Martinuzzi Castle
Castelul Martinuzzi
Martinuzzi Castle
Hungarian:
Alvinc
Romanian:
Vințu de Jos
Ela Vaida, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons
Condition:
Ruined
Entrance:
Free
Settlement:
Alvinc, Vințu de Jos
Historical Hungarian county:
Alsó-Fehér
Country:
Romania
County:
Alba
Geographic region:
Maros Valley
GPS coordinates:
45.997369, 23.478703
Google map:
History
895
Arrival of the Hungarians
Little more...
895
The alliance of the seven Hungarian tribes took possession of the then largely uninhabited Carpathian Basin. Until then, the sparse Slavic population of the north-western Carpathians had lived under Moravian rule for a few decades after the collapse of the Avar Khaganate in the early 9th century.
1000
Foundation of the Hungarian Kingdom
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1000
The Kingdom of Hungary was established with the coronation of King Stephen I. He converted the Hungarians to Christianity and created two archdioceses (Esztergom and Kalocsa) and ten dioceses. He divided Hungary into counties led by ispáns, who were appointed by the king.
1241-1242
Mongol Invasion
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1241-1242
The hordes of the Mongol Empire invaded Hungary and almost completely destroyed it. One third to one half of the population was destroyed. The Mongols also suffered heavy losses in the battle of Muhi and they could not hunt down the king. After their withdrawal, King Béla IV reorganized Hungary. He allowed the feudal lords to build stone castles because they were able to successfully resist the nomadic Mongols. The vast majority of stone castles were built after this. The king called in German, Vlach (Romanian) and Slavic settlers to replace the destroyed population.
14th century
A Dominican monastery was established on the site of the present day castle.
1526
Battle of Mohács and the splitting of Hungary into two parts
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1526
Sultan Suleiman I launched a war against Vienna, instigated by the French. Ferdinand I, Duke of Austria, was the brother-in-law of King Louis II of Hungary. The army of the Ottoman Empire defeated the much smaller Hungarian army at Mohács, and King Louis II died in the battle. A group of the barons elected Ferdinand I of the House of Habsburg to the throne, who promised to defend Hungary from the Turks. He was the younger brother of the most powerful European monarch Emperor Charles V. But the nobility chose the most powerful Hungarian baron, Szapolyai János, who was also crowned as King John I. The country was split in two and a decades-long struggle for power began.
1541
The Turkish occupation of the capital, Buda, and the division of Hungary into three parts
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1541
The Turks conquered Buda, the capital of Hungary, after the death of King John I. The central part of the country was under Turkish rule for 150 years. The western and northern parts (including present-day Slovakia) formed the Kingdom of Hungary ruled by the Habsburg emperors. The eastern parts (now mainly under Romanian rule) were ruled by the successors of King John I of Hungary, who later established the Principality of Transylvania.
1546
Bishop George Martinuzzi of Várad, the governor of Transylvania, received Alvinc as a royal donation, which was already an oppidum at that time. Martinuzzi, who had Croatian and Venetian ancestors, began demolishing the monastery, which had been abandoned around 20 years earlier, and started the construction of the castle.
1549
At Nyírbátor, George Martinuzzi made a secret agreement with the envoys of King Ferdinand I, Báthory András and General Niklas Salm, on behalf of John II and his mother Queen Isabella, without her being aware of it. According to this, Queen Isabella and her child John II renounced the Hungarian throne in favour of King Ferdinand I, and they received the duchies of Oppeln And Ratibor in Silesia in exchange.
1551
General Castaldo and George Martinuzzi forced Queen Isabella to renounce the throne. The Queen and her son left for Poland. Imperial mercenaries marched into Transylvania under the command of Giovanni Batista Castaldo. George Martinuzzi was appointed vajda of Transylvania and Archbishop of Esztergom, and Pope Julius III raised him to the rank of cardinal. They drove back the voivodes of Moldova and Wallachia sent by the Sultan against Transylvania.
November 5, 1551
The soldiers of George Martinuzzi besieged Lippa held by the Turks. After weeks of fighting, Father George allowed Pasha Ulema a free retreat, and also sent the annual tax to the Sultan, so as not to incur the full wrath of the Turks. This gesture aroused the suspicions of General Castaldo, who believed that George Martinuzzi was in collusion with the Turks. The Court ordered him to do as he willed, as soon as his suspicion became certain.
December 17, 1551
George Martinuzzi was assassinated by the imperial mercenaries of General Castlado in his castle in Alvinc. After the ruthless murder, his corpse lay in the pool of his blood in the castle for 70 days until it was discovered. He was buried in the St. Michael's Cathedral in Gyulafehérvár only in March 1552. Martinuzzi's immense fortune was seized by General Castaldo on behalf of King Ferdinand I. According to contemporary sources, the foreign mercenaries loaded 250,000 Hungarian forints, 889 marks of gold bullion, 2453 marks of silver, 4000 Lysimachus gold coins, hoards of gold chains and silverwares onto the wagons, and Father George’s stud of 300 stallions was also stolen. Ferdinand I donated the lordship of Szamosújvár to Báthory András of Ecsed, who was also appointed vajda of Transylvania. Báthory appointed Dobó István captain of Szamosújvár, after Dobó heroically defended Eger Castle from the Turks in 1552.
summer 1553
The Saxons of Szászsebes captured Alvinc with the leadership of royal judge Georg Keisder. They tried to take it back for the Saxon University, which owned the estate until 1526. But it was soon acquired by Majláth Gábor and Majláth Margit, the children of vajda Majláth István of Transylvania, who owned the estate from 1538 to 1541. Majláth István died in Turkish captivity in 1550.
1559
John II donated the estate to Bekes Gáspár.
1570
The establishment of the Principality of Transylvania
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1570
John II (John Sigismund), the son of King John I of Hungary, renounced the title of King of Hungary in favor of King Maximilian of the House of Habsburg, and henceforth held the title of Prince. This formally created the Principality of Transylvania, which was the eastern half of Hungary not ruled by the Habsburgs and was also a vassal of the Ottoman Empire. John II died in 1571, after which the three nations of Transylvania (the Hungarian nobility, the Székelys and the Saxons) elected the prince.
May 25, 1571
After the death of Prince John II (John Sigismund), the mostly Protestant Transylvanian estates elected the Roman Catholic aristocrat Báthory István as Prince of Transylvania. But King Maximilian I (Emperor Maximilian II) couldn’t make do with the fact that the estates of Transylvania were free to elect their own prince. The king convinced the Unitarian aristocrat Bekes Gáspár to rebel against Prince Báthory István with false promises.
July 9, 1575
Prince Báthory István of Transylvania finally defeated Bekes Gáspár in the battle of Kerelőszentpál. Bekes tried to seize the throne of Transylvania instigated by Emperor Maximilian. The castle was acquired by the Prince. Báthory István was the brother of Báthory András, the first husband of Majláth Margit.
1578
The new husband of the widow Majláth Margit, Iffiú János, recovered the castle from Báthory Kristóf.
1591-1606
Fifteen Years' War
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1591-1606
The Ottoman Empire started a war against the Habsburg Empire. The war was waged in the territory of Hungary. The Turks defeated the combined armies of the Habsburg Empire and the Principality of Transylvania in the battle of Mezőkeresztes in 1596, but their victory was not decisive. The war devastated the Principality of Transylvania, which was occupied by the Habsburg army, and General Basta introduced a reign of terror.
1594
Prince Báthory Zsigmond of Transylvania resigned from the throne in favour of Báthory Boldizsár (the son of Majláth Margit and Báthory András). But instigated by his uncle Bocskai István, he soon returned to power and had Báthory Boldizsár and his followers, including Iffiú János, killed. He took possession of Alvinc.
1595-1597
Voivode Aaron the Tyrant of Moldova was held captive and poisoned here by Prince Báthory Zsigmond of Transylvania. Aaron was originally a carter. The voivode made an alliance with Prince Báthory Zsigmond and Voivode Mihai of Wallachia against the Turks in 1592. But he soon betrayed his allies; therefore the Transylvanian army captured him in Iasi and brought him to Transylvania together with his family.
1604-1606
Uprising of Bocskai István
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1604-1606
The alliance of the Habsburgs and the Principality of Transylvania was defeated by the Ottoman Empire in the Fifteen Years' War. The war devastated Transylvania, which was occupied by the Habsburg imperial army, and General Basta introduced a reign of terror. The nobility and the burghers were upset about the terror, the plundering mercenaries and the violent Counter-Reformation. Bocskai István decided to lead their uprising after the Habsburg emperor tried to confiscate his estates. Bocskai also rallied the hajdú warriors to his side. He was elected Prince of Transylvania and soon liberated the Kingdom of Hungary from the Habsburgs. In 1605 Bocskai István was crowned King of Hungary with the crown he received from the Turks.
23 June 1606
Peace of Vienna
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23 June 1606
Bocski István made peace with Emperor Rudolf. Their agreement secured the constitutional rights of the Estates of Hungary, and the freedom of religion. The counties of Szatmár, Bereg and Ugocsa were annexed to the Principality of Transylvania. Bocskai died of illness in the same year, leaving to his successors the idea of unifying Hungary from Transylvania.
1607
Báthory Gábor, the grandson of Majláth Margit and Báthory András, acquired the castle. He became Prince of Transylvania in 1508.
after 1613
Prince Bethlen Gábor of Transylvania donated Alvinc to his wife, Károlyi Zsuzsanna. The castle was renovated and transformed to hexagonal shape in Renaissance style according to the plans of Giacomo Resti. The constructions were carried out by Brassai Kőműves János, a master stone mason from Kolozsvár. The constructions were still going on in 1629, when Prince Bethlen Gábor died.
1619
The campaign of Prince Bethlen Gábor of Transylvania in the Thirty Years' War
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1619
At the beginning of the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648), Prince Bethlen Gábor of Transylvania went to war against the Habsburg emperor as an ally of the rebelling Czech-Moravian-Austrian estates. The whole Kingdom of Hungary joined him, only the Austrian defenders of Pozsony had to be put to the sword. With his allies, he laid siege to Vienna. However, he was forced to abandon the siege because the Habsburg-loyal Hungarian aristocrat Homonnai Drugeth György attacked his heartland with Polish mercenaries. On 25 August 1620, the Diet of Besztercebánya elected Bethlen Gábor King of Hungary as vassal of the Turks. He continued to fight after the defeat of the Czechs at White Mountain on 8 November 1620, but without real chance to achieve decisive victory, he decided to come to an agreement with Emperor Ferdinand II.
31 December 1621
Peace of Nikolsburg
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31 December 1621
Prince Bethlen Gábor of Transylvania made peace with Emperor Ferdinand II. Their agreement secured the constitutional rights of the Estates of Hungary, and later it was supplemented with the freedom of religion. Bethlen renounced the title of King of Hungary in exchange for seven counties of the Upper Tisza region (Szabolcs, Szatmár, Bereg, Ugocsa, Zemplén, Borsod, Abaúj) for the rest of his life, other estates in Hungary as his private property and the imperial title of Duke of Oppeln and Ratibor (Opole and Racibórz), one of the Duchies of Silesia. Prince Bethlen went to war against the Habsburgs in 1623 and 1626, but was unable to negotiate more favourable terms.
1644-1645
The campaign of Prince Rákóczi György I of Transylvania in the Thirty Years' War
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1644-1645
Prince Rákóczi György I of Transylvania allied with the Swedes and the French in the Thirty Years' War and went to war against the Habsburg Emperor Ferdinand III. On 18 July 1645 his army joined forces with Torstenson's Swedish army under Brno (Moravia). The excellent artillery of Transylvania opened fire on the city walls. However, Rákóczi had to give up the siege, having been informed that the Turks were planning a punitive campaign against Transylvania, because he went to war against the Sultan's prohibition.
16 December 1645
Peace of Linz
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16 December 1645
Prince Rákóczi György I of Transylvania made peace with Emperor Ferdinand III. It secured the freedom of religion for the Protestants and extended it also to the serfs. Rákóczi received the same seven Hungarian counties that Prince Bethlen Gábor had also held (Abauj, Zemplén, Borsod, Bereg, Ugocsa, Szabolcs, Szatmár) until his death, and the counties of Szabolcs and Szatmár were also to be inherited by his sons. The Rákóczi family also received several new estates.
1657
Prince Rákóczi György II of Transylvania launched a campaign for the crown of Poland in alliance with Carl X Gustaf of Sweden. His aim was to unite the Hungarian-Polish-Wallachian forces against the Turks. The campaign started successfully with the prince taking Kraków and Warsawa, but then the King of Sweden abandoned him. The vengeful Poles invaded northern Transylvania, burning defenceless villages, destroying churches and castles. Soon the punitive campaign of Turkish and Tatar armies devastated Transylvania, as the prince launched his Polish campaign against the Sultan's will.
1658
The castle was owned by Prince Rákóczi György II of Transylvania, when the Turkish and Tatar raiders attacked, captured and burned it. They also destroyed the town. The castle was taken over by the treasury after the Habsburg occupation.
1683
Turkish defeat at Vienna and the formation of the Holy League
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1683
The combined armies of the Habsburg Empire and the Kingdom of Poland defeated the Turkish army besieging Vienna. Emperor Leopold I wanted to make peace with the Turks, but was refused by Sultan Mehmed IV. In 1684, at the persistent urging of Pope Innocent XI, the Holy League, an alliance of the Kingdom of Poland, the Habsburg Empire, the Republic of Venice and the Papal States, was formed to expel the Turks from Hungary. Thököly Imre, who had allied himself with the Turks, was gradually driven out of northern Hungary.
1686
Recapture of Buda and the liberation of Hungary from the Turks
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1686
The army of the Holy League recaptured Buda from the Turks by siege. In 1687, the Imperial army invaded the Principality of Transylvania. The liberation was hindered by the French breaking their promise of peace in 1688 and attacking the Habsburg Empire. By 1699, when the Peace of Karlóca was signed, all of Hungary and Croatia had been liberated from the Ottoman Empire with the exception of Temesköz, the area bounded by the Maros, the Tisza and the Danube rivers. It was not until the Peace of Požarevac in 1718 that Temesköz was liberated from the Turks. However, the continuous war against the Turkish invaders and the Habsburg autocracy, which lasted for more than 150 years, wiped out large areas of the Hungarian population, which had previously made up 80% of the country's population, and was replaced by Vlachs (Romanians), Serbs and other Slavic settlers and Germans. The Habsburgs also favoured the settlement of these foreign peoples over the 'rebellious' Hungarians.
1690
Transylvania became part of the Kingdom of Hungary again, with internal autonomy and freedom of religion
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1690
According to the Diploma Leopoldinum issued by Emperor Leopold I, Transylvania became part of the Kingdom of Hungary again and Hungarian law remained in force. The three nations (the Hungarians, the Székelys – who are also Hungarians –, and the Saxons) administered its internal affairs with autonomy and the freedom of religion was also preserved. The incorporation of Transylvania into the Habsburg Empire was prevented by the temporary election of Thököly Imre as Prince of Transylvania in 1690 with Turkish help.
1703-1711
Hungarian War of Independence led by Prince Rákóczi Ferenc II
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1703-1711
After the expulsion of the Turks, the Habsburgs treated Hungary as a newly conquered province and did not respect its constitution. The serfs rose up against the Habsburg ruler because of the sufferings caused by the war and the heavy burdens, and they invited Rákóczi Ferenc II to lead them. Trusting in the help promised by King Louis XIV of France, he accepted. Rákóczi rallied the nobility to his side, and soon most of the country was under his control. The rebels were called the kurucs. In 1704, the French and the Bavarians were defeated at the Battle of Blenheim, depriving the Hungarians of their international allies. The Rusyn, Slovak and Vlach peasants and the Saxons of Szepes supported the fight for freedom, while the Serbs in the south and the Saxons in Transylvania served the Habsburgs. Due to lack of funds Rákóczi could not raise a strong regular army, and in 1710, Hungary was also hit by a severe plague. Rákóczi tried unsuccessfully to forge an alliance with Tsar Peter the Great of Russia. In his absence, without his knowledge, his commander-in-chief, Károlyi Sándor, accepted Emperor Joseph I's peace offer. The Peace of Szatmár formally restored the Hungarian constitution and religious freedom and granted amnesty, but did not ease the burden of serfdom. Rákóczi refused to accept the pardon and went into exile. He died in Rodosto, Turkey.
1715
The castle and the estate were acquired by the cathedral chapter of Gyulafehérvár, and it functioned as the summer residence of the bishop of Transylvania.
1733
Bishop Sorger Gergely of Transylvania build the Baroque gate of the entrance. Its facade is adorned by a memorial plaque bearing the coat of arms of the bishop. The western bastion was turned into a chapel.
1792
The castle burned down. After that it was only partially restored. The grandiose plans were thwarted by the death of Bishop Batthyány Ignác.
1814
The writer and journalist Kemény Zsigmond (1814-1874) was born in the castle, which was owned by the Kemény family.
1906
The castle was owned by the cathedral chapter of Gyulafehérvár. It was leased by the owner of the distillery of Alvinc, who kept his swine in the ruinous building.
1930s
Several of the buildings and the south-western bastion were demolished. The materials were used for other constructions.
after 1990
The castle was recovered by the Roman Catholic Diocese of Gyulafehérvár.
Source: varak.hu , Wikipedia, studhist.blog.hu: Alvinci kastély , wikipedia: Martinuzzi-kastély , arcanum.hu - Bánlaky József: A magyar nemzet hadtörténelme
Check out other castles in Transylvania as well!
© OpenStreetMap contributors
{"item":"castle","set":{"castleId":137,"townId":0,"active":1,"name_LO":"Castelul Martinuzzi","settlement_HU":"Alvinc","settlement_LO":"Vin\u021bu de Jos","address":"","listorder":100,"gps_lat":"45.9973690000","gps_long":"23.4787030000","oldcounty":34,"country":4,"division":19,"cond":4,"entrance":2,"varaklink":"https:\/\/varak.hu\/latnivalo\/index\/605-Alvinc-Martinuzzi-varkastely\/","homepage":"","openinghours":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Ela Vaida, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Castelul_Martinuzzi_1.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Castelul Martinuzzi 1\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/06\/Castelul_Martinuzzi_1.jpg\/512px-Castelul_Martinuzzi_1.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Castelul_Martinuzzi_1.jpg\u0022\u003EEla Vaida\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 4.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Martinuzzi Castle","georegion":"Maros Valley","description":"","nameorigin":"","history":"#1|@#3|@#5|@14th century|A Dominican monastery was established on the site of the present day castle.@#8|@#9|@1546|Bishop George Martinuzzi of V\u00e1rad, the governor of Transylvania, received Alvinc as a royal donation, which was already an oppidum at that time. Martinuzzi, who had Croatian and Venetian ancestors, began demolishing the monastery, which had been abandoned around 20 years earlier, and started the construction of the castle.@1549|At Ny\u00edrb\u00e1tor, George Martinuzzi made a secret agreement with the envoys of King Ferdinand I, B\u00e1thory Andr\u00e1s and General Niklas Salm, on behalf of John II and his mother Queen Isabella, without her being aware of it. According to this, Queen Isabella and her child John II renounced the Hungarian throne in favour of King Ferdinand I, and they received the duchies of Oppeln And Ratibor in Silesia in exchange.@1551|General Castaldo and George Martinuzzi forced Queen Isabella to renounce the throne. The Queen and her son left for Poland. Imperial mercenaries marched into Transylvania under the command of Giovanni Batista Castaldo. George Martinuzzi was appointed vajda of Transylvania and Archbishop of Esztergom, and Pope Julius III raised him to the rank of cardinal. They drove back the voivodes of Moldova and Wallachia sent by the Sultan against Transylvania.@November 5, 1551|The soldiers of George Martinuzzi besieged Lippa held by the Turks. After weeks of fighting, Father George allowed Pasha Ulema a free retreat, and also sent the annual tax to the Sultan, so as not to incur the full wrath of the Turks. This gesture aroused the suspicions of General Castaldo, who believed that George Martinuzzi was in collusion with the Turks. The Court ordered him to do as he willed, as soon as his suspicion became certain.@December 17, 1551|George Martinuzzi was assassinated by the imperial mercenaries of General Castlado in his castle in Alvinc. After the ruthless murder, his corpse lay in the pool of his blood in the castle for 70 days until it was discovered. He was buried in the St. Michael's Cathedral in Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r only in March 1552. Martinuzzi's immense fortune was seized by General Castaldo on behalf of King Ferdinand I. According to contemporary sources, the foreign mercenaries loaded 250,000 Hungarian forints, 889 marks of gold bullion, 2453 marks of silver, 4000 Lysimachus gold coins, hoards of gold chains and silverwares onto the wagons, and Father George\u2019s stud of 300 stallions was also stolen. Ferdinand I donated the lordship of Szamos\u00fajv\u00e1r to B\u00e1thory Andr\u00e1s of Ecsed, who was also appointed vajda of Transylvania. B\u00e1thory appointed Dob\u00f3 Istv\u00e1n captain of Szamos\u00fajv\u00e1r, after Dob\u00f3 heroically defended Eger Castle from the Turks in 1552.@summer 1553|The Saxons of Sz\u00e1szsebes captured Alvinc with the leadership of royal judge Georg Keisder. They tried to take it back for the Saxon University, which owned the estate until 1526. But it was soon acquired by Majl\u00e1th G\u00e1bor and Majl\u00e1th Margit, the children of vajda Majl\u00e1th Istv\u00e1n of Transylvania, who owned the estate from 1538 to 1541. Majl\u00e1th Istv\u00e1n died in Turkish captivity in 1550.@1559|John II donated the estate to Bekes G\u00e1sp\u00e1r.@#10|@May 25, 1571|After the death of Prince John II (John Sigismund), the mostly Protestant Transylvanian estates elected the Roman Catholic aristocrat B\u00e1thory Istv\u00e1n as Prince of Transylvania. But King Maximilian I (Emperor Maximilian II) couldn\u2019t make do with the fact that the estates of Transylvania were free to elect their own prince. The king convinced the Unitarian aristocrat Bekes G\u00e1sp\u00e1r to rebel against Prince B\u00e1thory Istv\u00e1n with false promises.@July 9, 1575|Prince B\u00e1thory Istv\u00e1n of Transylvania finally defeated Bekes G\u00e1sp\u00e1r in the battle of Kerel\u0151szentp\u00e1l. Bekes tried to seize the throne of Transylvania instigated by Emperor Maximilian. The castle was acquired by the Prince. B\u00e1thory Istv\u00e1n was the brother of B\u00e1thory Andr\u00e1s, the first husband of Majl\u00e1th Margit.@1578|The new husband of the widow Majl\u00e1th Margit, Iffi\u00fa J\u00e1nos, recovered the castle from B\u00e1thory Krist\u00f3f.@#12|@1594|Prince B\u00e1thory Zsigmond of Transylvania resigned from the throne in favour of B\u00e1thory Boldizs\u00e1r (the son of Majl\u00e1th Margit and B\u00e1thory Andr\u00e1s). But instigated by his uncle Bocskai Istv\u00e1n, he soon returned to power and had B\u00e1thory Boldizs\u00e1r and his followers, including Iffi\u00fa J\u00e1nos, killed. He took possession of Alvinc.@1595-1597|Voivode Aaron the Tyrant of Moldova was held captive and poisoned here by Prince B\u00e1thory Zsigmond of Transylvania. Aaron was originally a carter. The voivode made an alliance with Prince B\u00e1thory Zsigmond and Voivode Mihai of Wallachia against the Turks in 1592. But he soon betrayed his allies; therefore the Transylvanian army captured him in Iasi and brought him to Transylvania together with his family.@#13|@#14|@1607|B\u00e1thory G\u00e1bor, the grandson of Majl\u00e1th Margit and B\u00e1thory Andr\u00e1s, acquired the castle. He became Prince of Transylvania in 1508.@after 1613|Prince Bethlen G\u00e1bor of Transylvania donated Alvinc to his wife, K\u00e1rolyi Zsuzsanna. The castle was renovated and transformed to hexagonal shape in Renaissance style according to the plans of Giacomo Resti. The constructions were carried out by Brassai K\u0151m\u0171ves J\u00e1nos, a master stone mason from Kolozsv\u00e1r. The constructions were still going on in 1629, when Prince Bethlen G\u00e1bor died.@#15|@#16|@#17|@#18|@1657|Prince R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Gy\u00f6rgy II of Transylvania launched a campaign for the crown of Poland in alliance with Carl X Gustaf of Sweden. His aim was to unite the Hungarian-Polish-Wallachian forces against the Turks. The campaign started successfully with the prince taking Krak\u00f3w and Warsawa, but then the King of Sweden abandoned him. The vengeful Poles invaded northern Transylvania, burning defenceless villages, destroying churches and castles. Soon the punitive campaign of Turkish and Tatar armies devastated Transylvania, as the prince launched his Polish campaign against the Sultan's will.@1658|The castle was owned by Prince R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Gy\u00f6rgy II of Transylvania, when the Turkish and Tatar raiders attacked, captured and burned it. They also destroyed the town. The castle was taken over by the treasury after the Habsburg occupation.@#23|@#25|@#26|@#27|@1715|The castle and the estate were acquired by the cathedral chapter of Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r, and it functioned as the summer residence of the bishop of Transylvania.@1733|Bishop Sorger Gergely of Transylvania build the Baroque gate of the entrance. Its facade is adorned by a memorial plaque bearing the coat of arms of the bishop. The western bastion was turned into a chapel.@1792|The castle burned down. After that it was only partially restored. The grandiose plans were thwarted by the death of Bishop Batthy\u00e1ny Ign\u00e1c.@1814|The writer and journalist Kem\u00e9ny Zsigmond (1814-1874) was born in the castle, which was owned by the Kem\u00e9ny family.@1906|The castle was owned by the cathedral chapter of Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r. It was leased by the owner of the distillery of Alvinc, who kept his swine in the ruinous building.@1930s|Several of the buildings and the south-western bastion were demolished. The materials were used for other constructions.@after 1990|The castle was recovered by the Roman Catholic Diocese of Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r.&studhist.blog.hu: Alvinci kast\u00e9ly|https:\/\/studhist.blog.hu\/2018\/03\/22\/alvinci_kastely\nwikipedia: Martinuzzi-kast\u00e9ly|https:\/\/hu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Martinuzzi-kast%C3%A9ly"},"language":"en","region":"romania","regionid":4,"offer":[{"id":"112","settlement_HU":"Szal\u00e1rd","settlement_LO":"S\u0103lard","gps_lat":"47.2378340000","gps_long":"22.0440240000","cond":"6","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Utilizator:Grossecali at ro.wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0 <http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Cetatea_Adorjan_Salard.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022256\u0022 alt=\u0022Cetatea Adorjan Salard\u0022 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href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Turia_Cetatea_Balvanyos_(3).JPG\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Turia Cetatea Balvanyos (3)\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/f4\/Turia_Cetatea_Balvanyos_%283%29.JPG\/512px-Turia_Cetatea_Balvanyos_%283%29.JPG\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Turia_Cetatea_Balvanyos_(3).JPG\u0022\u003EAndrei kokelburg\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/ro\/deed.en\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0 RO\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"B\u00e1lv\u00e1nyos Castle","seolink":"balvanyos-castle-cetatea-balvanyos"},{"id":"115","settlement_HU":"Szil\u00e1gysomly\u00f3","settlement_LO":"\u0218imleu Silvaniei","gps_lat":"47.2307430000","gps_long":"22.7991270000","cond":"4","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Ady Negrean, CC BY-SA 4.0 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Commons","name":"Nagyb\u00e1nya Castle ","seolink":"nagybanya-castle-cetatea-baia-mare"},{"id":"117","settlement_HU":"Gyergy\u00f3szentmikl\u00f3s","settlement_LO":"Gheorgheni","gps_lat":"46.7284390000","gps_long":"25.6346430000","cond":"7","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Ukiy, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Chapelle_ch%C3%A2teau_Both_Both_v%C3%A1rai_k%C3%A1polna.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Chapelle ch\u00e2teau Both Both v\u00e1rai k\u00e1polna\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/bb\/Chapelle_ch%C3%A2teau_Both_Both_v%C3%A1rai_k%C3%A1polna.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Chapelle_ch%C3%A2teau_Both_Both_v%C3%A1rai_k%C3%A1polna.jpg\u0022\u003EUkiy\u003C\/a\u003E, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Both Castle","seolink":"gyergyoszentmiklos-both-castle-gheorgheni"},{"id":"118","settlement_HU":"Cenk-hegy, Brass\u00f3","settlement_LO":"T\u00e2mpa, Bra\u0219ov","gps_lat":"45.6334490000","gps_long":"25.5921770000","cond":"6","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Ecologicmarket, CC BY-SA 3.0 \u003Chttps:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Tampa_Natural_Reservation_from_Brasov_Romania.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Tampa Natural Reservation from Brasov Romania\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/82\/Tampa_Natural_Reservation_from_Brasov_Romania.jpg\/512px-Tampa_Natural_Reservation_from_Brasov_Romania.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Tampa_Natural_Reservation_from_Brasov_Romania.jpg\u0022\u003EEcologicmarket\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Castle on Cenk Hill;Brassovia Castle","seolink":"brasso-castle-on-cenk-hill-tampa-brasov"},{"id":"119","settlement_HU":"Sz\u00e9kelyudvarhely","settlement_LO":"Odorheiu Secuiesc","gps_lat":"46.2948450000","gps_long":"25.2728550000","cond":"7","picture":"","picture_ref":"","name":"Budv\u00e1r","seolink":"szekelyudvarhely-budvar-castle-odorheiu-secuiesc"},{"id":"120","settlement_HU":"Beszterce","settlement_LO":"Bistri\u021ba","gps_lat":"47.1693380000","gps_long":"24.4814300000","cond":"7","picture":"","picture_ref":"","name":"Beszterce Castle","seolink":"beszterce-castle-bistrita"},{"id":"121","settlement_HU":"Csics\u00f3\u00fajfalu","settlement_LO":"Ciceu-Corabia","gps_lat":"47.2510600000","gps_long":"23.9672930000","cond":"5","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Unknown author, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Csics%C3%B3v%C3%A1r_(Vas%C3%A1rnapi_%C3%BAjs%C3%A1g_1866._35._sz%C3%A1m).jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Csics\u00f3v\u00e1r (Vas\u00e1rnapi \u00fajs\u00e1g 1866. 35. sz\u00e1m)\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/6f\/Csics%C3%B3v%C3%A1r_%28Vas%C3%A1rnapi_%C3%BAjs%C3%A1g_1866._35._sz%C3%A1m%29.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Csics%C3%B3v%C3%A1r_(Vas%C3%A1rnapi_%C3%BAjs%C3%A1g_1866._35._sz%C3%A1m).jpg\u0022\u003EUnknown author\u003C\/a\u003E, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Csics\u00f3 Castle","seolink":"csicso-castle-cetatea-ciceului"},{"id":"122","settlement_HU":"Sz\u00e9kelyudvarhely","settlement_LO":"Odorheiu Secuiesc","gps_lat":"46.3055270000","gps_long":"25.2960670000","cond":"4","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Andrei kokelburg, CC BY-SA 3.0 RO \u003Chttps:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/ro\/deed.en\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Odorheiu_Secuiesc_Cetatea.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Odorheiu Secuiesc Cetatea\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/42\/Odorheiu_Secuiesc_Cetatea.jpg\/512px-Odorheiu_Secuiesc_Cetatea.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Odorheiu_Secuiesc_Cetatea.jpg\u0022\u003EAndrei kokelburg\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/ro\/deed.en\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0 RO\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Sz\u00e9kely T\u00e1madt Castle; Csonkav\u00e1r","seolink":"szekely-tamadt-castle"},{"id":"123","settlement_HU":"Drenkova","settlement_LO":"Drencova","gps_lat":"44.6357930000","gps_long":"21.9752810000","cond":"6","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Nenea hartia, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Drencova_Romania.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Drencova Romania\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/eb\/Drencova_Romania.jpg\/512px-Drencova_Romania.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Drencova_Romania.jpg\u0022\u003ENenea hartia\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 4.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Drank\u00f3 Castle","seolink":"dranko-castle"},{"id":"124","settlement_HU":"Facs\u00e1d","settlement_LO":"F\u0103get","gps_lat":"45.8662280000","gps_long":"22.1741410000","cond":"6","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Yo6own, CC BY-SA 3.0 RO <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/ro\/deed.en>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Faget_Cetate_1.JPG\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Faget Cetate 1\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/45\/Faget_Cetate_1.JPG\/512px-Faget_Cetate_1.JPG\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Faget_Cetate_1.JPG\u0022\u003EYo6own\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/ro\/deed.en\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0 RO\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Facset Castle","seolink":"facset-castle-cetatea-fagetului"},{"id":"125","settlement_HU":"Brass\u00f3","settlement_LO":"Bra\u0219ov","gps_lat":"45.6493030000","gps_long":"25.5916990000","cond":"1","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Andrei Dan Suciu, CC BY 3.0 \u003Chttps:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Cet%C4%83%C5%A3uia_Bra%C5%9Fov_-_panoramio_(9).jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Cet\u0103\u0163uia Bra\u015fov - panoramio (9)\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/f0\/Cet%C4%83%C5%A3uia_Bra%C5%9Fov_-_panoramio_%289%29.jpg\/512px-Cet%C4%83%C5%A3uia_Bra%C5%9Fov_-_panoramio_%289%29.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Cet%C4%83%C5%A3uia_Bra%C5%9Fov_-_panoramio_(9).jpg\u0022\u003EAndrei Dan Suciu\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\u0022\u003ECC BY 3.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Brass\u00f3, Citadel","seolink":"brasso-citadel-brasov-cetatuia"},{"id":"126","settlement_HU":"V\u00e1rasfenes","settlement_LO":"Fini\u015f","gps_lat":"46.6168680000","gps_long":"22.2971320000","cond":"6","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022No machine-readable author provided. Petitpeton assumed (based on copyright claims)., Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:B%C3%A9lavar_caslte_2.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022B\u00e9lavar caslte 2\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/fe\/B%C3%A9lavar_caslte_2.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:B%C3%A9lavar_caslte_2.jpg\u0022\u003ENo machine-readable author provided. Petitpeton assumed (based on copyright claims).\u003C\/a\u003E, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Fenes Castle; B\u00e9lav\u00e1r","seolink":"fenes-castle-cetatea-finis"},{"id":"127","settlement_HU":"G\u00f6rg\u00e9nyszentimre","settlement_LO":"Gurghiu","gps_lat":"46.7744120000","gps_long":"24.8653210000","cond":"6","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022SahkuRO, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Gurghiu_panoramic.gif\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Gurghiu panoramic\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/7e\/Gurghiu_panoramic.gif\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Gurghiu_panoramic.gif\u0022\u003ESahkuRO\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"G\u00f6rg\u00e9ny Castle","seolink":"gorgeny-castle"},{"id":"128","settlement_HU":"Szinice","settlement_LO":"Svini\u0163a","gps_lat":"44.4798350000","gps_long":"22.1426560000","cond":"6","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Nenea hartia, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Trikule_Svini%C8%9Ba_01.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Trikule Svini\u021ba 01\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/14\/Trikule_Svini%C8%9Ba_01.jpg\/512px-Trikule_Svini%C8%9Ba_01.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Trikule_Svini%C8%9Ba_01.jpg\u0022\u003ENenea hartia\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 4.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Three 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