruitorul, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons
Originally:
school
Currently:
school
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Former Hungarian Royal State Elementary School in Kossuth Street
History
Former Hungarian State Grammar School
Școala Gimnazială Petre Dulfu
Originally:
school
Currently:
school
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Former Hungarian State Grammar School
History
County Museum of Mineralogy
History
The museum opened in 1989 with more than 16,000 minerals.
Village Museum
Muzeul Satului Baia Mare
.jpg)
Originally:
skansen / village museum
Currently:
skansen / village museum
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Village Museum
History
The museum opened in 1978 on the Virághegy (Flower Hill). It presents the folk architecture of Máramaros, Kővárvidék, Lápos-vidék and Szatmár. Its most spectacular and oldest piece is the Greek Catholic wooden church from the village of Oláhkékes. It was originally built in 1630 in honour of Saint George.
Commerce, industry, hospitality
Former Coin Mint, Museum of History and Archeology of Máramaros County
Muzeul Județean de Istorie și Arheologie Maramureș
Danielaiulia, CC BY-SA 3.0 RO, via Wikimedia Commons
Originally:
coin mint
Currently:
museum
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Former Coin Mint, Museum of History and Archeology of Máramaros County
History
The museum is located in the former coin mint complex.
The two predecessor settlements of the town, Zazarbánya and Asszonypataka, were populated in the 13th century by German goldsmiths and miners. In 1374, King Louis I of Hungary placed the precious metal production of Asszonypataka and Felsőbánya under the administration of a common chamberlain, which later became the minting chamber. In 1411, there was already a mint in the town. In 1468, King Matthias of Hungary leased the mints of Nagybánya, Offenbánya and Nagyszeben to the town for 13,000 gold forints. In the 16th century, with the decline of royal power, minting was taken over by private rentees. At the end of the 16th century, the town was granted to the Báthory family by the emperor, and thus came under the control of the princes of Transylvania. Most of the princedom's money was minted here. In 1620, Prince Bethlen Gábor of Transylvania leased the coin mint to the town. In 1661, Pasha Ali of Várdad forced the town to pay tribute. In the Treaty of Vasvár of 1664, Prince Apafi Mihály I of Transylvania lost the town to the Habsburgs. In 1674, the mining chamber was closed and ore production was placed under the administration of the Mining Directorate of Kassa. During the Hungarian War of Independence led by Rákóczi Ferenc II, the prince minted money here, and after the defeat of Zsibó in 1705, Rákóczi moved the coin mint to Munkács. Between 1734 and 1739, the mint was rebuilt in Baroque style. In 1748, the Chief Mining Inspectorate was established. In 1782 the mint building was enlarged to its present size. In the second half of the 19th century, the Mining Inspectorate was transformed into the Mining Directorate of Nagybánya. In 1864, the mint burnt down and was never reopened, as its importance had also declined.
The museum was established by the Nagybánya Museum Association, founded in 1899 by Schönherr Gyula, a member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. In 1904 the town museum was opened with the collected objects. By 1914, it boasted 11,489 objects. Today it is part of the Máramaros County Museum.
Former King Saint Stephen Hotel
FOTO:FORTEPAN / Romák Éva, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons
Originally:
hotel / tavern / guesthouse
Currently:
house
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Former King Saint Stephen Hotel
History
The former hotel was built in the Art Nouveau style in 1910. It was previously the site of the Golden Deer Inn. The famous Berger's confectionery was frequented by the artists of the Nagybánya School of Painting.
Black Eagle Inn
History
The inn was already functioning in 1736. In 1784 the long east wing was built, with separate bedrooms. In 1802 the neoclassical building was given an upper floor. The facade was converted to neo-Renaissance in the 1870s. The upstairs salon was used for balls and theatrical performances in the 19th century.
In 1847, the Hungarian revolutionary poet Petőfi Sándor and Szendrei Júlia were on their way to Teleki Sándor's manor house in Koltó, where they were going to spend their honeymoon, when the axle of their carriage broke near Nagybánya, so they spent the night in the Black Eagle Inn. A plaque on the upper floor of the building commemorates this.
In 1925, the Town Hall moved into the building, since it had not provided a sufficient standard of accommodation for guests. A new town hall was built in the 1970s.
Town infrastructure
Butcher's Bastion
Bastionul Măcelarilor
_-_Baia_Mare.jpg)
Danielaiulia, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons
Originally:
town fortification
Currently:
museum
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Butcher's Bastion
History
Built in the 16th century, it was a bastion protecting the southern gate of the medieval town leading towards Kővár.
Town walls
History
In 1469, King Matthias of Hungary granted the town permission to build a wall around it to protect it from the raids of the Vlachs of Moldavia. In 1490 it was besieged and taken by the Polish prince John Albert, a pretender to the throne of Hungary. In 1564, it was taken by Báthory István, the commander of the army of King John II of Hungary. In 1567, John II besieged it and, unable to keep it, tried to destroy it. In 1583, Emperor Rudolf donated the town to Báthory István, Prince of Transylvania. In 1601 it was taken by the imperial army of General Basta. In 1672 it had to be demolished by order of the emperor, which was carried out in 1673 under the supervision of General Cobb's soldiers. This was only a moderate destruction, however, because the fortifications were restored in 1690 on news of the approach of Thököly Imre. In 1703, the Vlach outlaw Pintea tried to break into the town with the kurucs, and the locals took up arms and shot him to death near the Butchers' Tower. The town walls were still largely intact at the turn of the 19th century. The town walls were irregular, almost circular, with four gates and towers maintained by guilds (such as the Butchers' Tower, the Red Tower, the Furriers' Tower, the Coopers' Tower, the Potters' Tower).
Private buildings
Hunyadi House, Elisabeth House
ferengra, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons
Originally:
palace
Currently:
abandoned
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Hunyadi House, Elisabeth House
History
In 1445 Hunyadi János acquired Nagybánya. After his death it passed to his sons and became a royal estate when Matthias was elected king of Hungary in 1458. In 1463 its coin mint issued 20,000 ducats (gold coins) a year and it was one of the most important towns in Hungary. In 1464, King Matthias restored the town to the free royal town status it had lost in 1411. In 1469 King Matthias granted permission to enclose the town with a wall.
Its construction is dated 1446, during the stay of Hunyadi János in Nagybánya. It is said that Szilágyi Erzsébet lived here after the death of her husband Hunyadi János in 1456. Stylistically, the building is dated to the turn of the 15th and 16th centuries. In fact, it is not one house, but two, standing behind each other. It was still the property of the Hungarian state at the end of the 19th century.
Dégenfeld Palace
Nenea hartia, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons
Originally:
palace
Currently:
palace
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Dégenfeld Palace
History
The palace is back in the hands of the noble family.
Teleki Hungarian House, Teleki Sándor Mansion
Originally:
mansion / manor house
Currently:
exhibition hall, event center
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Teleki Hungarian House, Teleki Sándor Mansion
History
The complex of several eclectic-style residential buildings was built in the second half of the 1870s. It took its name from the fact that Count Teleki Sándor (1821-1892) spent the last decade of his life here. The famous freedom fighter and world traveller amassed his collection here. After 1989 it was bought by the Reformed Church. Since 2002 it has been the cultural centre of the Hungarian community around Nagybánya.
Pokol Manor House
S.B., CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons
Originally:
mansion / manor house
Currently:
abandoned
Pokol Manor House
History
The mansion was built in 1903. Pokol Elek or Alexiu from Lozna became a teacher in the Greek Catholic Church school in Borpatak in 1892 (his name, pokol, means hell in Hungarian). He became a mine owner by marrying the owner of the building, a wealthy widow (Maria Vancea). He left the school and was only interested in gold mining. After eight years of searching in vain, he wanted to dismiss his workers. The workers gave up their wages and stayed. Less than a month later, on 24 March 1902, the first 75 kg gold nugget was found. In 1902, 4,000 kg of gold were brought to the surface. Pokol had become rich overnight. One of the first noble deeds of the former teacher was to build a church in Borpatak for the miners. In 1928 the mansion and the mine were taken over by a mining company, and in 1930 the mansion was bought by a Swiss industrialist E. Boissanos.
Teleki House
History
Teleki Imre Sr. bought the land with the house on it and built the present-day palace. Teleki Blanka, the pioneer of Hungarian women's education, also stayed there several times.
.jpg)
Lendvay House
History
The actor, theatre director and singer Lendvay Márton Sr. (1807-1858) was born here. He was an outstanding figure of Hungarian romantic theatre. He was most successful as the member of the company of the National Theatre in Pest. As the first actor to appear on the stage of the theatre, founded in 1837, he was the first to speak Hungarian on the stage of the National Theatre.
Memorials
Bust of Lendvay Márton
VRicardo95, CC BY-SA 3.0 RO, via Wikimedia Commons
Originally:
statue / memorial / relief
Currently:
statue / memorial / relief
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Bust of Lendvay Márton
History
Lendvay Márton Sr. (Nagybánya, 11 November 1807 - Pest, 29 January 1858) was a Hungarian actor, singer, theatre director and the father of the actor Lendavay Márton Jr. On the night of the unveiling of the memorial plaque on the wall of his birthplace, the actors of Kolozsvár decided to donate the income from the performance given on that occasion to a statue of Lendvay to be built. The sculpture was made by Verő László, a sculptor from Nagykőrös, in 1900. The statue of Lendvay Márton originally stood on Lendvay Square in front of the Civic Society building, but it was pulled down by the Romanian invaders in 1922 and demolished in 1936. The Royal Hungarian Army entered Nagybánya on 7 September 1940. On this occasion, the statue of Lendvay Márton was erected again, but not in its original place, but in the main square of the town. When the Soviets invaded Transylvania, Romanian nationalists set a bonfire around the statue, but the bust was not damaged. After the war, the statue was put in a museum storage. In 1958, it was placed on the promenade in the town park.
Bust of Teleki Sándor
Originally:
statue / memorial / relief
Currently:
statue / memorial / relief
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Bust of Teleki Sándor
History
The bust was erected in 2007 in the courtyard of the Teleki Hungarian House. It is the artwork of Dinyés László.
Museums and Galleries
Former Summer Theatre, Máramaros County Museum of Ethnography and Folk Art
Muzeul Judeţean de Etnografie şi Artă Populară Maramureş
Bratek51, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons
Originally:
theatre/opera
Currently:
museum
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Former Summer Theatre, Máramaros County Museum of Ethnography and Folk Art
History
The museum has been operating since 1978 in the converted building of the former summer theatre. The exhibits come from the area of Máramaros, Kővárvidék, Lápos-vidék and Codru.
Nagybánya Artist's Colony, Painting school
Colonia Pictorilor
Unknown authorUnknown author, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons
Originally:
exhibition hall
Currently:
exhibition hall
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Nagybánya Artist's Colony, Painting school
History
Hollósy Simon established his painting school in Munich in 1896. Thorma János and Réti Simon, who were born in Nagybánya, took the initiative to move the entire international group of artists to Nagybánya for the summer. What started as a summer painting camp became a free school for painters in 1902, where hundreds of painters arrived every year, without any previous training. It had a significant impact on 20th century Hungarian painting. Ferenczi Károly , Iványi-Grünwald Béla, Glatz Oszkár, Csók István, Thorma János and many others worked here. Many of their works are on display in the local fine arts museum and in private collections. The painting school closed after the Second World War.
Former Coin Mint, Museum of History and Archeology of Máramaros County
Muzeul Județean de Istorie și Arheologie Maramureș
Danielaiulia, CC BY-SA 3.0 RO, via Wikimedia Commons
Originally:
coin mint
Currently:
museum
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Former Coin Mint, Museum of History and Archeology of Máramaros County
History
The museum is located in the former coin mint complex.
The two predecessor settlements of the town, Zazarbánya and Asszonypataka, were populated in the 13th century by German goldsmiths and miners. In 1374, King Louis I of Hungary placed the precious metal production of Asszonypataka and Felsőbánya under the administration of a common chamberlain, which later became the minting chamber. In 1411, there was already a mint in the town. In 1468, King Matthias of Hungary leased the mints of Nagybánya, Offenbánya and Nagyszeben to the town for 13,000 gold forints. In the 16th century, with the decline of royal power, minting was taken over by private rentees. At the end of the 16th century, the town was granted to the Báthory family by the emperor, and thus came under the control of the princes of Transylvania. Most of the princedom's money was minted here. In 1620, Prince Bethlen Gábor of Transylvania leased the coin mint to the town. In 1661, Pasha Ali of Várdad forced the town to pay tribute. In the Treaty of Vasvár of 1664, Prince Apafi Mihály I of Transylvania lost the town to the Habsburgs. In 1674, the mining chamber was closed and ore production was placed under the administration of the Mining Directorate of Kassa. During the Hungarian War of Independence led by Rákóczi Ferenc II, the prince minted money here, and after the defeat of Zsibó in 1705, Rákóczi moved the coin mint to Munkács. Between 1734 and 1739, the mint was rebuilt in Baroque style. In 1748, the Chief Mining Inspectorate was established. In 1782 the mint building was enlarged to its present size. In the second half of the 19th century, the Mining Inspectorate was transformed into the Mining Directorate of Nagybánya. In 1864, the mint burnt down and was never reopened, as its importance had also declined.
The museum was established by the Nagybánya Museum Association, founded in 1899 by Schönherr Gyula, a member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. In 1904 the town museum was opened with the collected objects. By 1914, it boasted 11,489 objects. Today it is part of the Máramaros County Museum.
Former County Salt Office, Museum of Fine Arts
Muzeul Judeţean de Artă Centrul Artistic Baia Mare
VRicardo95, CC BY-SA 3.0 RO, via Wikimedia Commons
Originally:
public administration
Currently:
gallery
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Former County Salt Office, Museum of Fine Arts
History
The museum is located in the building of the former county salt office, built in 1748. The museum occupied the building in 1954. It also houses 400 works by 90 artists (including Hollósy Simon, Réti István, Ferenczy Károly, Thorma János, Jándi Dávid), who worked at the Nagybánya Artists' Colony from 1896 to the present day.
Butcher's Bastion
Bastionul Măcelarilor
Danielaiulia, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons
Originally:
town fortification
Currently:
museum
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Butcher's Bastion
History
Built in the 16th century, it was a bastion protecting the southern gate of the medieval town leading towards Kővár.
Teleki Hungarian House, Teleki Sándor Mansion
Originally:
mansion / manor house
Currently:
exhibition hall, event center
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Teleki Hungarian House, Teleki Sándor Mansion
History
The complex of several eclectic-style residential buildings was built in the second half of the 1870s. It took its name from the fact that Count Teleki Sándor (1821-1892) spent the last decade of his life here. The famous freedom fighter and world traveller amassed his collection here. After 1989 it was bought by the Reformed Church. Since 2002 it has been the cultural centre of the Hungarian community around Nagybánya.
County Museum of Mineralogy
History
The museum opened in 1989 with more than 16,000 minerals.
Village Museum
Muzeul Satului Baia Mare
Originally:
skansen / village museum
Currently:
skansen / village museum
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Village Museum
History
The museum opened in 1978 on the Virághegy (Flower Hill). It presents the folk architecture of Máramaros, Kővárvidék, Lápos-vidék and Szatmár. Its most spectacular and oldest piece is the Greek Catholic wooden church from the village of Oláhkékes. It was originally built in 1630 in honour of Saint George.
Check out other towns in Transylvania as well!
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Its development was promoted by the Angevin monarchs of Hungary, Charles I and Louis the Great, who granted it privileges. Of the Gothic church dedicated to King Saint Stephen of Hungary, now only the tower completed under King Matthias remains, but it is the symbol of the city. Already in the early 15th century, the town had a coin mint, but its real boom began after it became the property of Hunyadi J\u00e1nos, who built a house in the main square. It soon developed into one of the largest mining towns in Hungary and was increasingly referred to as Nagyb\u00e1nya. During the reign of King Matthias, Nagyb\u00e1nya accounted for more than half of the gold production in the Kingdom of Hungary. Matthias allowed it to be surrounded by walls to protect it from the raids of the Moldavian Vlachs. After the Reformation, Kop\u00e1csi Istv\u00e1n founded the first secondary school in Transylvania here, called Schola Rivulina. In 1551, the town fell into the hands of Emperor Ferdinand I, who leased the mines to private tenants, leading to the decline of mining. Mining revived under Prince Bethlen G\u00e1bor of Transylvania, who leased the mines to the town of Nagyb\u00e1nya. Most of the principality's money was minted here. The minting ceased in 1864. Gold mining continued until recently, and one of the mines here was responsible for the cyanide pollution of the Tisza River in 2000. The famous Nagyb\u00e1nya School of Painting and Artists Colony, established at the end of the 19th century, had a significant influence on Hungarian painting. The once Hungarian-majority town became Romanian-majority as a result of the massive settlements in the 20th century.","nameorigin":"","history":"#1|@#3|@1142|The town was mentioned for the first time as Asszonypataka (Frauenbach, Woman's brook), when King G\u00e9za II of Hungary brought Saxons to the neighbourhood. According to others, the town was founded after the Mongol Invasion during the reign of King B\u00e9la IV.@1181|The area belonged to Szatm\u00e1r County.@#5|@#6|@1327|King Charles I of Hungary mentioned the settlement by the name Zazarb\u00e1nya. Zazar is the river that flows across the settlement, while b\u00e1nya means mine. The settlement got its name from its gold and silver mines, and its prefix distinguished it from the neighbouring Fels\u0151b\u00e1nya (literally Upper Mine).@1329|The royal charter of King Charles I of Hungary calls the settlement Rivulus Dominarum (Latin version of Asszonypataka). The name refered to the medieval convent, which stood on today's Klastrom (Cloister) meadow. The charter allowed the common judge of Nagyb\u00e1nya and Fels\u0151b\u00e1nya to use the forest between the two settlements for settling in order to boost mining.@October 12, 1347|King Louis I of Hungary renewed the settlement's charter of rights destroyed in a fire. According to this charter, Nagyb\u00e1nya was a free royal town with right to elect its own priest and judge and to hold a 15 days fair on the feast of St. Martin (11 November). A rampart was built around the settlement with palisade and bastions. Behind the defences large-scale constructions started, the foundation stone of the church of St. Stephen of Hungary was laid.@1347|King Louis I issued another charter of rights to the town. The burghers of the town were German speaking settlers (craftsmen, miners and traders) at that time. The patron saint of the mining town was St. Stephen of Hungary.@1387|The Gothic church dedicated to the patron saint of the town, St. Stephen of Hungary, was finished. It was built in a unique fashion, with two naves. The building was 50 metres long and the tower was 40 metres tall. Its huge tower that still stands, the St. Stephen Tower, was built during the reign of King Matthias of Hungary.@1380|The school of the town was mentioned.@1407|The town's castle on the hill above the Bork\u00fat Valley was mentioned for the first time. The town belonged to the royal chamber at that time. The castle was last mentioned in the possession of Szil\u00e1gyi Erzs\u00e9bet, the widow of Hunyadi J\u00e1nos, in 1457. The circumstances of its downfall are unknown.@1408|The town's hospital was recorded.@1411|The coin mint was already in operation in the town.@1412|The tailors' guild was established. The furriers followed in 1479. The butchers' guild in 1506, the potters' guild in 1569, the locksmiths' guild in 1572, the shoemakers' guild in 1581 were formed subsequently. Later other craftsmen also established their guilds (masons, smiths, bakers etc.).@May 1426|Treaty of Tata. The childless Despot of Serbia Stefan Lazarevi\u0107 (\u20201427), his nephew and chosen successor \u0110ura\u0111 Brankovi\u0107 and King Sigismund of Hungary concluded a treaty. Lazarevi\u0107 became a Hungarian aristocrat and Serbia was to be secured for him and his successors under the sovereignty of the Hungarian crown, and defended by Hungarian troops. Lazarevi\u0107 swore allegiance to the King of Hungary and promised that after his death 17 castles (to which the Hungarian crown had a long-standing right: among them Belgrade and Golubac) would be returned to Hungarian rule, and the despot would help Hungary with his entire army. Hungary needed the castles to complete its defence system against the Ottoman Empire. In return Lazarevi\u0107 received large estates in Hungary. After the death of Lazarevi\u0107, King Sigismund took possession of Belgrade in October 1427 and Brankovi\u0107 inherited the Hungarian estates of Lazarevi\u0107. Among them was Nagyb\u00e1nya with the right to mine and mint coins. The towns fell under the jurisdiction of its landowner, which was a major setback for the former free royal town.@1445|Nagyb\u00e1nya and Fels\u0151b\u00e1nya were acquired by Hunyadi J\u00e1nos, and gold and silver mining started to flourish again. Soon it developed into one of the largest mining towns of Hungary, and it was mentioned by the name Nagyb\u00e1nya (referring to its size and importance) more and more frequently. Hunyadi J\u00e1nos built a mansion on the main square of the town, which can still be seen. From 1456 his widow, Szil\u00e1gyi Ersz\u00e9bet, owned the town.@until the middle of the 15th century|The town was called Asszonypataka.@#7|@1458|Nagyb\u00e1nya and Fels\u0151b\u00e1nya came under control of King Matthias of Hungary, the son of Hunyadi J\u00e1nos.@1464|King Matthias granted the town a royal charter of rights, which fostered mining. During this period Nagyb\u00e1nya gave more than half of the gold production of Hungary.@1468|There was a coin mint in the town.@1469|King Matthias allowed the town to be surrounded with walls, ramparts and bastions against the intrusions of the Moldavian Vlachs, of which only the Butcher's Bastion still exists.@1490|After the death of King Matthias of Hungary, Poles invaded the town. They were driven out the next year by King Ul\u00e1szl\u00f3 II of Hungary.@#8|@after 1526|After the Battle of Moh\u00e1cs, the town was owned by King John I of Hungary.@#9|@1547|Kop\u00e1csi Istv\u00e1n converted the burghers of the town to Calvinism and established the Schola Rivulina, which was the first secondary school in the territory of present-day Romania. The school was replaced by a Jesuit secondary school in 1755. The school was operated by the Minorites from 1776.@1551|The child John Sigismund's guardian, George Martinuzzi, with Castaldo's imperial army, forced Queen Isabella to surrender the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom (including Transylvania) to King Ferdinand I. Isabella left for Poland with her child, the heir to the throne. The Turks then launched a punitive campaign against Hungary.@1551|Castaldo, the general of King Ferdinand, occupied the town. The mines were given to tenants, who were only interested in short-term profit and neglected their maintenance. Mining started to decline. The goldsmiths of Nagyb\u00e1nya were famous. One of them, B\u00e1nfihunyadi \u00d6tv\u00f6s J\u00e1nos, became world-famous by becoming the teacher of the Gresham College in London and in Britain he is respected as an outstanding scholar. Another famous goldsmith, Ocsovai D\u00e1niel, made the wax seal stamp of R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Ferenc II.@1556|The Estates of Transylvania, dissatisfied with Habsburg rule, recalled Queen Isabella to the throne, to which the Sultan gave his consent. On her return, she regained control of eastern Hungary.@1560|Balassa Menyh\u00e9rt built a castle.@1564|John II occupied the castle.@1565|Imperial General Schwendi L\u00e1z\u00e1r converted the castle into a fortress.@1567|John II occupied it again and destroyed the fortress during the siege of the town.@#10|@late 16th century|The town was acquired by the B\u00e1thory family. They gave the mines and the coin mint to tenants, who exploited them.@#12|@#13|@#14|@#15|@1620|Prince Bethlen G\u00e1bor of Transylvania took back the mines from the tenants and gave them to the town of Nagyb\u00e1nya. Mining started to flourish again.@#16|@#17|@#18|@middle of the 17th century|Nagyb\u00e1nya was owned by Prince R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Gy\u00f6rgy I of Transylvania, and afterwards by Prince R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Gy\u00f6rgy II.@1657|Prince R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Gy\u00f6rgy II of Transylvania launched a campaign for the crown of Poland in alliance with Carl X Gustaf of Sweden. His aim was to unite the Hungarian-Polish-Wallachian forces against the Turks. The campaign started successfully with the prince taking Krak\u00f3w and Warsawa, but then the King of Sweden abandoned him. The vengeful Poles invaded northern Transylvania, burning defenceless villages, destroying churches and castles. Soon the punitive campaign of Turkish and Tatar armies devastated Transylvania, as the prince launched his Polish campaign against the Sultan's will.@1660|Pasha Ali of V\u00e1rad plundered the neighbourhood and in summer they forced the town to pay an enormous ransom of 16,000 gold coins.@#19|@1664|After the Peace of Vasv\u00e1r the Habsburg emperor took control of Nagyb\u00e1nya.@#20|@#21|@1672|The German garrison was driven away by the kuruc insurgents, but the town fell into imperial hands again soon. General Cobb ordered the burghers to demolish the walls and the defences, but it is more likely that they were only damaged at that time.@#22|@#23|@#24|@1685|The imperial forces spent the winter in M\u00e1ramaros, occupying the neighbourhood.@#25|@1687|The Calvinists lost the St. Stephen Church and their school, which was taken over by the Jesuits in 1691.@#26|@1692|The Minorite Order received the St. Nicholas Church on the small market, and they built a monastery next to it.@#27|@1703|R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Ferenc II sent the famous Vlach outlaw, Pintye (Pintea), to occupy Nagyb\u00e1nya for him. Pintye was shot to death at the south gate on 14 August. After having surrendered, Nagyb\u00e1nya supported the war of independence of R\u00e1k\u00f3czi.@1712|King Charles III of Hungary (Emperor Charles VI) reaffirmed the privileges of the town.@1717-1719|The Baroque Holy Trinity Church was built.@1739|The building of the coin mint was finished. The building now hosts the County Museum of History and Archaeology.@1742|Nagyb\u00e1nya was devastated by a plague.@1748|The Mining Inspectorate was formed. The coin mint, the neighbouring mines and the mine courts (later mine captaincies) belonged to its jurisdiction. The Jesuit monastery was built the same year.@1771|The construction of the Greek Catholic church was started.@1792|The construction of the Calvinist church was started.@1796|Hungarian theatre company was established, and in 1797 a German also was formed.@1802|The Black Eagle Inn was built, where the great Hungarian revolutionary poet Pet\u0151fi S\u00e1ndor and his wife, Szendrey J\u00falia, stayed in September 1847.@#28|@1848|The town joined the Hungarian revolution and Kossuth Lajos was named honorary citizen of the town the same year.@November 2, 1848|The cavalry of Katona Mikl\u00f3s put down the uprising of Vlach peasants incited by the Habsburgs against the Hungarians.@December 1848|General Bem J\u00f3zsef set off for liberating Kolozsv\u00e1r from here.@1849|After the fall of the Hungarian War of Independence, Berenczey L\u00e1szl\u00f3, former government commissioner of Transylvania, found refuge in Nagyb\u00e1nya along with several other revolutionaries.@1860|A Calvinist school was built.@#30|@1867|After the Austro-Hungarian Compromise mining started to flourish again.@1884|The Nagyb\u00e1nya-Szatm\u00e1r railway was opened.@1889|The Nagyb\u00e1nya-Zsib\u00f3-D\u00e9s railway was opened.@1889|The first Romanian language newspaper, the Gutinul weekly journal, was published.@1891-1892|The construction of the girl's school was finished.@1896|The Painting School of Nagyb\u00e1nya was established. It was one of the most significant centres of Hungarian fine art. The Hungarian artists Holl\u00f3sy Simon, R\u00e9ti Istv\u00e1n, Thorma J\u00e1nos, Iv\u00e1nyi-Gr\u00fcnwald B\u00e9la, and Ferenczy K\u00e1roly went to Munich to study arts from the neighborhood. Later they returned and established the Artists' Colony of Nagyb\u00e1nya, which had a great influence on Hungarian painting through the introduction of naturalism and plein air. Their paintings can be seen in the National Gallery of Budapest.@1904|The Museum of Nagyb\u00e1nya was opened.@1905|The railway line between Nagyb\u00e1nya and Fels\u0151b\u00e1nya was opened.@1909|Electric lighting was introduced.@#31|@1916|On 27 August, Romania declared war on the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and launched an attack against Hungary. This triggered a huge wave of refugees from Transylvania, as the population feared a repeat of the Romanian ethnic cleansing of 1848-49. Austro-Hungarian and German forces drove the invaders out of the country by mid-October and occupied Bucharest on 6 December. Romania surrendered and signed a peace treaty with the central powers on 7 May 1918 (Treaty of Bucharest).@1918|On 3 November, the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy signed the Armistice of Padua. The already defeated Romania then declared war on Germany on 10 November, just one day before the Germans signed the armistice near Compi\u00e8gne. The Romanians then launched an offensive against Hungary, which had already unconditionally ceased fighting at the demand of the Entente. Romania was only recognised by the Entente powers as one of the victors of WWI only later.@#32|@from 1918|By 1922, 197,000 Hungarians were forced to leave the Romanian-occupied part of the country. By 1939 a further 169,000 Hungarians had left Transylvania, mostly aristocrats, intellectuals and a significant number of farmers. Most of them moved to Hungary. Before the Romanian invasion, 1,662,000 Hungarians lived in Transylvania, 32 percent of the population.@January 6, 1919|The Romanian army invaded the town. The language of the secondary education became Romanian in the predominantly Hungarian town. The Greek Catholic Bishopric moved from M\u00e1ramarossziget to Nagyb\u00e1nya.@#36|@#39|@September 7, 1940|Nagyb\u00e1nya returned to Hungary thanks to the Second Vienna Award.@June 27, 1941|One day after the bombing of Kassa, the Soviet Air Force bombed Nagyb\u00e1nya as well.@after 1945|As the occupying Romanian authorities returned behind Soviet tanks, Nagyb\u00e1nya became the seat of M\u00e1ramaros Province (later M\u00e1ramaros County). The massive state-organized Romanian migration resulted in the exponential growth of the town's population from 18,000 to 170,000.@#43|@from the 1950s|800,000 Romanians were settled in Transylvania from Moldavia, but many also came from Wallachia. The aim was to Romanianize the still majorly Hungarian towns and to break up the ethnic Hungarian blocks. While previously there was a Romanian majority in only a few small towns, this has been reversed by now.@since 1989|Mining declined, several mines were closed.@January 30, 2000|From the facility of the Aurul Mining Company 100 thousand cubic metres of sewage containing cyanide and heavy metal spilled into the L\u00e1pos River, and through it, to the Szamos and Tisza rivers. The cyanide pollution flowed down the Tisza River through Hungary in two weeks causing enormous destruction, killing every living creature in the water. The drinking supply of millions of Hungarians was also contaminated. It was called the worst environmental disaster in Europe since Chernobyl. The Romanian government and the Australian company Esmeralda Exploration claimed that they were not responsible and the fish died due to lack of oxygen because of the freezing of the river.@2002|7.2 million people lived in Transylvania, including 1.42 million Hungarians. There were 1.65 million Hungarians out of 5.2 million in 1910. The proportion of the Romanians increased from 53.78% to 74.69%, while the proportion of the Hungarians decreased from 31.64% to 19.6%. The proportion of the Germans dropped from 10.75% to below 1%. These changes were mainly the results of migration and the persecution of Hungarians and Saxons. Transylvania here refers to the entire territory that once belonged to Hungary, which is much larger than historical Transylvania.&banyavidek.ro: Nagyb\u00e1nya r\u00f6vid t\u00f6rt\u00e9nete|http:\/\/www.banyavidek.ro\/hu\/telepuleseink\/nagybanya\/nagybanya-rovid-tortenete"},"castles":[{"castleId":116,"townId":55,"active":1,"name_LO":"Cetatea medievala din Valea Borcutului","settlement_HU":"Bork\u00fati v\u00f6lgy, Nagyb\u00e1nya","settlement_LO":"Valea Borcutului, Baia Mare","address":"","listorder":100,"gps_lat":"47.6915750000","gps_long":"23.5204630000","oldcounty":24,"country":4,"division":10,"cond":7,"entrance":2,"varaklink":"https:\/\/varak.hu\/latnivalo\/index\/3132-Nagybanya-Borkuti-volgy\/","homepage":"","openinghours":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022VRicardo95, CC BY-SA 3.0 RO \u003Chttps:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/ro\/deed.en\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Cetatea_din_Baia_Mare,_punct_%22Valea_Borcutului%22.JPG\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Cetatea din Baia Mare, punct Valea Borcutului\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/6c\/Cetatea_din_Baia_Mare%2C_punct_%22Valea_Borcutului%22.JPG\/512px-Cetatea_din_Baia_Mare%2C_punct_%22Valea_Borcutului%22.JPG\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Cetatea_din_Baia_Mare,_punct_%22Valea_Borcutului%22.JPG\u0022\u003EVRicardo95\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/ro\/deed.en\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0 RO\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Nagyb\u00e1nya Castle ","seolink":"nagybanya-castle-cetatea-baia-mare","georegion":"Gutin Mountains","description":"","nameorigin":"","history":"#1|@#3|@#5|@1407|The town's castle on the hill above the Bork\u00fat Valley was mentioned for the first time. The town belonged to the royal chamber at that time.@#7|@1457|The castle was last mentioned in the possession of Szil\u00e1gyi Erzs\u00e9bet, the widow of Hunyadi J\u00e1nos, in 1457. Its castellan was called Z\u00e1polyai Imre. The circumstances of its downfall are unknown.&banyavidek.ro: Nagyb\u00e1nya r\u00f6vid t\u00f6rt\u00e9nete|banyavidek.ro\/hu\/telepuleseink\/nagybanya\/nagybanya-rovid-tortenete"}],"sights":[{"sightId":1127,"townId":55,"active":1,"name_LO":"Turnul \u0218tefan","address":"Pia\u021ba Cet\u0103\u021bii, Turnului","mapdata":"1|724|781","gps_lat":"47.6586762337","gps_long":"23.5821152725","religion":1,"oldtype":"1","newtype":"1","homepage":"https:\/\/www.baiamare.ro\/ro\/Descopera-Baia-Mare\/Obiective-turistice-si-atractii\/Atractii-turistice\/Turnul-Stefan\/","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"https:\/\/www.muemlekem.hu\/hatareset\/Szent-Istvan-torony-Nagybanya-2294","csemadoklink":"https:\/\/lexikon.adatbank.transindex.ro\/muemlek.php?id=181","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Nenea hartia, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Turnul_%C8%98tefan_din_Baia_Mare_06.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Turnul \u0218tefan din Baia Mare 06\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/73\/Turnul_%C8%98tefan_din_Baia_Mare_06.jpg\/512px-Turnul_%C8%98tefan_din_Baia_Mare_06.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Turnul_%C8%98tefan_din_Baia_Mare_06.jpg\u0022\u003ENenea hartia\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 4.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"St. Stephan's Tower","seolink":"st-stephans-tower","note":"","history":"The charter of King Louis I of Hungary reported the construction of the church in 1347. In 1445, Nagyb\u00e1nya became the property of Hunyadi J\u00e1nos, who, according to tradition, built the tower that still stands today.@\nThe town became Protestant in 1547 as a result of the activities of Kop\u00e1csi Istv\u00e1n, a preacher from Erd\u0151d. The parish priest at that time was Veress Mih\u00e1ly. St. Stephen's Church was taken over by the Protestants, first by the Lutherans, then by the Calvinists. In 1551, the Franciscans were expelled from the town by Deacon P\u00e9ter, a supporter of Queen Isabella. In 1674, St Stephen's Church was returned to Catholic hands for three years thanks to the imperial army of General Spankau. In 1687, after the Turks had been driven out and Transylvania had been incorporated into the Habsburg Empire, St Stephen's Church was taken over by the Jesuits. Thanks to the Hungarian War of Independence led by R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Ferenc II, the Calvinists used St. Stephen's Church from 1705 to 1712. Afterwards the Jesuits reclaimed it, but did not have it restored, but built their new church on the site of the old St. Martin's Church. On 25 August 1769, the church was struck by lightning and completely destroyed. The St Stephen's Church was then dismantled and in 1847 the town council used gunpowder to blow up the still substantial ruins. The material was sold and used for the construction of the parish church and other buildings.@\nIn 1619, Kaszai Farkas P\u00e9ter replaced the tower's old spire that burnt down at the end of the 16th century with a new spire, which had four turrets. This was destroyed by a fire caused by lightning in 1769, and in 1770 the Austrian George Seisenpech, a tinker, built an onion dome to replace it. After this also burnt down, a new spire was built in 1871, based on the designs of the architect Schulz Ferenc.\n&\njezsuita.hu: A NAGYB\u00c1NYAI SZENTH\u00c1ROMS\u00c1G PL\u00c9B\u00c1NIATEMPLOM|https:\/\/jezsuita.hu\/a-nagybanyai-szentharomsag-plebaniatemplom\/"},{"sightId":1128,"townId":55,"active":1,"name_LO":"Biserica Romano-Catolic\u0103 a Ordinului Franciscan","address":"Pia\u021ba P\u0103cii 8","mapdata":"1|609|825","gps_lat":"47.6583967545","gps_long":"23.5811442138","religion":1,"oldtype":"1","newtype":"1","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"","picture_ref":"","name":"St. Nicholas Roman Catholic Church, Small Market Church","seolink":"st-nicholas-roman-catholic-church-small-market-church","note":"","history":"This is the oldest church in Nagyb\u00e1nya. It was built in the 15th century. In 1547, it was taken over by the Calvinists, together with the two other Catholic churches (St. Stephen's and St. Martin's).@\nFrom 1703 to 1711, during the Hungarian War of Independence led by R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Ferenc II, it was again in the hands of the Calvinists. When the Catholics took the churches back after the war, only this one was in a usable state.\n&\ngmap.ro: Nagyb\u00e1nya: Kispiaci katolikus templom (t\u00e9rk\u00e9p)|https:\/\/www.gmap.ro\/hu\/Baia_Mare_Biserica_Catolica_Piata_Mica"},{"sightId":1129,"townId":55,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"Strada Cri\u0219an 5","mapdata":"1|663|768","gps_lat":"47.6587448618","gps_long":"23.5816736933","religion":1,"oldtype":"5","newtype":"15,53","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"","picture_ref":"","name":"Former Minorite Monastery","seolink":"former-minorite-monastery","note":"","history":"There was already a Minorite monastery in the town in the second half of the 14th century, but it was destroyed in 1547 as a result of the Reformation. The monastery, which still exists today, was founded in 1692. On 14 August 1703, the troops of R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Ferenc II occupied Nagyb\u00e1nya and expelled the Minorites, believing them to be supporting the Austrians. The monastery and the church were burnt down during the siege of the town. At the end of 1710, the Minorite father Kelemen Did\u00e1k was sent to Nagyb\u00e1nya, who revived monastic life and was of great merit in teaching, nursing and evangelisation. After the dissolution of the Jesuit order in 1776, their school continued to function here. In 1948 the monks were expelled by the communists, but they returned. The building houses private apartments and various municipal offices.\n&\nmagyarkurir.hu: A minorit\u00e1kat k\u00f6sz\u00f6nt\u00f6tt\u00e9k Nagyb\u00e1ny\u00e1n|https:\/\/www.magyarkurir.hu\/hirek\/minoritakat-koeszoentoettek-nagybanyan\/"},{"sightId":1130,"townId":55,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"Strada 1 Mai 6","mapdata":"1|827|805","gps_lat":"47.6584918582","gps_long":"23.5832022679","religion":1,"oldtype":"9","newtype":"1","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"https:\/\/www.muemlekem.hu\/hatareset\/Szentharomsag-plebaniatemplom--volt-jezsuita-templom-es-kolostor-Nagybanya-1529","csemadoklink":"https:\/\/lexikon.adatbank.transindex.ro\/muemlek.php?id=182","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Rlevente, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Nagyb%C3%A1nya,_Szenth%C3%A1roms%C3%A1g-templom_01.JPG\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Nagyb\u00e1nya, Szenth\u00e1roms\u00e1g-templom 01\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/f5\/Nagyb%C3%A1nya%2C_Szenth%C3%A1roms%C3%A1g-templom_01.JPG\/512px-Nagyb%C3%A1nya%2C_Szenth%C3%A1roms%C3%A1g-templom_01.JPG\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Nagyb%C3%A1nya,_Szenth%C3%A1roms%C3%A1g-templom_01.JPG\u0022\u003ERlevente\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Holy Trinity Former Jesuit Church and Monastery","seolink":"holy-trinity-former-jesuit-church-and-monastery","note":"","history":"The old Jesuit church included a convent and a school. The old school gym was converted into an Orthodox church in 1926 after the Romanian occupation. The church was built between 1717 and 1720. In 1773, the Pope dissolved the Jesuit order, and since then it has been a parish church.@\nThe Jesuits appeared in Nagyb\u00e1nya in 1674, when the imperial military took the church of St. Stephen from the Calvinists and gave it to the Jesuits. The Jesuits were expelled in 1677.@\nIn 1687, after the Turks had been driven out and Transylvania had been incorporated into the Habsburg Empire, St Stephen's Church was acquired by the Catholics and taken over by the Jesuits in 1691. Thanks to the Hungarian War of Independence led by R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Ferenc II, the Calvinists were able to use St. Stephen's again from 1705 to 1712. Afterwards the Jesuits reclaimed it, but did not have it restored, but built their new church on the site of the old St. Martin's Church. The Jesuit church and monastery were built thanks to a donation from Bishop Matyasovszki L\u00e1szl\u00f3 of Nitra in 1696, and an oval-shaped memorial plaque was placed on the western facade in commemoration of the donation. St Stephen's Church was then torn down and was blown up in 1847. The altarpiece of the sanctuary was painted by K\u00e1rm\u00e1n L\u00e1szl\u00f3 in 1823. The altar was carved by Schaintzer F\u00fcl\u00f6p in 1824-25. The monastery and school building was completed by 1748. The school was taken over by the Minorites in 1776. The church was completely renovated between 1852 and 1867 by the parish priest Smoczer Ign\u00e1c, when the new main altarpiece was also made. At the beginning of the 20th century, the mosaic floor and the eight-coloured glass window were completed. The organ was completed between 1940 and 44, when Nagyb\u00e1nya was again part of Hungary.\nAfter the First World War the school, then a state grammar school, moved. It was replaced by a civil school for girls.\n&\njezsuita.hu: A NAGYB\u00c1NYAI SZENTH\u00c1ROMS\u00c1G PL\u00c9B\u00c1NIATEMPLOM|https:\/\/jezsuita.hu\/a-nagybanyai-szentharomsag-plebaniatemplom\/"},{"sightId":1131,"townId":55,"active":1,"name_LO":"Biserica reformat\u0103","address":"Strada Podul Viilor","mapdata":"1|517|334","gps_lat":"47.6612200515","gps_long":"23.5805511153","religion":2,"oldtype":"1","newtype":"1","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"https:\/\/www.muemlekem.hu\/hatareset\/Reformatus-templom-Nagybanya-855","csemadoklink":"https:\/\/lexikon.adatbank.transindex.ro\/muemlek.php?id=211","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022h_laca, CC BY 3.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Nagyb%C3%A1nya,_Reform%C3%A1tus_templom_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Nagyb\u00e1nya, Reform\u00e1tus templom - panoramio\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/ad\/Nagyb%C3%A1nya%2C_Reform%C3%A1tus_templom_-_panoramio.jpg\/512px-Nagyb%C3%A1nya%2C_Reform%C3%A1tus_templom_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Nagyb%C3%A1nya,_Reform%C3%A1tus_templom_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003Eh_laca\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\u0022\u003ECC BY 3.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Calvinist Church","seolink":"calvinist-church","note":"","history":"The town became Protestant in 1547 as a result of the activities of Kop\u00e1csi Istv\u00e1n, a preacher from Erd\u0151d. St. Stephen's church was then taken over by Protestants, first by Lutherans and then by Calvinists. In 1674, St Stephen's Church was returned to Catholic hands for three years thanks to the imperial army of General Spankau. In 1687, after the Turks had been driven out and Transylvania had been incorporated into the Habsburg Empire, St Stephen's Church was acquired by the Catholics and taken over by the Jesuits in 1691. Thanks to the Hungarian War of Independence led by R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Ferenc II, the Calvinists were able to use St. Stephen's again from 1705 to 1712. The present Calvinist (Reformed) church was built between 1792 and 1809 in the neoclassical style, previously Protestants were only allowed to build wooden churches. The tower was built in 1836. Its designer is not known, but there is a chance that it was P\u00e9chy Mih\u00e1ly, who also designed the Great Church in Debrecen (Hungary). The church was a favourite subject of the Nagyb\u00e1nya School of Painting. In 1991, a memorial plaque to the writer N\u00e9meth L\u00e1szl\u00f3 born in Nagyb\u00e1nya was erected in the church."},{"sightId":1132,"townId":55,"active":1,"name_LO":"Biserica Evanghelic\u0103-Luteran\u0103","address":"Strada Vasile Lucaciu 18","mapdata":"1|1032|498","gps_lat":"47.6601821326","gps_long":"23.5849221572","religion":3,"oldtype":"1","newtype":"1","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"https:\/\/www.muemlekem.hu\/hatareset\/Evangelikus-templom-Nagybanya-823","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Danielaiulia, CC BY-SA 3.0 RO <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/ro\/deed.en>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Biserica_Luterana_-_Baia_Mare.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022256\u0022 alt=\u0022Biserica Luterana - Baia Mare\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/c1\/Biserica_Luterana_-_Baia_Mare.jpg\/256px-Biserica_Luterana_-_Baia_Mare.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Biserica_Luterana_-_Baia_Mare.jpg\u0022\u003EDanielaiulia\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/ro\/deed.en\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0 RO\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Lutheran Church","seolink":"lutheran-church","note":"","history":"In 1547 Kop\u00e1csi Istv\u00e1n converted the town to Lutheranism and founded a college. At that time the town was still inhabited by Hungarians and Germans. In 1693, the first Lutheran wooden church was built with the support Prince Apafi Mih\u00e1ly of Transylvania, which was destroyed by the Jesuits in 1766. In 1805 a small wooden church was built with a tower.@\nThe present church was built between 1911 and 1912 in the Art Nouveau style on the site of the former church, and its altarpiece was painted in 1903 by Iv\u00e1nyi-Gr\u00fcnwald B\u00e9la Jr., a participant of the Nagyb\u00e1nya School of Painting. It depicts Christ with his disciples in the Garden of Gethsemane. The organ was made in 1886."},{"sightId":1133,"townId":55,"active":1,"name_LO":"Catedrala Adormirea Maicii Domnului","address":"Strada Vasile Lucaciu 59","mapdata":"1|1415|276","gps_lat":"47.6617216202","gps_long":"23.5881481069","religion":5,"oldtype":"1","newtype":"1","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Danielaiulia, CC BY-SA 3.0 RO <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/ro\/deed.en>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Biserica_%22_Adormirea_Maicii_Domnului_%22_Baia_Mare.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Biserica Adormirea Maicii Domnului Baia Mare\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/90\/Biserica_%22_Adormirea_Maicii_Domnului_%22_Baia_Mare.jpg\/512px-Biserica_%22_Adormirea_Maicii_Domnului_%22_Baia_Mare.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Biserica_%22_Adormirea_Maicii_Domnului_%22_Baia_Mare.jpg\u0022\u003EDanielaiulia\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/ro\/deed.en\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0 RO\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Orthodox Cathedral of the Assumption","seolink":"orthodox-cathedral-of-the-assumption","note":"","history":"It was built between 1909 and 1911 for the Greek Catholics. Most of the work was paid for by Canon Alexandru Breban. The martyred Greek Catholic Bishop Alexandru Rusu was ordained here. In 1948 the Greek Catholic denomination was banned and the church was given to the Orthodox. The Greek Catholics are trying to get it back through litigation."},{"sightId":1134,"townId":55,"active":1,"name_LO":"Biserica ortodox\u0103 Sf.Nicolae","address":"Strada Cri\u0219an 9","mapdata":"1|749|832","gps_lat":"47.6583936527","gps_long":"23.5824351150","religion":5,"oldtype":"1","newtype":"1","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Nenea hartia, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Turnul_%C8%98tefan_din_Baia_Mare_05.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Turnul \u0218tefan din Baia Mare 05\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/72\/Turnul_%C8%98tefan_din_Baia_Mare_05.jpg\/512px-Turnul_%C8%98tefan_din_Baia_Mare_05.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Turnul_%C8%98tefan_din_Baia_Mare_05.jpg\u0022\u003ENenea hartia\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 4.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"St. Nicholas Orthodox Church","seolink":"st-nicholas-orthodox-church","note":"","history":"The church was built after the Romanian occupation in 1922."},{"sightId":1135,"townId":55,"active":2,"name_LO":"","address":"Pia\u021ba Libert\u0103\u021bii","mapdata":"1|720|632","gps_lat":"47.6594849250","gps_long":"23.5821639870","religion":2,"oldtype":"74,75","newtype":"120","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022h_laca, CC BY 3.0 \u003Chttps:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Nagyb%C3%A1nya,_Piac_t%C3%A9r_-_panoramio_-_h_laca_(3).jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Nagyb\u00e1nya, Piac t\u00e9r - panoramio - h laca (3)\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/e0\/Nagyb%C3%A1nya%2C_Piac_t%C3%A9r_-_panoramio_-_h_laca_%283%29.jpg\/512px-Nagyb%C3%A1nya%2C_Piac_t%C3%A9r_-_panoramio_-_h_laca_%283%29.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Nagyb%C3%A1nya,_Piac_t%C3%A9r_-_panoramio_-_h_laca_(3).jpg\u0022\u003Eh_laca\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\u0022\u003ECC BY 3.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Schola Rivulina","seolink":"schola-rivulina","note":"","history":"In 1547, the reformer Kop\u00e1csi Istv\u00e1n converted the town to Protestantism and founded the Lutheran college, of which he became the first rector. It was the first secondary school in Transylvania. He named it Schola Rivulina after Nagyb\u00e1nya's Latin name, Rivulus Dominarum. It was soon promoted to the rank of a college, where pastors and teachers were trained. Kop\u00e1csi taught logic, Greek language and theology. It was closed down by the imperials in 1755 during the Counter-Reformation."},{"sightId":1136,"townId":55,"active":1,"name_LO":"Sinagoga","address":"Strada Some\u0219ului 7","mapdata":"1|1071|809","gps_lat":"47.6585173847","gps_long":"23.5853784016","religion":6,"oldtype":"8","newtype":"121","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022S.B., CC BY-SA 3.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:BaiaMaresynagogue.JPG\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022BaiaMaresynagogue\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/ae\/BaiaMaresynagogue.JPG\/512px-BaiaMaresynagogue.JPG\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:BaiaMaresynagogue.JPG\u0022\u003ES.B.\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Synagogue","seolink":"synagogue","note":"","history":"Built in 1885 in neo-Baroque style."},{"sightId":1137,"townId":55,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"Strada Vasile Lucaciu 4","mapdata":"1|763|584","gps_lat":"47.6597853028","gps_long":"23.5826865634","religion":0,"oldtype":"80","newtype":"82","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"https:\/\/lexikon.adatbank.transindex.ro\/muemlek.php?id=208","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022h_laca, CC BY 3.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Nagyb%C3%A1nya,_az_%C3%B6reg_fogad%C3%B3_%C3%A9p%C3%BClete_-_panoramio_-_h_laca.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Nagyb\u00e1nya, az \u00f6reg fogad\u00f3 \u00e9p\u00fclete - panoramio - h laca\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/2b\/Nagyb%C3%A1nya%2C_az_%C3%B6reg_fogad%C3%B3_%C3%A9p%C3%BClete_-_panoramio_-_h_laca.jpg\/512px-Nagyb%C3%A1nya%2C_az_%C3%B6reg_fogad%C3%B3_%C3%A9p%C3%BClete_-_panoramio_-_h_laca.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Nagyb%C3%A1nya,_az_%C3%B6reg_fogad%C3%B3_%C3%A9p%C3%BClete_-_panoramio_-_h_laca.jpg\u0022\u003Eh_laca\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\u0022\u003ECC BY 3.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Black Eagle Inn","seolink":"black-eagle-inn","note":"","history":"The inn was already functioning in 1736. In 1784 the long east wing was built, with separate bedrooms. In 1802 the neoclassical building was given an upper floor. The facade was converted to neo-Renaissance in the 1870s. The upstairs salon was used for balls and theatrical performances in the 19th century.@\nIn 1847, the Hungarian revolutionary poet Pet\u0151fi S\u00e1ndor and Szendrei J\u00falia were on their way to Teleki S\u00e1ndor's manor house in Kolt\u00f3, where they were going to spend their honeymoon, when the axle of their carriage broke near Nagyb\u00e1nya, so they spent the night in the Black Eagle Inn. A plaque on the upper floor of the building commemorates this.@\nIn 1925, the Town Hall moved into the building, since it had not provided a sufficient standard of accommodation for guests. A new town hall was built in the 1970s."},{"sightId":1138,"townId":55,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"Pia\u021ba Libert\u0103\u021bii 7","mapdata":"1|524|662","gps_lat":"47.6593077603","gps_long":"23.5805210813","religion":0,"oldtype":"80","newtype":"53","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"https:\/\/www.muemlekem.hu\/hatareset\/Istvan-Kiraly-Szallo-Nagybanya-550","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022FOTO:FORTEPAN \/ Rom\u00e1k \u00c9va, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Nagyb%C3%A1nya,_Istv%C3%A1n_Kir%C3%A1ly_Sz%C3%A1ll%C3%B3._Fortepan_73879.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Nagyb\u00e1nya, Istv\u00e1n Kir\u00e1ly Sz\u00e1ll\u00f3. Fortepan 73879\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/47\/Nagyb%C3%A1nya%2C_Istv%C3%A1n_Kir%C3%A1ly_Sz%C3%A1ll%C3%B3._Fortepan_73879.jpg\/512px-Nagyb%C3%A1nya%2C_Istv%C3%A1n_Kir%C3%A1ly_Sz%C3%A1ll%C3%B3._Fortepan_73879.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Nagyb%C3%A1nya,_Istv%C3%A1n_Kir%C3%A1ly_Sz%C3%A1ll%C3%B3._Fortepan_73879.jpg\u0022\u003EFOTO:FORTEPAN \/ Rom\u00e1k \u00c9va\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Former King Saint Stephen Hotel","seolink":"former-king-saint-stephen-hotel","note":"","history":"The former hotel was built in the Art Nouveau style in 1910. It was previously the site of the Golden Deer Inn. The famous Berger's confectionery was frequented by the artists of the Nagyb\u00e1nya School of Painting."},{"sightId":1139,"townId":55,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"Pia\u021ba Libert\u0103\u021bii 18","mapdata":"1|721|528","gps_lat":"47.6600997589","gps_long":"23.5821735346","religion":0,"oldtype":"50","newtype":"121","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"https:\/\/www.muemlekem.hu\/hatareset\/Hunyadi-haz-Nagybanya-1528","csemadoklink":"https:\/\/lexikon.adatbank.transindex.ro\/muemlek.php?id=183","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022ferengra, CC BY-SA 3.0 <http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Nagyb%C3%A1nya,_f%C5%91t%C3%A9r,_Erzs%C3%A9bet-h%C3%A1z.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Nagyb\u00e1nya, f\u0151t\u00e9r, Erzs\u00e9bet-h\u00e1z\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/a8\/Nagyb%C3%A1nya%2C_f%C5%91t%C3%A9r%2C_Erzs%C3%A9bet-h%C3%A1z.jpg\/512px-Nagyb%C3%A1nya%2C_f%C5%91t%C3%A9r%2C_Erzs%C3%A9bet-h%C3%A1z.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Nagyb%C3%A1nya,_f%C5%91t%C3%A9r,_Erzs%C3%A9bet-h%C3%A1z.jpg\u0022\u003Eferengra\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Hunyadi House, Elisabeth House","seolink":"hunyadi-house-elisabeth-house","note":"","history":"In 1445 Hunyadi J\u00e1nos acquired Nagyb\u00e1nya. After his death it passed to his sons and became a royal estate when Matthias was elected king of Hungary in 1458. In 1463 its coin mint issued 20,000 ducats (gold coins) a year and it was one of the most important towns in Hungary. In 1464, King Matthias restored the town to the free royal town status it had lost in 1411. In 1469 King Matthias granted permission to enclose the town with a wall.@\nIts construction is dated 1446, during the stay of Hunyadi J\u00e1nos in Nagyb\u00e1nya. It is said that Szil\u00e1gyi Erzs\u00e9bet lived here after the death of her husband Hunyadi J\u00e1nos in 1456. Stylistically, the building is dated to the turn of the 15th and 16th centuries. In fact, it is not one house, but two, standing behind each other. It was still the property of the Hungarian state at the end of the 19th century."},{"sightId":1140,"townId":55,"active":2,"name_LO":"Colonia Pictorilor","address":"Strada Victoriei 21","mapdata":"2|504|1156","gps_lat":"47.6612863240","gps_long":"23.5736241407","religion":0,"oldtype":"105","newtype":"105","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"https:\/\/www.muemlekem.hu\/hatareset\/Nagybanyai-Muvesztelep-Nagybanya-822","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Unknown author, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Scoala_de_pictura_de_la_Baia_Mare_(foto_1930).jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Scoala de pictura de la Baia Mare (foto 1930)\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/c7\/Scoala_de_pictura_de_la_Baia_Mare_%28foto_1930%29.jpg\/512px-Scoala_de_pictura_de_la_Baia_Mare_%28foto_1930%29.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"Unknown authorUnknown author, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Nagyb\u00e1nya Artist's Colony, Painting school","seolink":"nagybanya-artists-colony-painting-school","note":"","history":"Holl\u00f3sy Simon established his painting school in Munich in 1896. Thorma J\u00e1nos and R\u00e9ti Simon, who were born in Nagyb\u00e1nya, took the initiative to move the entire international group of artists to Nagyb\u00e1nya for the summer. What started as a summer painting camp became a free school for painters in 1902, where hundreds of painters arrived every year, without any previous training. It had a significant impact on 20th century Hungarian painting. Ferenczi K\u00e1roly , Iv\u00e1nyi-Gr\u00fcnwald B\u00e9la, Glatz Oszk\u00e1r, Cs\u00f3k Istv\u00e1n, Thorma J\u00e1nos and many others worked here. Many of their works are on display in the local fine arts museum and in private collections. The painting school closed after the Second World War."},{"sightId":1141,"townId":55,"active":2,"name_LO":"Muzeul Jude\u021bean de Istorie \u0219i Arheologie Maramure\u0219","address":"Strada Monet\u0103riei 1-3","mapdata":"1|627|257","gps_lat":"47.6618374053","gps_long":"23.5821062453","religion":0,"oldtype":"116","newtype":"98","homepage":"https:\/\/www.muzeubaiamare.ro\/","openinghours":"https:\/\/www.muzeubaiamare.ro\/informatii-utile\/","muemlekemlink":"https:\/\/www.muemlekem.hu\/hatareset\/Penzverde-Nagybanya-1530","csemadoklink":"https:\/\/lexikon.adatbank.transindex.ro\/muemlek.php?id=387","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Danielaiulia, CC BY-SA 3.0 RO \u003Chttps:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/ro\/deed.en\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Monetaria_-azi_Muzeul_Jude%C5%A3ean_de_Istorie_-_Baia_Mare.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Monetaria -azi Muzeul Jude\u0163ean de Istorie - Baia Mare\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/f0\/Monetaria_-azi_Muzeul_Jude%C5%A3ean_de_Istorie_-_Baia_Mare.jpg\/512px-Monetaria_-azi_Muzeul_Jude%C5%A3ean_de_Istorie_-_Baia_Mare.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Monetaria_-azi_Muzeul_Jude%C5%A3ean_de_Istorie_-_Baia_Mare.jpg\u0022\u003EDanielaiulia\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/ro\/deed.en\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0 RO\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Former Coin Mint, Museum of History and Archeology of M\u00e1ramaros County","seolink":"former-coin-mint--museum-of-history-and-archeology-of-maramaros-county","note":"","history":"The museum is located in the former coin mint complex.@\nThe two predecessor settlements of the town, Zazarb\u00e1nya and Asszonypataka, were populated in the 13th century by German goldsmiths and miners. In 1374, King Louis I of Hungary placed the precious metal production of Asszonypataka and Fels\u0151b\u00e1nya under the administration of a common chamberlain, which later became the minting chamber. In 1411, there was already a mint in the town. In 1468, King Matthias of Hungary leased the mints of Nagyb\u00e1nya, Offenb\u00e1nya and Nagyszeben to the town for 13,000 gold forints. In the 16th century, with the decline of royal power, minting was taken over by private rentees. At the end of the 16th century, the town was granted to the B\u00e1thory family by the emperor, and thus came under the control of the princes of Transylvania. Most of the princedom's money was minted here. In 1620, Prince Bethlen G\u00e1bor of Transylvania leased the coin mint to the town. In 1661, Pasha Ali of V\u00e1rdad forced the town to pay tribute. In the Treaty of Vasv\u00e1r of 1664, Prince Apafi Mih\u00e1ly I of Transylvania lost the town to the Habsburgs. In 1674, the mining chamber was closed and ore production was placed under the administration of the Mining Directorate of Kassa. During the Hungarian War of Independence led by R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Ferenc II, the prince minted money here, and after the defeat of Zsib\u00f3 in 1705, R\u00e1k\u00f3czi moved the coin mint to Munk\u00e1cs. Between 1734 and 1739, the mint was rebuilt in Baroque style. In 1748, the Chief Mining Inspectorate was established. In 1782 the mint building was enlarged to its present size. In the second half of the 19th century, the Mining Inspectorate was transformed into the Mining Directorate of Nagyb\u00e1nya. In 1864, the mint burnt down and was never reopened, as its importance had also declined.@\nThe museum was established by the Nagyb\u00e1nya Museum Association, founded in 1899 by Sch\u00f6nherr Gyula, a member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. In 1904 the town museum was opened with the collected objects. By 1914, it boasted 11,489 objects. Today it is part of the M\u00e1ramaros County Museum."},{"sightId":1142,"townId":55,"active":1,"name_LO":"Bastionul M\u0103celarilor","address":"Pia\u0163a Izvoarelor 2","mapdata":"1|750|1273","gps_lat":"47.6558453475","gps_long":"23.5824915042","religion":0,"oldtype":"24","newtype":"98","homepage":"https:\/\/www.muzeubaiamare.ro\/category\/bastionul-macelarilor-baia-mare\/","openinghours":"https:\/\/www.muzeubaiamare.ro\/informatii-utile\/","muemlekemlink":"https:\/\/www.muemlekem.hu\/hatareset\/Varosfalak-Nagybanya-2325","csemadoklink":"https:\/\/lexikon.adatbank.transindex.ro\/muemlek.php?id=180","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Danielaiulia, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Bastionul_M%C4%83celarilor_(Turnul_de_muni%C5%A3ii)_-_Baia_Mare.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Bastionul M\u0103celarilor (Turnul de muni\u0163ii) - Baia Mare\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/63\/Bastionul_M%C4%83celarilor_%28Turnul_de_muni%C5%A3ii%29_-_Baia_Mare.jpg\/512px-Bastionul_M%C4%83celarilor_%28Turnul_de_muni%C5%A3ii%29_-_Baia_Mare.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Bastionul_M%C4%83celarilor_(Turnul_de_muni%C5%A3ii)_-_Baia_Mare.jpg\u0022\u003EDanielaiulia\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Butcher's Bastion","seolink":"butchers-bastion","note":"","history":"Built in the 16th century, it was a bastion protecting the southern gate of the medieval town leading towards K\u0151v\u00e1r."},{"sightId":1143,"townId":55,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"","mapdata":"1|521|260","gps_lat":"47.6617870957","gps_long":"23.5807095438","religion":0,"oldtype":"24","newtype":"122","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"https:\/\/www.muemlekem.hu\/hatareset\/Varosfalak-Nagybanya-2325","csemadoklink":"https:\/\/lexikon.adatbank.transindex.ro\/muemlek.php?id=180","picture":"","picture_ref":"","name":"Town walls","seolink":"town-walls","note":"","history":"In 1469, King Matthias of Hungary granted the town permission to build a wall around it to protect it from the raids of the Vlachs of Moldavia. In 1490 it was besieged and taken by the Polish prince John Albert, a pretender to the throne of Hungary. In 1564, it was taken by B\u00e1thory Istv\u00e1n, the commander of the army of King John II of Hungary. In 1567, John II besieged it and, unable to keep it, tried to destroy it. In 1583, Emperor Rudolf donated the town to B\u00e1thory Istv\u00e1n, Prince of Transylvania. In 1601 it was taken by the imperial army of General Basta. In 1672 it had to be demolished by order of the emperor, which was carried out in 1673 under the supervision of General Cobb's soldiers. This was only a moderate destruction, however, because the fortifications were restored in 1690 on news of the approach of Th\u00f6k\u00f6ly Imre. In 1703, the Vlach outlaw Pintea tried to break into the town with the kurucs, and the locals took up arms and shot him to death near the Butchers' Tower. The town walls were still largely intact at the turn of the 19th century. The town walls were irregular, almost circular, with four gates and towers maintained by guilds (such as the Butchers' Tower, the Red Tower, the Furriers' Tower, the Coopers' Tower, the Potters' Tower)."},{"sightId":1144,"townId":55,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"Strada Minerilor 5-7","mapdata":"1|570|100","gps_lat":"47.6626531145","gps_long":"23.5809352145","religion":0,"oldtype":"51","newtype":"105,106","homepage":"https:\/\/telekihaz.ro\/","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"https:\/\/www.muemlekem.hu\/hatareset\/Teleki-Magyar-Haz-Nagybanya-570","csemadoklink":"","picture":"","picture_ref":"","name":"Teleki Hungarian House, Teleki S\u00e1ndor Mansion","seolink":"teleki-hungarian-house-teleki-sandor-mansion","note":"","history":"The complex of several eclectic-style residential buildings was built in the second half of the 1870s. It took its name from the fact that Count Teleki S\u00e1ndor (1821-1892) spent the last decade of his life here. The famous freedom fighter and world traveller amassed his collection here. After 1989 it was bought by the Reformed Church. Since 2002 it has been the cultural centre of the Hungarian community around Nagyb\u00e1nya."},{"sightId":1145,"townId":55,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"Pia\u021ba Libert\u0103\u021bii","mapdata":"1|533|565","gps_lat":"47.6599524724","gps_long":"23.5804976939","religion":0,"oldtype":"53","newtype":"53","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"","picture_ref":"","name":"Teleki House","seolink":"teleki-house","note":"","history":"Teleki Imre Sr. bought the land with the house on it and built the present-day palace. Teleki Blanka, the pioneer of Hungarian women's education, also stayed there several times."},{"sightId":1146,"townId":55,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"Pia\u0163a Liberta\u0163ii 15","mapdata":"1|670|491","gps_lat":"47.6604017718","gps_long":"23.5817369132","religion":0,"oldtype":"53","newtype":"80","homepage":"http:\/\/www.hoteldiafan.ro\/contact","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"https:\/\/www.muemlekem.hu\/hatareset\/Lendvay-haz-Nagybanya-863","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022h_laca, CC BY 3.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Nagyb%C3%A1nya,_Piac_t%C3%A9r_-_panoramio_-_h_laca_(10).jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Nagyb\u00e1nya, Piac t\u00e9r - panoramio - h laca (10)\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/72\/Nagyb%C3%A1nya%2C_Piac_t%C3%A9r_-_panoramio_-_h_laca_%2810%29.jpg\/512px-Nagyb%C3%A1nya%2C_Piac_t%C3%A9r_-_panoramio_-_h_laca_%2810%29.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Nagyb%C3%A1nya,_Piac_t%C3%A9r_-_panoramio_-_h_laca_(10).jpg\u0022\u003Eh_laca\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\u0022\u003ECC BY 3.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Lendvay House","seolink":"lendvay-house","note":"","history":"The actor, theatre director and singer Lendvay M\u00e1rton Sr. (1807-1858) was born here. He was an outstanding figure of Hungarian romantic theatre. He was most successful as the member of the company of the National Theatre in Pest. As the first actor to appear on the stage of the theatre, founded in 1837, he was the first to speak Hungarian on the stage of the National Theatre."},{"sightId":1147,"townId":55,"active":1,"name_LO":"Muzeul Jude\u0163ean de Art\u0103 Centrul Artistic Baia Mare","address":"Strada 1 Mai 8","mapdata":"1|888|893","gps_lat":"47.6580127982","gps_long":"23.5835943386","religion":0,"oldtype":"15","newtype":"99","homepage":"https:\/\/muzeuldeartabaiamare.wordpress.com\/","openinghours":"https:\/\/muzeuldeartabaiamare.wordpress.com\/program-muzeul-de-arta-baia-mare\/","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022VRicardo95, CC BY-SA 3.0 RO <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/ro\/deed.en>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Oficiul_Salinelor,_azi_Muzeul_de_Art%C4%83.JPG\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Oficiul Salinelor, azi Muzeul de Art\u0103\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/8e\/Oficiul_Salinelor%2C_azi_Muzeul_de_Art%C4%83.JPG\/512px-Oficiul_Salinelor%2C_azi_Muzeul_de_Art%C4%83.JPG\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Oficiul_Salinelor,_azi_Muzeul_de_Art%C4%83.JPG\u0022\u003EVRicardo95\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/ro\/deed.en\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0 RO\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Former County Salt Office, Museum of Fine Arts","seolink":"former-county-salt-office-museum-of-fine-arts","note":"","history":"The museum is located in the building of the former county salt office, built in 1748. The museum occupied the building in 1954. It also houses 400 works by 90 artists (including Holl\u00f3sy Simon, R\u00e9ti Istv\u00e1n, Ferenczy K\u00e1roly, Thorma J\u00e1nos, J\u00e1ndi D\u00e1vid), who worked at the Nagyb\u00e1nya Artists' Colony from 1896 to the present day."},{"sightId":1148,"townId":55,"active":2,"name_LO":"Muzeul Jude\u0163ean de Etnografie \u015fi Art\u0103 Popular\u0103 Maramure\u015f","address":"Strada Dealul Florilor nr. 1","mapdata":"2|858|344","gps_lat":"47.6659475485","gps_long":"23.5764377133","religion":0,"oldtype":"91","newtype":"98","homepage":"https:\/\/www.etnografie-maramures.ro\/","openinghours":"https:\/\/www.etnografie-maramures.ro\/informatii-utile\/","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Bratek51, CC BY-SA 4.0 \u003Chttps:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Ethnographic_Museum_in_Baia_Mare_-_frontal_view.tif\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Ethnographic Museum in Baia Mare - frontal view\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/8f\/Ethnographic_Museum_in_Baia_Mare_-_frontal_view.tif\/lossy-page1-800px-Ethnographic_Museum_in_Baia_Mare_-_frontal_view.tif.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Ethnographic_Museum_in_Baia_Mare_-_frontal_view.tif\u0022\u003EBratek51\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 4.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Former Summer Theatre, M\u00e1ramaros County Museum of Ethnography and Folk Art","seolink":"former-summer-theatre-maramaros-county-museum-of-ethnography-and-folk-art","note":"","history":"The museum has been operating since 1978 in the converted building of the former summer theatre. The exhibits come from the area of M\u00e1ramaros, K\u0151v\u00e1rvid\u00e9k, L\u00e1pos-vid\u00e9k and Codru."},{"sightId":1149,"townId":55,"active":1,"name_LO":"Muzeul Satului Baia Mare","address":"Strada Dealul Florilor nr. 1","mapdata":"2|1058|294","gps_lat":"47.6662100417","gps_long":"23.5782355189","religion":0,"oldtype":"100","newtype":"100","homepage":"https:\/\/www.etnografie-maramures.ro\/despre-noi\/muzeul-satului\/","openinghours":"https:\/\/www.etnografie-maramures.ro\/informatii-utile\/","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022h_laca, CC BY 3.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Nagyb%C3%A1nya,_T%C3%A1jh%C3%A1z_m%C3%BAzeum_-_panoramio_-_h_laca_(3).jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022256\u0022 alt=\u0022Nagyb\u00e1nya, T\u00e1jh\u00e1z m\u00fazeum - panoramio - h laca (3)\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b8\/Nagyb%C3%A1nya%2C_T%C3%A1jh%C3%A1z_m%C3%BAzeum_-_panoramio_-_h_laca_%283%29.jpg\/256px-Nagyb%C3%A1nya%2C_T%C3%A1jh%C3%A1z_m%C3%BAzeum_-_panoramio_-_h_laca_%283%29.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Nagyb%C3%A1nya,_T%C3%A1jh%C3%A1z_m%C3%BAzeum_-_panoramio_-_h_laca_(3).jpg\u0022\u003Eh_laca\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\u0022\u003ECC BY 3.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Village Museum","seolink":"village-museum","note":"","history":"The museum opened in 1978 on the Vir\u00e1ghegy (Flower Hill). It presents the folk architecture of M\u00e1ramaros, K\u0151v\u00e1rvid\u00e9k, L\u00e1pos-vid\u00e9k and Szatm\u00e1r. Its most spectacular and oldest piece is the Greek Catholic wooden church from the village of Ol\u00e1hk\u00e9kes. It was originally built in 1630 in honour of Saint George."},{"sightId":1150,"townId":55,"active":1,"name_LO":"Muzeul de Mineralogie","address":"Bulevardul Traian 8","mapdata":"","gps_lat":"47.6505609619","gps_long":"23.5671239192","religion":0,"oldtype":"98","newtype":"98","homepage":"http:\/\/www.muzeuminbm.ro\/nou\/wp\/","openinghours":"http:\/\/www.muzeuminbm.ro\/nou\/wp\/informatii-2\/program\/","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"","picture_ref":"","name":"County Museum of Mineralogy","seolink":"county-museum-of-mineralogy","note":"","history":"The museum opened in 1989 with more than 16,000 minerals."},{"sightId":2411,"townId":55,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"Pia\u021ba Libert\u0103\u021bii 5","mapdata":"1|656|676","gps_lat":"47.6592710750","gps_long":"23.5816632637","religion":0,"oldtype":"50","newtype":"50","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Nenea hartia, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Casa_Degenfeld_din_Baia_Mare_01.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Casa Degenfeld din Baia Mare 01\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/89\/Casa_Degenfeld_din_Baia_Mare_01.jpg\/512px-Casa_Degenfeld_din_Baia_Mare_01.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Casa_Degenfeld_din_Baia_Mare_01.jpg\u0022\u003ENenea hartia\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 4.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"D\u00e9genfeld Palace","seolink":"degenfeld-palace","note":"","history":"The palace is back in the hands of the noble family."},{"sightId":2412,"townId":55,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"Borpatak, Bork\u00fati v\u00f6lgy (Strada Valea Borcutului)","mapdata":"","gps_lat":"47.6811079358","gps_long":"23.5114534606","religion":0,"oldtype":"51","newtype":"121","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022S.B., CC BY-SA 3.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Casa_Pocol_6.JPG\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Casa Pocol 6\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/91\/Casa_Pocol_6.JPG\/512px-Casa_Pocol_6.JPG\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Casa_Pocol_6.JPG\u0022\u003ES.B.\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Pokol Manor House","seolink":"pokol-manor-house","note":"","history":"The mansion was built in 1903. Pokol Elek or Alexiu from Lozna became a teacher in the Greek Catholic Church school in Borpatak in 1892 (his name, pokol, means hell in Hungarian). He became a mine owner by marrying the owner of the building, a wealthy widow (Maria Vancea). He left the school and was only interested in gold mining. After eight years of searching in vain, he wanted to dismiss his workers. The workers gave up their wages and stayed. Less than a month later, on 24 March 1902, the first 75 kg gold nugget was found. In 1902, 4,000 kg of gold were brought to the surface. Pokol had become rich overnight. One of the first noble deeds of the former teacher was to build a church in Borpatak for the miners. In 1928 the mansion and the mine were taken over by a mining company, and in 1930 the mansion was bought by a Swiss industrialist E. Boissanos.\n&\nbanyavidek.ro: Nagyb\u00e1nya|http:\/\/www.banyavidek.ro\/hu\/nagybanya\/setak-kirandulasok-a-kornyeken\nwelcometoromania.eu: Borpatak, Pokol kast\u00e9ly|https:\/\/www.welcometoromania.eu\/DN1c_Halmeu_Rastoci\/DN1c_Halmeu_Rastoci_Valea_Borcutului_Castelul_Pokol_m.htm\ngallery.hungaricana.hu: Borpatak Pokol kast\u00e9ly|https:\/\/gallery.hungaricana.hu\/hu\/SzerencsKepeslap\/1164870\/?img=0"},{"sightId":2413,"townId":55,"active":1,"name_LO":"Colegiul na\u021bional Gheorghe \u0218incai","address":"Strada Gheorghe \u0218incai 25","mapdata":"1|162|907","gps_lat":"47.6578561674","gps_long":"23.5773298195","religion":0,"oldtype":"74","newtype":"74","homepage":"http:\/\/www.sincaibm.ro\/","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Biruitorul, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:LiceulSincaiBaiaMare.JPG\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022LiceulSincaiBaiaMare\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/32\/LiceulSincaiBaiaMare.JPG\/512px-LiceulSincaiBaiaMare.JPG\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:LiceulSincaiBaiaMare.JPG\u0022\u003EBiruitorul\u003C\/a\u003E, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Former Hungarian Royal State Elementary School in Kossuth Street","seolink":"former-hungarian-royal-state-elementary-school-in-kossuth-street","note":"","history":"&\ngallery.hungaricana.hu: Nagyb\u00e1nya Kossuth utcai \u00e1llami iskola|https:\/\/gallery.hungaricana.hu\/hu\/SzerencsKepeslap\/1218091\/?img=0"},{"sightId":2414,"townId":55,"active":1,"name_LO":"\u0218coala Gimnazial\u0103 Petre Dulfu","address":"Pia\u021ba Cet\u0103\u021bii 4","mapdata":"1|764|900","gps_lat":"47.6580417994","gps_long":"23.5826975975","religion":0,"oldtype":"74","newtype":"74","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"","picture_ref":"","name":"Former Hungarian State Grammar School","seolink":"former-hungarian-state-grammar-school","note":"","history":"&\ngallery.hungaricana.hu: Nagyb\u00e1nya. Gimn\u00e1zium|https:\/\/gallery.hungaricana.hu\/hu\/OSZKKepeslap\/1423583\/?img=0"},{"sightId":2415,"townId":55,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"Strada Cri\u0219an","mapdata":"1|775|938","gps_lat":"47.6576979371","gps_long":"23.5826709306","religion":0,"oldtype":"17","newtype":"17","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"","picture_ref":"","name":"Former Hungarian Royal District Court","seolink":"former-hungarian-royal-district-court","note":"","history":"&\ngallery.hungaricana.hu: Nagyb\u00e1nya Kir\u00e1lyi j\u00e1r\u00e1sb\u00edr\u00f3s\u00e1g; M\u00e1ndy-h\u00e1z|https:\/\/gallery.hungaricana.hu\/hu\/SzerencsKepeslap\/1217966\/?img=0"},{"sightId":2416,"townId":55,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"Strada Vasile Lucaciu 63","mapdata":"1|1497|276","gps_lat":"47.6615651696","gps_long":"23.5887113703","religion":0,"oldtype":"74","newtype":"120","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"","picture_ref":"","name":"Former Hungarian State Civil Girl's School","seolink":"former-hungarian-state-civil-girls-school","note":"","history":"&\ngallery.hungaricana.hu: Nagyb\u00e1nya. \u00c1llami polg\u00e1ri le\u00e1nyiskola|https:\/\/gallery.hungaricana.hu\/hu\/OSZKKepeslap\/1423585\/?img=0"},{"sightId":2417,"townId":55,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"Strada Minerilor 5-7","mapdata":"1|554|76","gps_lat":"47.6627899971","gps_long":"23.5808354896","religion":0,"oldtype":"38","newtype":"38","homepage":"https:\/\/www.kozterkep.hu\/28962\/teleki-sandor","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"","picture_ref":"","name":"Bust of Teleki S\u00e1ndor","seolink":"bust-of-teleki-sandor","note":"","history":"The bust was erected in 2007 in the courtyard of the Teleki Hungarian House. It is the artwork of Diny\u00e9s L\u00e1szl\u00f3."},{"sightId":2418,"townId":55,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"Parcul Municipal Regina Maria","mapdata":"2|532|513","gps_lat":"47.6651406440","gps_long":"23.5737606330","religion":0,"oldtype":"38","newtype":"38","homepage":"https:\/\/www.kozterkep.hu\/28887\/lendvay-marton#","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022VRicardo95, CC BY-SA 3.0 RO <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/ro\/deed.en>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Monumentul_actorului_Marton_Lendvay.JPG\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022256\u0022 alt=\u0022Monumentul actorului Marton Lendvay\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/fc\/Monumentul_actorului_Marton_Lendvay.JPG\/256px-Monumentul_actorului_Marton_Lendvay.JPG\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Monumentul_actorului_Marton_Lendvay.JPG\u0022\u003EVRicardo95\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/ro\/deed.en\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0 RO\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Bust of Lendvay M\u00e1rton","seolink":"bust-of-lendvay-marton","note":"","history":"Lendvay M\u00e1rton Sr. (Nagyb\u00e1nya, 11 November 1807 - Pest, 29 January 1858) was a Hungarian actor, singer, theatre director and the father of the actor Lendavay M\u00e1rton Jr. On the night of the unveiling of the memorial plaque on the wall of his birthplace, the actors of Kolozsv\u00e1r decided to donate the income from the performance given on that occasion to a statue of Lendvay to be built. The sculpture was made by Ver\u0151 L\u00e1szl\u00f3, a sculptor from Nagyk\u0151r\u00f6s, in 1900. The statue of Lendvay M\u00e1rton originally stood on Lendvay Square in front of the Civic Society building, but it was pulled down by the Romanian invaders in 1922 and demolished in 1936. The Royal Hungarian Army entered Nagyb\u00e1nya on 7 September 1940. On this occasion, the statue of Lendvay M\u00e1rton was erected again, but not in its original place, but in the main square of the town. When the Soviets invaded Transylvania, Romanian nationalists set a bonfire around the statue, but the bust was not damaged. After the war, the statue was put in a museum storage. In 1958, it was placed on the promenade in the town park."}]},"language":"en","region":"romania","regionid":4,"offer":[],"gallery":false,"album":false}