Gyulafehérvár Fortress
Cetatea Alba Carolina
Gyulafehérvár Fortress
Condition:
Renovated / Good
Entrance:
Free
Address:
Calea Moților, Numărul 5A
Settlement:
Historical Hungarian county:
Alsó-Fehér
Country:
Romania
County:
Alba
Geographic region:
Maros Valley
GPS coordinates:
46.068106, 23.57205
Google map:
History
Ancient times
There was a hillfort already in the Iron Age, where the Romans built a castrum. Apulum was a significant town in Dacia province. Its name came from the Latin Apula name of the Ompoly River.
7th century
Slavic settlers founded a settlement, which was called Belgrád (White Castle) after the white limestone ruins of the Roman castrum. The settlement was populated during the period of the First Bulgarian Empire.
895
Arrival of the Hungarians
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895
The alliance of the seven Hungarian tribes took possession of the then largely uninhabited Carpathian Basin. Until then, the sparse Slavic population of the north-western Carpathians had lived under Moravian rule for a few decades after the collapse of the Avar Khaganate in the early 9th century.
after 895
Transylvania was governed from here since the foundation of Hungary, as the settlement was the seat of the gyula, and later of the vajda of Transylvania. The castle was built at that time. The Hungarian name of the settlement, Gyulafehérvár, means ’the white castle of the gyula’ (gyula was an ancient Hungarian title). The Romanian name, Alba Iulia, is a simple translation of the Hungarian name, where gyula was misinterpreted as a personal name (Gyula is also a common Hungarian first name).
997
Grand Prince Vajk of Hungary (later King Stephen I) defeated his greatest rival, Koppány, who was quartered and one part of his body was nailed to the gate of Gyulafehérvár.
1000
Foundation of the Hungarian Kingdom
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1000
The Kingdom of Hungary was established with the coronation of King Stephen I. He converted the Hungarians to Christianity and created two archdioceses (Esztergom and Kalocsa) and ten dioceses. He divided Hungary into counties led by ispáns, who were appointed by the king.
1003
King Stephen I of Hungary confiscated the properties of the disloyal Transylvanian Gyula and gave them to one of his relatives, Erdőelvi Zoltán, together with Gyulafehérvár. The Transylvania name means ’land beyond the forest’. This name appeared first in 11th century Hungarian documents written in Latin. The forest refers to the huge forests covering the mountains separating Transylvania from the Great Plain. This clearly reflects the point of view of the Hungarian monarch, whose capitol was located in Pannonia. The Hungarian name of Transylvania is Erdély, which is a combination of words meaning ’beyond the forest’ (the word erdő means forest). This was translated to Latin as Transsylvania. Romanians do not have a name of their own for Transylvania. They either use Transilvania or Ardeal, which appeared first in 1432 in the form Ardeliu originating in the Hungarian word Erdély.
1009
King Stephen I of Hungary established the Roman Catholic Diocese of Transylvania. The episcopal palace and the cathedral were constructed in the castle of Gyulafehérvár. The settlement became the seat of Fehér County afterwards. The town was managed by the bishop of Transylvania until 1542. A three nave basilica was built in the 11th century as cathedral, and the construction of a larger three nave basilica began in the middle of the 12th century in Romanesque style.
1232
The castle was mentioned for the first time in the letter of donation issued by King Andrew II of Hungary.
1241-1242
Mongol Invasion
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1241-1242
The hordes of the Mongol Empire invaded Hungary and almost completely destroyed it. One third to one half of the population was destroyed. The Mongols also suffered heavy losses in the battle of Muhi and they could not hunt down the king. After their withdrawal, King Béla IV reorganized Hungary. He allowed the feudal lords to build stone castles because they were able to successfully resist the nomadic Mongols. The vast majority of stone castles were built after this. The king called in German, Vlach (Romanian) and Slavic settlers to replace the destroyed population.
1241
The Mongols destroyed Gyulafehérvár.
1301
The extinction of the House of Árpád
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1301
The House of Árpád, the first Hungarian royal dynasty, died out with the death of King Andrew III. Hungary was ruled by oligarchs, the most powerful of whom was Csák Máté, whose main ally was the Aba family. King Charles I (1308-1342), supported by the Pope, eventually emerged as the most prominent of the contenders for the Hungarian throne. But it took decades to break the power of the oligarchs.
1441
King Ulászló I appointed Hunyadi János vajda of Transylvania. He shared that title with Újlaki Miklós.
March 18, 1442
The Turks attacked Transylvania. Hunyadi János with his army of 10 thousand took on a battle with the three times larger army of Bey Mezid at Marosszentimre. After the first successes, the Turks finally gained victory. Bishop Lépes György of Transylvania fell in the battle and Hunyadi retreated to Gyulafehérvár. The Turks, hungry for the big booty, besieged the Saxon town of Nagyszeben, which repelled the attack.
March 25, 1442
Hunyadi János crushed the Turkis army of Bey Mezid on the plain next to Nagyszeben. The Turks wanted to achieve victory by killing Hunyadi, who was informed of this. The hero Kemény Simon put on the ornate armour of Hunyadi voluntarily. The Turks assaulted him with full force and killed him. But their delight didn’t last long as they noticed that in the meantime the real Hunyadi occupied their camp and encircled them. 20.000 Turks fell in the battle including Bey Mezid. After that, Hunyadi defeated Beylerbey Sehabeddin of Rumelia in July next to the Iron Gates gorge. These victories brought Hunyadi the fame as Turk-beater.
1442
Hunyadi János, vajda of Transylvania, expanded the castle against the Tuks. He was buried here in the cathedral after his death.
1456
Siege of Nándorfehérvár (Belgrade)
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1456
The Turkish army of Sultan Mehmed II, the conqueror of Constantinople, besieged the castle of Nándorfehérvár (Belgrade), which was the southern gateway to Hungary. But the Hungarian army, led by Hunyadi János, won a decisive victory over the twice to three times larger Turkish army. The Pope had earlier ordered that church bells should be rung every noon to pray for the victory of the defenders. Hunyadi János died of plague in the camp after the battle.
1469
Miklós, governor of Transylvania, informed the cathedral chapter of Transylvania, that the castle of Gyulafehérvár had to be torn to the ground and the moats had to be filled by order of King Matthias of Hungary.
1516
King Ulászló I of Hungary ordered the cathedral chapter of Transylvania to rebuild the stone walls of the castle for the protection of the church and the homeland. He also ordered the allocation of salt worth of 200 gold forints for that purpose.
1526
Battle of Mohács and the splitting of Hungary into two parts
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1526
Sultan Suleiman I launched a war against Vienna, instigated by the French. Ferdinand I, Duke of Austria, was the brother-in-law of King Louis II of Hungary. The army of the Ottoman Empire defeated the much smaller Hungarian army at Mohács, and King Louis II died in the battle. A group of the barons elected Ferdinand I of the House of Habsburg to the throne, who promised to defend Hungary from the Turks. He was the younger brother of the most powerful European monarch Emperor Charles V. But the nobility chose the most powerful Hungarian baron, Szapolyai János, who was also crowned as King John I. The country was split in two and a decades-long struggle for power began.
March 1539
King John I of Hungary and Queen Isabella, the daughter of King Sigismund I the Old of Poland got married in Székesfehérvár. Isabella was 20 years old, 30 years younger than her husband.
July 1540
Queen Isabella gave birth to a child, John Sigismund, a few days before the death of King John I. This put an end to the Peace of Várad negotiated in 1538, according to which the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom was to be inherited by King Ferdinand I.
1541
The Turkish occupation of the capital, Buda, and the division of Hungary into three parts
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1541
The Turks conquered Buda, the capital of Hungary, after the death of King John I. The central part of the country was under Turkish rule for 150 years. The western and northern parts (including present-day Slovakia) formed the Kingdom of Hungary ruled by the Habsburg emperors. The eastern parts (now mainly under Romanian rule) were ruled by the successors of King John I of Hungary, who later established the Principality of Transylvania.
1542
After the Turks captured Buda with a deception, Queen Isabella and her son, John II of Hungary, moved to Gyulafehérvár. The episcopal palace was transformed to be suitable for the seat of the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom. Gyulafehérvár was the capitol of the Principality of Transylvania during its existence from 1570 to 1690.
1549
The guardian of King John II, George Martinuzzi, resigned from the throne on behalf of Queen Isabella, without her being aware of it, in favour of King Ferdinand I in a secret agreement in Nyírbátor.
1550
After Queen Isabella started negotiations with King Ferdinand I, George Martinuzzi appeared before the gates of Gyulafehérvár with his army, but he could not take control of the town. He only managed to capture Gyulafehérvár and force Queen Isabella to an agreement by siege the next year.
May 1551
George Martinuzzi besieged and captured Gyulafehérvár, where the soldiers loyal to Queen Isabella were stationed.
July 19, 1551
George Martinuzzi and General Castaldo with his invading imperial army forced Queen Isabella to sign the agreement in Gyulafehérvár. The Queen handed over the Holy Crown of Hungary and resigned from the throne on behalf of his son in favour of King Ferdinand I and left for Poland. The Turks launched a retaliatory campaign against Hungary immediately and occupied Temesvár.
October 1556
The Estates of Transylvania, dissatisfied with Habsburg rule, recalled Queen Isabella to the throne, to which the Sultan gave his consent. On her return, she regained control of eastern Hungary. But she established a power that was more centralized than the Habsburg’s, and she held a lavish Renaissance royal court in Gyulafehérvár. The aristocrats of Transylvania watched this with distaste.
1556
The country assembly held in Szászsebes that asked Queen Isabella to return, obsessed with Protestantism, expelled the Catholic bishop Bornemisza Pál from Transylvania and confiscated his properties. The Catholic Diocese of Transylvania ceased to exist.
1558
The aristocrats Bebek Ferenc, Kendy Ferenc and Antal plotted against Queen Isabella. They wanted to poison her, but the Queen became aware of the treason and had them slaughtered after a feast by Balassa Menyhért.
September 15, 1559
Queen Isabella died unexpectedly in Gyulafehérvár at the age of 40.
1570
The establishment of the Principality of Transylvania
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1570
John II (John Sigismund), the son of King John I of Hungary, renounced the title of King of Hungary in favor of King Maximilian of the House of Habsburg, and henceforth held the title of Prince. This formally created the Principality of Transylvania, which was the eastern half of Hungary not ruled by the Habsburgs and was also a vassal of the Ottoman Empire. John II died in 1571, after which the three nations of Transylvania (the Hungarian nobility, the Székelys and the Saxons) elected the prince.
March 14, 1571
John Sigismund, Prince of Transylvania and also the last freely elected king of Hungary (John II), died in Gyulafehérvár. The ashes of John Sigismund and his mother, Queen Isabella, rest in the cathedral.
May 25, 1571
After the death of Prince John II (John Sigismund), the mostly Protestant Transylvanian estates elected the Roman Catholic aristocrat Báthory István as Prince of Transylvania. But King Maximilian I (Emperor Maximilian II) couldn’t make do with the fact that the estates of Transylvania were free to elect their own prince. The king convinced the Unitarian aristocrat Bekes Gáspár to rebel against Prince Báthory István with false promises.
1572–1574
Bekes Gáspár was engaged in organizing a plot to overthrow the power of Prince Báthory István and take the throne.
June 24, 1574
Pierre Lescalopier, the emissary of King Charles IX of France arrived in Transylvania to negotiate with Prince Báthory István, who wanted to get married. The French emissary later wrote a book about his journey and among other things he recounted that most of the population of Transylvania and Gyulafehérvár spoke Hungarian.
July 8, 1575
Bekes Gáspár, a pretender to the throne of Transylvania supported by the Habsburgs, was defeated in the battle of Radnót. It was in this battle that Székely Mózes stood out for his valour. The armies of Bekes Gáspár and Prince Báthory István clashed again two days later at Kerelőszentpál. Székely Mózes also played a decisive role in this battle, so the Prince appointed him commander of his bodyguard.
January 16, 1576
Prince Báthory István of Transylvania announced at the country assembly in Medgyes, that he was elected King of Poland, and proposed the Estates to choose Báthory Kristóf as the new prince in his place. After the death of Báthory Kristóf, Báthory Zsigmond became the new prince, who renounced the throne multiple times causing a lot of trouble to the town and the country.
1591-1606
Fifteen Years' War
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1591-1606
The Ottoman Empire started a war against the Habsburg Empire. The war was waged in the territory of Hungary. The Turks defeated the combined armies of the Habsburg Empire and the Principality of Transylvania in the battle of Mezőkeresztes in 1596, but their victory was not decisive. The war devastated the Principality of Transylvania, which was occupied by the Habsburg army, and General Basta introduced a reign of terror.
1594
Prince Báthory Zsigmond renounced the throne in favour of Báthory Boldizsár, but, instigated by Bocskai István, he soon returned to power and had Báthory Boldizsár and his followers killed.
1599
Prince Báthory Zsigmond renounced the throne again in favour of the brother of Boldizsár, Cardinal Báthory András. Báthory András wanted to place Transylvania under Turkish patronage again, but he was accepted neither by the Saxons nor by the Székelys and he could gain the support of neither the Habsburgs nor the Turks.
October 17, 1599
Instigated by Emperor Rudolf, Voivode Mihai (Viteazul) of Wallachia broke into Transylvania through the Bodza Pass, after Prince Báthory Zsigmond, contrary to his promise, hand over power over Transylvania to his cousin Cardinal Báthory András instead of Emperor Rudolf. Voivode Mihai sided with the Székelys, who were dissatisfied with the Báthory dynasty, by promising to restore their rights, and with their help he defeated the army of Prince Báthory András at Sellenberk on 28 October.
November 1, 1599
Voivode Mihai Viteazul of Wallachia marched into Gyulafehérvár, the capitol of Transylvania, and took over power as governor appointed by Emperor Rudolf. But soon he started to act on his own behalf and introduced a reign of terror. He arbitrarily appointed Wallachian boyars to every position, looted the treasury and his unpaid mercenaries plundered and murdered throughout the land. The Vlach peasants rose up and started to exterminate Hungarian and Saxon population in Transylvania, which had a Hungarian majority at that time.
September 18, 1600
Voivode Mihai of Wallachia was defeated in the battle of Miriszló and driven out by the combined armies of the Transylvanian nobility led by Báthory Zsigmond and General Basta’s imperial mercenaries. At the beginning of next year, the Estates of Transylvanian broke with the Emperor and Báthory Zsigmond was elected prince once more.
August 3, 1601
The combined armies of General Basta and Voivode Mihai of Wallachia defeated the Transylvanian army of Prince Báthory Zsigmond in the battle of Goroszló. After that, the army of Voivode Mihai sacked and burned the towns of Torda, Nagyenyed and Gyulafehérvár, where they robbed the tombs of the Hunyadi family, King John II of Hungary and his mother Queen Isabella.
August 19, 1601
Voivode Mihai of Wallachia was assassinated by the mercenaries of General Basta, because Mihai tried to usurp the throne of Transylvania once again. Genral Basta also continued the reign of terror of Mihai and he also let his mercenaries plunder and murder freely throughout the country.
July 2, 1602
General Giorgio Basta defeated the army of Székely Mózes at Tövis. Székely Mózes became the leader of the Transylvanian uprising against the Habsburg Empire after the battle of Goroszló.
1604-1606
Uprising of Bocskai István
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1604-1606
The alliance of the Habsburgs and the Principality of Transylvania was defeated by the Ottoman Empire in the Fifteen Years' War. The war devastated Transylvania, which was occupied by the Habsburg imperial army, and General Basta introduced a reign of terror. The nobility and the burghers were upset about the terror, the plundering mercenaries and the violent Counter-Reformation. Bocskai István decided to lead their uprising after the Habsburg emperor tried to confiscate his estates. Bocskai also rallied the hajdú warriors to his side. He was elected Prince of Transylvania and soon liberated the Kingdom of Hungary from the Habsburgs. In 1605 Bocskai István was crowned King of Hungary with the crown he received from the Turks.
23 June 1606
Peace of Vienna
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23 June 1606
Bocski István made peace with Emperor Rudolf. Their agreement secured the constitutional rights of the Estates of Hungary, and the freedom of religion. The counties of Szatmár, Bereg and Ugocsa were annexed to the Principality of Transylvania. Bocskai died of illness in the same year, leaving to his successors the idea of unifying Hungary from Transylvania.
1603
General Basta left Transylvania with his imperial army. Székely Mózes set out from Temesvár with Székely and Turkish armies to liberate Transylvania. The estates of Transylvania, having enough of Basta’s terror, welcomed him in Gyulafehérvár and elected him Prince of Transylvania on 9 May. The Habsburgs mobilized their vassal, Voivode Radu Serban of Wallachia, who attacked the camp of Székely Mózes at Brassó at night on 17 July. The Prince was killed and General Basta returned to Transylvania.
1615-1617
Prince Bethlen Gábor of Transylvania ordered the construction of the south-eastern and south-western bastions.
1619
The campaign of Prince Bethlen Gábor of Transylvania in the Thirty Years' War
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1619
At the beginning of the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648), Prince Bethlen Gábor of Transylvania went to war against the Habsburg emperor as an ally of the rebelling Czech-Moravian-Austrian estates. The whole Kingdom of Hungary joined him, only the Austrian defenders of Pozsony had to be put to the sword. With his allies, he laid siege to Vienna. However, he was forced to abandon the siege because the Habsburg-loyal Hungarian aristocrat Homonnai Drugeth György attacked his heartland with Polish mercenaries. On 25 August 1620, the Diet of Besztercebánya elected Bethlen Gábor King of Hungary as vassal of the Turks. He continued to fight after the defeat of the Czechs at White Mountain on 8 November 1620, but without real chance to achieve decisive victory, he decided to come to an agreement with Emperor Ferdinand II.
31 December 1621
Peace of Nikolsburg
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31 December 1621
Prince Bethlen Gábor of Transylvania made peace with Emperor Ferdinand II. Their agreement secured the constitutional rights of the Estates of Hungary, and later it was supplemented with the freedom of religion. Bethlen renounced the title of King of Hungary in exchange for seven counties of the Upper Tisza region (Szabolcs, Szatmár, Bereg, Ugocsa, Zemplén, Borsod, Abaúj) for the rest of his life, other estates in Hungary as his private property and the imperial title of Duke of Oppeln and Ratibor (Opole and Racibórz), one of the Duchies of Silesia. Prince Bethlen went to war against the Habsburgs in 1623 and 1626, but was unable to negotiate more favourable terms.
1644-1645
The campaign of Prince Rákóczi György I of Transylvania in the Thirty Years' War
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1644-1645
Prince Rákóczi György I of Transylvania allied with the Swedes and the French in the Thirty Years' War and went to war against the Habsburg Emperor Ferdinand III. On 18 July 1645 his army joined forces with Torstenson's Swedish army under Brno (Moravia). The excellent artillery of Transylvania opened fire on the city walls. However, Rákóczi had to give up the siege, having been informed that the Turks were planning a punitive campaign against Transylvania, because he went to war against the Sultan's prohibition.
16 December 1645
Peace of Linz
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16 December 1645
Prince Rákóczi György I of Transylvania made peace with Emperor Ferdinand III. It secured the freedom of religion for the Protestants and extended it also to the serfs. Rákóczi received the same seven Hungarian counties that Prince Bethlen Gábor had also held (Abauj, Zemplén, Borsod, Bereg, Ugocsa, Szabolcs, Szatmár) until his death, and the counties of Szabolcs and Szatmár were also to be inherited by his sons. The Rákóczi family also received several new estates.
1657
Prince Rákóczi György II of Transylvania launched a campaign for the crown of Poland in alliance with Carl X Gustaf of Sweden. His aim was to unite the Hungarian-Polish-Wallachian forces against the Turks. The campaign started successfully with the prince taking Kraków and Warsawa, but then the King of Sweden abandoned him. The vengeful Poles invaded northern Transylvania, burning defenceless villages, destroying churches and castles. Soon the punitive campaign of Turkish and Tatar armies devastated Transylvania, as the prince launched his Polish campaign against the Sultan's will.
September, 1658
Tatars burned the town, when the Sultan sent them to take revenge on Transylvania after the forbidden campaign of Prince Rákóczi György II for the Polish crown. The Prince resigned from the throne on 25 October in Gyulafehérvár.
1664
Victory over the Turks at Szentgotthárd and the shameful Peace of Vasvár
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1664
The imperial army achieved a significant victory over the Turks at the battle of Szentgotthárd. Despite this, Emperor Leopold I concluded a 20-year peace treaty with the Turks at Vasvár on terms that made it look as if the Turks had won. This caused a huge outcry in Europe and among the Hungarian nobility, who expected the country to be liberated after the victory. The formerly Habsburg-loyal Catholic Hungarian barons began to plot against the Emperor with the leadership of Wesselényi Ferenc. In 1668, at the end of the Franco-Spanish War, King Louis XIV of France withdrew his support for the conspiracy, and the support of the Turks was not obtained.
1671
Exposure of the Wesselényi conspiracy
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1671
After the exposure of the anti-Hapsburg Wesselényi conspiracy, the main organisers, Zrínyi Péter, Nádasdy Ferenc and Frangepán Ferenc were executed. Wesselényi Ferenc died in 1667. The Croatian uprising, which was part of the conspiracy, was crushed by the Habsburgs in 1670.
after 1671
Kuruc Movement
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after 1671
Many noble, burgher and preacher fled to the Principality of Transylvania and the territory under Turkish occupation from the reprisals after the exposure of the anti-Habsburg Wesselényi-conspiracy and from the violent Counter-Reformation. They were joined by dismissed Hungarian soldiers of the Turkish border forts, who were replaced by German mercenaries. They were called the fugitives (bujdosók). They started an armed movement against the Habsburg rule. Because of the Turkish ban, the Principality of Transylvania could not openly support them. From 1677, the French supported their cause with money and Polish mercenaries. They achieved their first serious success when they temporarily occupied the mining towns of northern Hungary (now central Slovakia) under the command of Thököly lmre. He then became the sole leader of the movement. In 1679, the French made peace with Emperor Leopold I and withdrew their support for the fugitives. Between 1678 and 1681 Thököly Imre led successful raids against the Habsburgs and their supporters in the territory of the Kingdom of Hungary. The insurgents were called kurucs.
1682
Thököly Imre, Prince of Upper Hungary
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1682
Thököly Imre, the leader of the kuruc insurgents, gained the support of the Turks. He launched a campaign against the Habsburgs in the Kingdom of Hungary. With the support of the Turkish army, he occupied the town of Kassa and also the important stronghold of Fülek. He was then recognized by the Turks as King of Hungary, but he chose the title of Prince of Upper Hungary.
1683
Turkish defeat at Vienna and the formation of the Holy League
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1683
The combined armies of the Habsburg Empire and the Kingdom of Poland defeated the Turkish army besieging Vienna. Emperor Leopold I wanted to make peace with the Turks, but was refused by Sultan Mehmed IV. In 1684, at the persistent urging of Pope Innocent XI, the Holy League, an alliance of the Kingdom of Poland, the Habsburg Empire, the Republic of Venice and the Papal States, was formed to expel the Turks from Hungary. Thököly Imre, who had allied himself with the Turks, was gradually driven out of northern Hungary.
1685
The Turkish captivity of Thököly Imre and the fall of the kuruc movement
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1685
The Pasha of Várad captured Thököly Imre as he was asking for Turkish help and offered him to Emperor Leopold I for peace. But the Imperial emissaries laughed at his face, because, having the upper hand, they no longer cared for Thököly. On the news of his capture, the town of Kassa and the kuruc strongholds surrendered to the Emperor one after the other. The Turks, seeing their fatal mistake, released Thököly the following year and tried to restore his authority, but his power was broken forever and the Hungarian insurgents no longer trusted the Turks. Most of the insurgents joined the imperial army and helped to liberate the rest of Hungary from the Turks.
1686
Recapture of Buda and the liberation of Hungary from the Turks
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1686
The army of the Holy League recaptured Buda from the Turks by siege. In 1687, the Imperial army invaded the Principality of Transylvania. The liberation was hindered by the French breaking their promise of peace in 1688 and attacking the Habsburg Empire. By 1699, when the Peace of Karlóca was signed, all of Hungary and Croatia had been liberated from the Ottoman Empire with the exception of Temesköz, the area bounded by the Maros, the Tisza and the Danube rivers. It was not until the Peace of Požarevac in 1718 that Temesköz was liberated from the Turks. However, the continuous war against the Turkish invaders and the Habsburg autocracy, which lasted for more than 150 years, wiped out large areas of the Hungarian population, which had previously made up 80% of the country's population, and was replaced by Vlachs (Romanians), Serbs and other Slavic settlers and Germans. The Habsburgs also favoured the settlement of these foreign peoples over the 'rebellious' Hungarians.
1690
Transylvania became part of the Kingdom of Hungary again, with internal autonomy and freedom of religion
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1690
According to the Diploma Leopoldinum issued by Emperor Leopold I, Transylvania became part of the Kingdom of Hungary again and Hungarian law remained in force. The three nations (the Hungarians, the Székelys – who are also Hungarians –, and the Saxons) administered its internal affairs with autonomy and the freedom of religion was also preserved. The incorporation of Transylvania into the Habsburg Empire was prevented by the temporary election of Thököly Imre as Prince of Transylvania in 1690 with Turkish help.
August 21, 1690
Thököly Imre, the former leader of the anti-Habsburg Hungarian kuruc uprising, crossed the mountains with Turkish and Wallachian auxiliaries, attacked the imperial army of General Heisler from behind and defeated him.
September 21, 1690
The nobility of Transylvania joined Thököly Imre and he was elected Prince of Transylvania in Szeben. Soon the combined armies of Castelli and Heisler pushed him out of Transylvania.
1690
According to the Diploma Leopoldinum issued by Emperor Leopold I, Transylvania became part of the Habsburg Empire as an autonomous province under the Holy Crown of Hungary.
1703-1711
Hungarian War of Independence led by Prince Rákóczi Ferenc II
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1703-1711
After the expulsion of the Turks, the Habsburgs treated Hungary as a newly conquered province and did not respect its constitution. The serfs rose up against the Habsburg ruler because of the sufferings caused by the war and the heavy burdens, and they invited Rákóczi Ferenc II to lead them. Trusting in the help promised by King Louis XIV of France, he accepted. Rákóczi rallied the nobility to his side, and soon most of the country was under his control. The rebels were called the kurucs. In 1704, the French and the Bavarians were defeated at the Battle of Blenheim, depriving the Hungarians of their international allies. The Rusyn, Slovak and Vlach peasants and the Saxons of Szepes supported the fight for freedom, while the Serbs in the south and the Saxons in Transylvania served the Habsburgs. Due to lack of funds Rákóczi could not raise a strong regular army, and in 1710, Hungary was also hit by a severe plague. Rákóczi tried unsuccessfully to forge an alliance with Tsar Peter the Great of Russia. In his absence, without his knowledge, his commander-in-chief, Károlyi Sándor, accepted Emperor Joseph I's peace offer. The Peace of Szatmár formally restored the Hungarian constitution and religious freedom and granted amnesty, but did not ease the burden of serfdom. Rákóczi refused to accept the pardon and went into exile. He died in Rodosto, Turkey.
1715
Count Steinville began the construction of the new star shape fortress in Vauban-style by order of King Charles III of Hungary (Emperor Charles VI), which was completed by 1738. The town was renamed to Károlyfehérvár (Karlsburg).
1848-1849
Hungarian Revolution and War of Independence
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1848-1849
Following the news of the Paris Revolution on 22 February 1848, the Hungarian liberal opposition led by Kossuth Lajos demanded the abolition of serfdom, the abolition of the tax exemption of the nobility, a parliament elected by the people, and an independent and accountable national government. The revolution that broke out in Pest on 15 March expressed its demands in 12 points, which, in addition to the above mentioned, included the freedom of the press, equality before the law, the release of the political prisoners and the union with Transylvania. A Hungarian government was formed, Batthyány Lajos became prime minister, and on 11 April Emperor Ferdinand V ratified the reform laws. On August 31 the Emperor demanded the repeal of the laws threatening with military intervention. In September the Emperor unleashed the army of Jelacic, Ban of Croatia, on Hungary, but they were defeated by the Hungarians in the Battle of Pákozd on 29 September. An open war began for the independence of Hungary. The Habsburgs incited the nationalities against the Hungarians. The Rusyns, the Slovenes and most of the Slovaks and Germans supported the cause persistently, but the Vlachs (Romanians) and the Serbians turned against the Hungarians. The glorious Spring Campaign in 1849 led by General Görgei Artúr liberated almost all of Hungary. On 1 May 1849, Emperor Franz Joseph, effectively admitting defeat, asked for the help of Tsar Nicholas I of Russia, who sent an intervention army of 200,000 soldiers against Hungary. The resistance became hopeless against the overwhelming enemy forces and on 13 August Görgei Artúr surrendered to the Russians at Világos. Bloody reprisals followed, and on 6 October 1849, 12 generals and a colonel of the Hungarian Revolution, the martyrs of Arad, were executed in Arad. On the same day, Batthyány Lajos, the first Hungarian Prime Minister, was executed by firing squad in Pest. The Habsburgs introduced total authoritarianism in Hungary, but they also failed to fulfil their promises to the nationalities that had betrayed the Hungarians.
1848-49
An Austrian garrison controlled the modern fortress, which the Hungarian revolutionary army couldn’t capture even by a long siege. The Austrians trained the Vlach troops within the walls of the fortress, who devastated the Hungarian population of Transylvania afterwards.
April 2, 1849
General Bem József started the siege of the fortress. The Hungarians could not take the fortified town and they lifted the siege in the middle of August.
1867
Austro-Hungarian Compromise
Little more...
1867
The Habsburg Empire was weakened by the defeats it suffered in the implementation of Italian and German unity. The Hungarians wanted to return to the reform laws of 1848, but they did not have the strength to do so. Emperor Franz Joseph and the Hungarian opposition, led by Deák Ferenc, finally agreed to restructure the Empire and abolish absolutism. Hungary was given autonomy in its internal affairs, with its own government and parliament, which was essential for the development of its economy and culture. However, foreign and military affairs remained in the hands of the Habsburgs and served their aspiration for becoming a great power. The majority wanted Hungary's independence, but they were excluded from political power.
1914-1918
World War I
Little more...
1914-1918
As part of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, Hungary took part in the war on the side of the Central Powers.
4 June 1920
Trianon Dictate
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4 June 1920
Hungary was forced to sign the Treaty of Trianon, although the country was not invited to the peace talks. Hungary lost two thirds of its territory that had belonged to it for more than 1000 years. One-third of the Hungarian population came under foreign rule. On the basis of the national principle, countries with a more mixed and less ethnically balanced composition than the former Hungary were created, such as Czechoslovakia and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later Yugoslavia). For example, while 48% of the population of the territory ceded to Czechoslovakia was Slovak and 30% Hungarian, 54% of the population of the former Hungary was Hungarian and 10.6% Slovak. And in the territory that is now part of Serbia, the Hungarians outnumbered the Serbs. The part of the territory allocated to Romania from Hungary was larger than the remaining territory of Hungary, despite the fact that there were 10 million Hungarians and less than 3 million Romanians in the former Hungary. While Hungary used to have the most liberal nationality policy in Europe, the successor states had no respect at all for the national and cultural rights of the indigenous Hungarians and engaged in forced assimilation. The Trianon Dictate destroyed the organic economic unity of the region. Before the First World War, Hungary had a dynamic economy, more advanced than Spain's. After 1920, the successor states formed the so-called "Little Entente", putting Hungary under an economic blockade and sabotaging it on the international stage.
Source: varak.hu , Wikipedia, muvelodes.net: Gyulafehérvár magyar múltja és jelene – az oktatás szemszögéből , rubicon.hu: Hunyadi János legyőzi a törököket Szebennél , rubicon.hu: Jagelló Izabella királyné halála , arcanum.hu - Bánlaky József: A magyar nemzet hadtörténelme
Check out other castles in Transylvania as well!
© OpenStreetMap contributors
{"item":"castle","set":{"castleId":188,"townId":73,"active":1,"name_LO":"Cetatea Alba Carolina","settlement_HU":"Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r","settlement_LO":"Alba Iulia","address":"Calea Mo\u021bilor, Num\u0103rul 5A","listorder":4,"gps_lat":"46.0681060000","gps_long":"23.5720500000","oldcounty":34,"country":4,"division":19,"cond":1,"entrance":2,"varaklink":"https:\/\/varak.hu\/latnivalo\/index\/1256-Gyulafehervar-erod\/","homepage":"http:\/\/turism.apulum.ro\/","openinghours":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022h_laca, CC BY 3.0 \u003Chttps:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Gyulafeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r,_Fels%C5%91_K%C3%A1roly-kapu_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r, Fels\u0151 K\u00e1roly-kapu - panoramio\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/73\/Gyulafeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r%2C_Fels%C5%91_K%C3%A1roly-kapu_-_panoramio.jpg\/512px-Gyulafeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r%2C_Fels%C5%91_K%C3%A1roly-kapu_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Gyulafeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r,_Fels%C5%91_K%C3%A1roly-kapu_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003Eh_laca\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\u0022\u003ECC BY 3.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r Fortress","georegion":"Maros Valley","description":"","nameorigin":"","history":"Ancient times|There was a hillfort already in the Iron Age, where the Romans built a castrum. Apulum was a significant town in Dacia province. Its name came from the Latin Apula name of the Ompoly River.@7th century|Slavic settlers founded a settlement, which was called Belgr\u00e1d (White Castle) after the white limestone ruins of the Roman castrum. The settlement was populated during the period of the First Bulgarian Empire.@#1|@after 895|Transylvania was governed from here since the foundation of Hungary, as the settlement was the seat of the gyula, and later of the vajda of Transylvania. The castle was built at that time. The Hungarian name of the settlement, Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r, means \u2019the white castle of the gyula\u2019 (gyula was an ancient Hungarian title). The Romanian name, Alba Iulia, is a simple translation of the Hungarian name, where gyula was misinterpreted as a personal name (Gyula is also a common Hungarian first name).@997|Grand Prince Vajk of Hungary (later King Stephen I) defeated his greatest rival, Kopp\u00e1ny, who was quartered and one part of his body was nailed to the gate of Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r.@#3|@1003|King Stephen I of Hungary confiscated the properties of the disloyal Transylvanian Gyula and gave them to one of his relatives, Erd\u0151elvi Zolt\u00e1n, together with Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r. The Transylvania name means \u2019land beyond the forest\u2019. This name appeared first in 11th century Hungarian documents written in Latin. The forest refers to the huge forests covering the mountains separating Transylvania from the Great Plain. This clearly reflects the point of view of the Hungarian monarch, whose capitol was located in Pannonia. The Hungarian name of Transylvania is Erd\u00e9ly, which is a combination of words meaning \u2019beyond the forest\u2019 (the word erd\u0151 means forest). This was translated to Latin as Transsylvania. Romanians do not have a name of their own for Transylvania. They either use Transilvania or Ardeal, which appeared first in 1432 in the form Ardeliu originating in the Hungarian word Erd\u00e9ly.@1009|King Stephen I of Hungary established the Roman Catholic Diocese of Transylvania. The episcopal palace and the cathedral were constructed in the castle of Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r. The settlement became the seat of Feh\u00e9r County afterwards. The town was managed by the bishop of Transylvania until 1542. A three nave basilica was built in the 11th century as cathedral, and the construction of a larger three nave basilica began in the middle of the 12th century in Romanesque style.@1232|The castle was mentioned for the first time in the letter of donation issued by King Andrew II of Hungary.@#5|@1241|The Mongols destroyed Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r.@#6|@1441|King Ul\u00e1szl\u00f3 I appointed Hunyadi J\u00e1nos vajda of Transylvania. He shared that title with \u00dajlaki Mikl\u00f3s.@March 18, 1442|The Turks attacked Transylvania. Hunyadi J\u00e1nos with his army of 10 thousand took on a battle with the three times larger army of Bey Mezid at Marosszentimre. After the first successes, the Turks finally gained victory. Bishop L\u00e9pes Gy\u00f6rgy of Transylvania fell in the battle and Hunyadi retreated to Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r. The Turks, hungry for the big booty, besieged the Saxon town of Nagyszeben, which repelled the attack.@March 25, 1442|Hunyadi J\u00e1nos crushed the Turkis army of Bey Mezid on the plain next to Nagyszeben. The Turks wanted to achieve victory by killing Hunyadi, who was informed of this. The hero Kem\u00e9ny Simon put on the ornate armour of Hunyadi voluntarily. The Turks assaulted him with full force and killed him. But their delight didn\u2019t last long as they noticed that in the meantime the real Hunyadi occupied their camp and encircled them. 20.000 Turks fell in the battle including Bey Mezid. After that, Hunyadi defeated Beylerbey Sehabeddin of Rumelia in July next to the Iron Gates gorge. These victories brought Hunyadi the fame as Turk-beater.@1442|Hunyadi J\u00e1nos, vajda of Transylvania, expanded the castle against the Tuks. He was buried here in the cathedral after his death.@#7|@1469|Mikl\u00f3s, governor of Transylvania, informed the cathedral chapter of Transylvania, that the castle of Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r had to be torn to the ground and the moats had to be filled by order of King Matthias of Hungary.@1516|King Ul\u00e1szl\u00f3 I of Hungary ordered the cathedral chapter of Transylvania to rebuild the stone walls of the castle for the protection of the church and the homeland. He also ordered the allocation of salt worth of 200 gold forints for that purpose.@#8|@March 1539|King John I of Hungary and Queen Isabella, the daughter of King Sigismund I the Old of Poland got married in Sz\u00e9kesfeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r. Isabella was 20 years old, 30 years younger than her husband.@July 1540|Queen Isabella gave birth to a child, John Sigismund, a few days before the death of King John I. This put an end to the Peace of V\u00e1rad negotiated in 1538, according to which the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom was to be inherited by King Ferdinand I.@#9|@1542|After the Turks captured Buda with a deception, Queen Isabella and her son, John II of Hungary, moved to Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r. The episcopal palace was transformed to be suitable for the seat of the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom. Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r was the capitol of the Principality of Transylvania during its existence from 1570 to 1690.@1549|The guardian of King John II, George Martinuzzi, resigned from the throne on behalf of Queen Isabella, without her being aware of it, in favour of King Ferdinand I in a secret agreement in Ny\u00edrb\u00e1tor.@1550|After Queen Isabella started negotiations with King Ferdinand I, George Martinuzzi appeared before the gates of Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r with his army, but he could not take control of the town. He only managed to capture Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r and force Queen Isabella to an agreement by siege the next year.@May 1551|George Martinuzzi besieged and captured Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r, where the soldiers loyal to Queen Isabella were stationed.@July 19, 1551|George Martinuzzi and General Castaldo with his invading imperial army forced Queen Isabella to sign the agreement in Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r. The Queen handed over the Holy Crown of Hungary and resigned from the throne on behalf of his son in favour of King Ferdinand I and left for Poland. The Turks launched a retaliatory campaign against Hungary immediately and occupied Temesv\u00e1r.@October 1556|The Estates of Transylvania, dissatisfied with Habsburg rule, recalled Queen Isabella to the throne, to which the Sultan gave his consent. On her return, she regained control of eastern Hungary. But she established a power that was more centralized than the Habsburg\u2019s, and she held a lavish Renaissance royal court in Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r. The aristocrats of Transylvania watched this with distaste.@1556|The country assembly held in Sz\u00e1szsebes that asked Queen Isabella to return, obsessed with Protestantism, expelled the Catholic bishop Bornemisza P\u00e1l from Transylvania and confiscated his properties. The Catholic Diocese of Transylvania ceased to exist.@1558|The aristocrats Bebek Ferenc, Kendy Ferenc and Antal plotted against Queen Isabella. They wanted to poison her, but the Queen became aware of the treason and had them slaughtered after a feast by Balassa Menyh\u00e9rt.@September 15, 1559|Queen Isabella died unexpectedly in Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r at the age of 40.@#10|@March 14, 1571|John Sigismund, Prince of Transylvania and also the last freely elected king of Hungary (John II), died in Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r. The ashes of John Sigismund and his mother, Queen Isabella, rest in the cathedral.@May 25, 1571|After the death of Prince John II (John Sigismund), the mostly Protestant Transylvanian estates elected the Roman Catholic aristocrat B\u00e1thory Istv\u00e1n as Prince of Transylvania. But King Maximilian I (Emperor Maximilian II) couldn\u2019t make do with the fact that the estates of Transylvania were free to elect their own prince. The king convinced the Unitarian aristocrat Bekes G\u00e1sp\u00e1r to rebel against Prince B\u00e1thory Istv\u00e1n with false promises.@1572\u20131574|Bekes G\u00e1sp\u00e1r was engaged in organizing a plot to overthrow the power of Prince B\u00e1thory Istv\u00e1n and take the throne.@June 24, 1574|Pierre Lescalopier, the emissary of King Charles IX of France arrived in Transylvania to negotiate with Prince B\u00e1thory Istv\u00e1n, who wanted to get married. The French emissary later wrote a book about his journey and among other things he recounted that most of the population of Transylvania and Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r spoke Hungarian.@July 8, 1575|Bekes G\u00e1sp\u00e1r, a pretender to the throne of Transylvania supported by the Habsburgs, was defeated in the battle of Radn\u00f3t. It was in this battle that Sz\u00e9kely M\u00f3zes stood out for his valour. The armies of Bekes G\u00e1sp\u00e1r and Prince B\u00e1thory Istv\u00e1n clashed again two days later at Kerel\u0151szentp\u00e1l. Sz\u00e9kely M\u00f3zes also played a decisive role in this battle, so the Prince appointed him commander of his bodyguard.@January 16, 1576|Prince B\u00e1thory Istv\u00e1n of Transylvania announced at the country assembly in Medgyes, that he was elected King of Poland, and proposed the Estates to choose B\u00e1thory Krist\u00f3f as the new prince in his place. After the death of B\u00e1thory Krist\u00f3f, B\u00e1thory Zsigmond became the new prince, who renounced the throne multiple times causing a lot of trouble to the town and the country.@#12|@1594|Prince B\u00e1thory Zsigmond renounced the throne in favour of B\u00e1thory Boldizs\u00e1r, but, instigated by Bocskai Istv\u00e1n, he soon returned to power and had B\u00e1thory Boldizs\u00e1r and his followers killed.@1599|Prince B\u00e1thory Zsigmond renounced the throne again in favour of the brother of Boldizs\u00e1r, Cardinal B\u00e1thory Andr\u00e1s. B\u00e1thory Andr\u00e1s wanted to place Transylvania under Turkish patronage again, but he was accepted neither by the Saxons nor by the Sz\u00e9kelys and he could gain the support of neither the Habsburgs nor the Turks.@October 17, 1599|Instigated by Emperor Rudolf, Voivode Mihai (Viteazul) of Wallachia broke into Transylvania through the Bodza Pass, after Prince B\u00e1thory Zsigmond, contrary to his promise, hand over power over Transylvania to his cousin Cardinal B\u00e1thory Andr\u00e1s instead of Emperor Rudolf. Voivode Mihai sided with the Sz\u00e9kelys, who were dissatisfied with the B\u00e1thory dynasty, by promising to restore their rights, and with their help he defeated the army of Prince B\u00e1thory Andr\u00e1s at Sellenberk on 28 October.@November 1, 1599|Voivode Mihai Viteazul of Wallachia marched into Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r, the capitol of Transylvania, and took over power as governor appointed by Emperor Rudolf. But soon he started to act on his own behalf and introduced a reign of terror. He arbitrarily appointed Wallachian boyars to every position, looted the treasury and his unpaid mercenaries plundered and murdered throughout the land. The Vlach peasants rose up and started to exterminate Hungarian and Saxon population in Transylvania, which had a Hungarian majority at that time.@September 18, 1600|Voivode Mihai of Wallachia was defeated in the battle of Miriszl\u00f3 and driven out by the combined armies of the Transylvanian nobility led by B\u00e1thory Zsigmond and General Basta\u2019s imperial mercenaries. At the beginning of next year, the Estates of Transylvanian broke with the Emperor and B\u00e1thory Zsigmond was elected prince once more.@August 3, 1601|The combined armies of General Basta and Voivode Mihai of Wallachia defeated the Transylvanian army of Prince B\u00e1thory Zsigmond in the battle of Goroszl\u00f3. After that, the army of Voivode Mihai sacked and burned the towns of Torda, Nagyenyed and Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r, where they robbed the tombs of the Hunyadi family, King John II of Hungary and his mother Queen Isabella.@August 19, 1601|Voivode Mihai of Wallachia was assassinated by the mercenaries of General Basta, because Mihai tried to usurp the throne of Transylvania once again. Genral Basta also continued the reign of terror of Mihai and he also let his mercenaries plunder and murder freely throughout the country.@July 2, 1602|General Giorgio Basta defeated the army of Sz\u00e9kely M\u00f3zes at T\u00f6vis. Sz\u00e9kely M\u00f3zes became the leader of the Transylvanian uprising against the Habsburg Empire after the battle of Goroszl\u00f3.@#13|@#14|@1603|General Basta left Transylvania with his imperial army. Sz\u00e9kely M\u00f3zes set out from Temesv\u00e1r with Sz\u00e9kely and Turkish armies to liberate Transylvania. The estates of Transylvania, having enough of Basta\u2019s terror, welcomed him in Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r and elected him Prince of Transylvania on 9 May. The Habsburgs mobilized their vassal, Voivode Radu Serban of Wallachia, who attacked the camp of Sz\u00e9kely M\u00f3zes at Brass\u00f3 at night on 17 July. The Prince was killed and General Basta returned to Transylvania.@1615-1617|Prince Bethlen G\u00e1bor of Transylvania ordered the construction of the south-eastern and south-western bastions.@#15|@#16|@#17|@#18|@1657|Prince R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Gy\u00f6rgy II of Transylvania launched a campaign for the crown of Poland in alliance with Carl X Gustaf of Sweden. His aim was to unite the Hungarian-Polish-Wallachian forces against the Turks. The campaign started successfully with the prince taking Krak\u00f3w and Warsawa, but then the King of Sweden abandoned him. The vengeful Poles invaded northern Transylvania, burning defenceless villages, destroying churches and castles. Soon the punitive campaign of Turkish and Tatar armies devastated Transylvania, as the prince launched his Polish campaign against the Sultan's will.@September, 1658|Tatars burned the town, when the Sultan sent them to take revenge on Transylvania after the forbidden campaign of Prince R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Gy\u00f6rgy II for the Polish crown. The Prince resigned from the throne on 25 October in Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r.@#19|@#20|@#21|@#22|@#23|@#24|@#25|@#26|@August 21, 1690|Th\u00f6k\u00f6ly Imre, the former leader of the anti-Habsburg Hungarian kuruc uprising, crossed the mountains with Turkish and Wallachian auxiliaries, attacked the imperial army of General Heisler from behind and defeated him.@September 21, 1690|The nobility of Transylvania joined Th\u00f6k\u00f6ly Imre and he was elected Prince of Transylvania in Szeben. Soon the combined armies of Castelli and Heisler pushed him out of Transylvania.@1690|According to the Diploma Leopoldinum issued by Emperor Leopold I, Transylvania became part of the Habsburg Empire as an autonomous province under the Holy Crown of Hungary.@#27|@1715|Count Steinville began the construction of the new star shape fortress in Vauban-style by order of King Charles III of Hungary (Emperor Charles VI), which was completed by 1738. The town was renamed to K\u00e1rolyfeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r (Karlsburg).@#28|@1848-49|An Austrian garrison controlled the modern fortress, which the Hungarian revolutionary army couldn\u2019t capture even by a long siege. The Austrians trained the Vlach troops within the walls of the fortress, who devastated the Hungarian population of Transylvania afterwards.@April 2, 1849|General Bem J\u00f3zsef started the siege of the fortress. The Hungarians could not take the fortified town and they lifted the siege in the middle of August.@#30|@#31|@#36|&muvelodes.net: Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r magyar m\u00faltja \u00e9s jelene \u2013 az oktat\u00e1s szemsz\u00f6g\u00e9b\u0151l|https:\/\/muvelodes.net\/m\/gyulafehervar-magyar-multja-es-jelene-az-oktatas-szemszogebol\nrubicon.hu: Hunyadi J\u00e1nos legy\u0151zi a t\u00f6r\u00f6k\u00f6ket Szebenn\u00e9l|https:\/\/rubicon.hu\/kalendarium\/1442-marcius-25-hunyadi-janos-legyozi-a-torokoket-szebennel\nrubicon.hu: Jagell\u00f3 Izabella kir\u00e1lyn\u00e9 hal\u00e1la|https:\/\/rubicon.hu\/kalendarium\/1559-szeptember-15-jagello-izabella-kiralyne-halala"},"language":"en","region":"romania","regionid":4,"offer":[{"id":"112","settlement_HU":"Szal\u00e1rd","settlement_LO":"S\u0103lard","gps_lat":"47.2378340000","gps_long":"22.0440240000","cond":"6","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Utilizator:Grossecali at ro.wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0 <http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/>, 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