Görgény Castle
Görgény Castle
Hungarian:
Görgényszentimre
Romanian:
Gurghiu
SahkuRO, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons
Condition:
Some wall remains
Entrance:
Free
Settlement:
Görgényszentimre, Gurghiu
Historical Hungarian county:
Maros-Torda
Country:
Romania
County:
Mureș
Geographic region:
Görgény Mountains
GPS coordinates:
46.774412, 24.865321
Google map:
History
895
Arrival of the Hungarians
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895
The alliance of the seven Hungarian tribes took possession of the then largely uninhabited Carpathian Basin. Until then, the sparse Slavic population of the north-western Carpathians had lived under Moravian rule for a few decades after the collapse of the Avar Khaganate in the early 9th century.
1000
Foundation of the Hungarian Kingdom
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1000
The Kingdom of Hungary was established with the coronation of King Stephen I. He converted the Hungarians to Christianity and created two archdioceses (Esztergom and Kalocsa) and ten dioceses. He divided Hungary into counties led by ispáns, who were appointed by the king.
14th century
King Charles I of Hungary ordered the construction of Görgény Castle after he defeated the oligarchs. It was the centre of the royal estate in the area of the Görgény Mountains. 24 settlements and an oppidum (serf town) belonged to it. The castle’s royal garrison was also in charge of the customs clearance for the merchants heading towards Moldova along the valley of the Maros River ten kilometres from the castle.
1241-1242
Mongol Invasion
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1241-1242
The hordes of the Mongol Empire invaded Hungary and almost completely destroyed it. One third to one half of the population was destroyed. The Mongols also suffered heavy losses in the battle of Muhi and they could not hunt down the king. After their withdrawal, King Béla IV reorganized Hungary. He allowed the feudal lords to build stone castles because they were able to successfully resist the nomadic Mongols. The vast majority of stone castles were built after this. The king called in German, Vlach (Romanian) and Slavic settlers to replace the destroyed population.
1301
The extinction of the House of Árpád
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1301
The House of Árpád, the first Hungarian royal dynasty, died out with the death of King Andrew III. Hungary was ruled by oligarchs, the most powerful of whom was Csák Máté, whose main ally was the Aba family. King Charles I (1308-1342), supported by the Pope, eventually emerged as the most prominent of the contenders for the Hungarian throne. But it took decades to break the power of the oligarchs.
1358
Görgény was mentioned for the first time in a diploma. It was a royal castle that belonged to the office of the ispán of the Székelys.
1364
The castle was mentioned as the seat of the vajda of Transylvania.
1366
King Louis I of Hungary sent a letter to the Doge of Venice from Görgény Castle.
1426
According to a letter written by King Sigismund of Hungary, the royal castle belonged to the office of the ispán of the Székelys.
1443
King Ulászló I of Hungary donated the castle to his most powerful supporter Hunyadi János, who was vajda of Transylvania. He expanded the castle, which meant the construction of the middle and lower gates and the defensive walls connecting them (the so called Zwinger).
1445
The castle was controlled by Újlaki Miklós, who shared the title vajda of Transylvania with Hunyadi. As the vajda of Transylvania was generally also the Székely ispán, he received the castles and estates that belonged to this title as well for the duration of his office.
1453
King László V of Hungary donated Görgény to Hunyadi János, former governor of Hungary, as a fief. His younger son Mátyás (Matthias) inherited it from him.
1456
Siege of Nándorfehérvár (Belgrade)
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1456
The Turkish army of Sultan Mehmed II, the conqueror of Constantinople, besieged the castle of Nándorfehérvár (Belgrade), which was the southern gateway to Hungary. But the Hungarian army, led by Hunyadi János, won a decisive victory over the twice to three times larger Turkish army. The Pope had earlier ordered that church bells should be rung every noon to pray for the victory of the defenders. Hunyadi János died of plague in the camp after the battle.
1458
The castle became a royal property after the election of King Matthias, and generally the Székely ispán dwelt within its walls. This was continued in the 16th century. During the Principality of Transylvania, the Prince wore the title of Székely ispán.
1526
Battle of Mohács and the splitting of Hungary into two parts
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1526
Sultan Suleiman I launched a war against Vienna, instigated by the French. Ferdinand I, Duke of Austria, was the brother-in-law of King Louis II of Hungary. The army of the Ottoman Empire defeated the much smaller Hungarian army at Mohács, and King Louis II died in the battle. A group of the barons elected Ferdinand I of the House of Habsburg to the throne, who promised to defend Hungary from the Turks. He was the younger brother of the most powerful European monarch Emperor Charles V. But the nobility chose the most powerful Hungarian baron, Szapolyai János, who was also crowned as King John I. The country was split in two and a decades-long struggle for power began.
1539
King John I of Hungary gave Görgény to his Polish wife Queen Isabella as a wedding gift. She probably also carried out constructions in the castle, since the memorial plaque bearing her coat of arms was seen in 1652.
end of 1540
The castle was besieged by the Habsburg supporter Captain Maylád István.
1541
The Turkish occupation of the capital, Buda, and the division of Hungary into three parts
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1541
The Turks conquered Buda, the capital of Hungary, after the death of King John I. The central part of the country was under Turkish rule for 150 years. The western and northern parts (including present-day Slovakia) formed the Kingdom of Hungary ruled by the Habsburg emperors. The eastern parts (now mainly under Romanian rule) were ruled by the successors of King John I of Hungary, who later established the Principality of Transylvania.
1551
The child John Sigismund's guardian, George Martinuzzi, with Castaldo's imperial army, forced Queen Isabella to surrender the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom (including Transylvania) to King Ferdinand I. Isabella left for Poland with her child, the heir to the throne. The Turks then launched a punitive campaign against Hungary.
1551
The castle was acquired by the royal treasury after Queen Isabella left for Poland.
1556
The Estates of Transylvania, dissatisfied with Habsburg rule, recalled Queen Isabella to the throne, to which the Sultan gave his consent. On her return, she regained control of eastern Hungary.
1557
Queen Isabella pawned Görgény to vajda Kendi Ferenc of Transylvania.
1561-62
King John II continued the constructions in the castle started by his mother, Queen Isabella.
1562
King John II pawned Görgény to Bekes Gáspár.
1570
The establishment of the Principality of Transylvania
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1570
John II (John Sigismund), the son of King John I of Hungary, renounced the title of King of Hungary in favor of King Maximilian of the House of Habsburg, and henceforth held the title of Prince. This formally created the Principality of Transylvania, which was the eastern half of Hungary not ruled by the Habsburgs and was also a vassal of the Ottoman Empire. John II died in 1571, after which the three nations of Transylvania (the Hungarian nobility, the Székelys and the Saxons) elected the prince.
from 1570
The castle belonged to the Principality of Transylvania.
1660
A paper mill was established on the estate of Görgény. Later a glassworks and a stoneware factory were also established.
March 14, 1571
John II died in Gyulafehérvár. The prince got seriously sick and was transported from Görgény to his capital. As the forests of the Görgény Mountains had rich wildlife, it was a hunting ground favoured by John II and the princes of Transylvania after him.
after 1571
Prince Báthory István of Transylvania acquired the castle with the death of John II.
1591-1606
Fifteen Years' War
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1591-1606
The Ottoman Empire started a war against the Habsburg Empire. The war was waged in the territory of Hungary. The Turks defeated the combined armies of the Habsburg Empire and the Principality of Transylvania in the battle of Mezőkeresztes in 1596, but their victory was not decisive. The war devastated the Principality of Transylvania, which was occupied by the Habsburg army, and General Basta introduced a reign of terror.
1593
Chancellor Hagymási Kristóf owned Görgény during the reign of Prince Báthory Zsigmond of Transylvania. He pawned half the estate to the noble Kovacsóczy Farkas. Both of them participated in the conspiracy against Prince Báthory Zsigmond, since they opposed the Prince’s alliance with the Habsburgs and wanted to keep Transylvania independent under Turkish patronage. They were captured by order of the Prince and executed in 1594.
1595
The Prince donated the estate to Bocskai István. The castle was recovered by the Chamber of Transylvania with his death in 1606.
1604-1606
Uprising of Bocskai István
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1604-1606
The alliance of the Habsburgs and the Principality of Transylvania was defeated by the Ottoman Empire in the Fifteen Years' War. The war devastated Transylvania, which was occupied by the Habsburg imperial army, and General Basta introduced a reign of terror. The nobility and the burghers were upset about the terror, the plundering mercenaries and the violent Counter-Reformation. Bocskai István decided to lead their uprising after the Habsburg emperor tried to confiscate his estates. Bocskai also rallied the hajdú warriors to his side. He was elected Prince of Transylvania and soon liberated the Kingdom of Hungary from the Habsburgs. In 1605 Bocskai István was crowned King of Hungary with the crown he received from the Turks.
23 June 1606
Peace of Vienna
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23 June 1606
Bocski István made peace with Emperor Rudolf. Their agreement secured the constitutional rights of the Estates of Hungary, and the freedom of religion. The counties of Szatmár, Bereg and Ugocsa were annexed to the Principality of Transylvania. Bocskai died of illness in the same year, leaving to his successors the idea of unifying Hungary from Transylvania.
1619
The campaign of Prince Bethlen Gábor of Transylvania in the Thirty Years' War
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1619
At the beginning of the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648), Prince Bethlen Gábor of Transylvania went to war against the Habsburg emperor as an ally of the rebelling Czech-Moravian-Austrian estates. The whole Kingdom of Hungary joined him, only the Austrian defenders of Pozsony had to be put to the sword. With his allies, he laid siege to Vienna. However, he was forced to abandon the siege because the Habsburg-loyal Hungarian aristocrat Homonnai Drugeth György attacked his heartland with Polish mercenaries. On 25 August 1620, the Diet of Besztercebánya elected Bethlen Gábor King of Hungary as vassal of the Turks. He continued to fight after the defeat of the Czechs at White Mountain on 8 November 1620, but without real chance to achieve decisive victory, he decided to come to an agreement with Emperor Ferdinand II.
31 December 1621
Peace of Nikolsburg
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31 December 1621
Prince Bethlen Gábor of Transylvania made peace with Emperor Ferdinand II. Their agreement secured the constitutional rights of the Estates of Hungary, and later it was supplemented with the freedom of religion. Bethlen renounced the title of King of Hungary in exchange for seven counties of the Upper Tisza region (Szabolcs, Szatmár, Bereg, Ugocsa, Zemplén, Borsod, Abaúj) for the rest of his life, other estates in Hungary as his private property and the imperial title of Duke of Oppeln and Ratibor (Opole and Racibórz), one of the Duchies of Silesia. Prince Bethlen went to war against the Habsburgs in 1623 and 1626, but was unable to negotiate more favourable terms.
17th century
The castle was significantly reinforced and modernized against the possible attacks from Hungary controlled by the Habsburgs.
1638
Görgény was acquired by Prince Rákóczi György I of Transylvania.
1639
Prince Rákóczi György I of Transylvania ordered the last defensive constructions in the castle. It lasted for two years and three thousand carts of stone were used up. The castle in Görgényszentimre was also built at that time. A terrace was built on the south side for cannons to control the valley under the castle hill. On the north side a bastion was built with casemates with the purpose of destroying the enemy artillery possibly set up by the besiegers on the opposite hill called Szőlőhegy, which was higher than the castle hill. The bastion was also surrounded by a dry moat and a rampart was raised from the excavated earth to protect the stone walls from cannon balls.
1644-1645
The campaign of Prince Rákóczi György I of Transylvania in the Thirty Years' War
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1644-1645
Prince Rákóczi György I of Transylvania allied with the Swedes and the French in the Thirty Years' War and went to war against the Habsburg Emperor Ferdinand III. On 18 July 1645 his army joined forces with Torstenson's Swedish army under Brno (Moravia). The excellent artillery of Transylvania opened fire on the city walls. However, Rákóczi had to give up the siege, having been informed that the Turks were planning a punitive campaign against Transylvania, because he went to war against the Sultan's prohibition.
16 December 1645
Peace of Linz
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16 December 1645
Prince Rákóczi György I of Transylvania made peace with Emperor Ferdinand III. It secured the freedom of religion for the Protestants and extended it also to the serfs. Rákóczi received the same seven Hungarian counties that Prince Bethlen Gábor had also held (Abauj, Zemplén, Borsod, Bereg, Ugocsa, Szabolcs, Szatmár) until his death, and the counties of Szabolcs and Szatmár were also to be inherited by his sons. The Rákóczi family also received several new estates.
1648
Prince Rákóczi György II inherited Görgény and continued the constructions.
1657
Prince Rákóczi György II of Transylvania launched a campaign for the crown of Poland in alliance with Carl X Gustaf of Sweden. His aim was to unite the Hungarian-Polish-Wallachian forces against the Turks. The campaign started successfully with the prince taking Kraków and Warsawa, but then the King of Sweden abandoned him. The vengeful Poles invaded northern Transylvania, burning defenceless villages, destroying churches and castles. Soon the punitive campaign of Turkish and Tatar armies devastated Transylvania, as the prince launched his Polish campaign against the Sultan's will.
1657
The castle was taken from Prince Rákóczi György and was pawned to his wife, Báthory Zsófia, and her son Rákóczi Ferenc.
1658
The Tartars ravaged and plundered throughout Transylvania and Grand Vizier Köprülü Mehmed captured Jenő Castle. The Estates of Transylvania sent Barcsay Ákos to the camp of the grand vizier to beg for mercy. In return, the Grand Vizier demanded that the annual tax be raised from 15 to 40 thousand forints (gold coins) and that Lugos and Karansebes be ceded. This was the price for the Turks to leave Transylvania. The grand vizier appointed Barcsay prince on 14 September.
1659
Prince Rákóczi György II returned to Transylvania and forced Barcsay Ákos to retreat to Szeben and besieged him.
May 22, 1660
In the battle of Sászfenes, Pasha Shejdi Ahmed of Buda defeated Rákóczi György II, who lost his life. The Tatar armies invaded Transylvania for the second time.
1660
The castle was leased to Barcsay Ákos.
November 1660
Kemény János, the former commander of Rákóczi György II, defeated the army of Gáspár, the brother of Prince Barcsay András, at Örményes. Barcsay Gáspár fell in the battle. Then, on 31 December, Barcsay Ákos renounced the throne.
December 31, 1660
Prince Barcsay Ákos resigned from the throne of Transylvania, after he fled to the castle and realized that his situation was unsustainable.
1661
Kemény János had Barcsay Ákos captured and murdered.
1661
The army of Pasha Seydi Ahmed of Buda marched into Transylvania, after the country assembly held in Beszterce on 23 April declared the independence of Transylvania from the Ottoman Empire and placed the country under the protection of Emperor Leopold I. On 14 September, Pasha Ali forced the country assembly to elect Apafi Mihály Prince of Transylvania in Marosvásárhely.
January 23, 1662
The deposed prince Kemény János, having been abandoned by his imperial allies, was defeated by the Turks at Nagyszőlős (near Segesvár), where he fell.
1664
Victory over the Turks at Szentgotthárd and the shameful Peace of Vasvár
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1664
The imperial army achieved a significant victory over the Turks at the battle of Szentgotthárd. Despite this, Emperor Leopold I concluded a 20-year peace treaty with the Turks at Vasvár on terms that made it look as if the Turks had won. This caused a huge outcry in Europe and among the Hungarian nobility, who expected the country to be liberated after the victory. The formerly Habsburg-loyal Catholic Hungarian barons began to plot against the Emperor with the leadership of Wesselényi Ferenc. In 1668, at the end of the Franco-Spanish War, King Louis XIV of France withdrew his support for the conspiracy, and the support of the Turks was not obtained.
1671
Exposure of the Wesselényi conspiracy
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1671
After the exposure of the anti-Hapsburg Wesselényi conspiracy, the main organisers, Zrínyi Péter, Nádasdy Ferenc and Frangepán Ferenc were executed. Wesselényi Ferenc died in 1667. The Croatian uprising, which was part of the conspiracy, was crushed by the Habsburgs in 1670.
after 1671
Kuruc Movement
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after 1671
Many noble, burgher and preacher fled to the Principality of Transylvania and the territory under Turkish occupation from the reprisals after the exposure of the anti-Habsburg Wesselényi-conspiracy and from the violent Counter-Reformation. They were joined by dismissed Hungarian soldiers of the Turkish border forts, who were replaced by German mercenaries. They were called the fugitives (bujdosók). They started an armed movement against the Habsburg rule. Because of the Turkish ban, the Principality of Transylvania could not openly support them. From 1677, the French supported their cause with money and Polish mercenaries. They achieved their first serious success when they temporarily occupied the mining towns of northern Hungary (now central Slovakia) under the command of Thököly lmre. He then became the sole leader of the movement. In 1679, the French made peace with Emperor Leopold I and withdrew their support for the fugitives. Between 1678 and 1681 Thököly Imre led successful raids against the Habsburgs and their supporters in the territory of the Kingdom of Hungary. The insurgents were called kurucs.
1682
Thököly Imre, Prince of Upper Hungary
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1682
Thököly Imre, the leader of the kuruc insurgents, gained the support of the Turks. He launched a campaign against the Habsburgs in the Kingdom of Hungary. With the support of the Turkish army, he occupied the town of Kassa and also the important stronghold of Fülek. He was then recognized by the Turks as King of Hungary, but he chose the title of Prince of Upper Hungary.
1683
Turkish defeat at Vienna and the formation of the Holy League
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1683
The combined armies of the Habsburg Empire and the Kingdom of Poland defeated the Turkish army besieging Vienna. Emperor Leopold I wanted to make peace with the Turks, but was refused by Sultan Mehmed IV. In 1684, at the persistent urging of Pope Innocent XI, the Holy League, an alliance of the Kingdom of Poland, the Habsburg Empire, the Republic of Venice and the Papal States, was formed to expel the Turks from Hungary. Thököly Imre, who had allied himself with the Turks, was gradually driven out of northern Hungary.
1685
The Turkish captivity of Thököly Imre and the fall of the kuruc movement
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1685
The Pasha of Várad captured Thököly Imre as he was asking for Turkish help and offered him to Emperor Leopold I for peace. But the Imperial emissaries laughed at his face, because, having the upper hand, they no longer cared for Thököly. On the news of his capture, the town of Kassa and the kuruc strongholds surrendered to the Emperor one after the other. The Turks, seeing their fatal mistake, released Thököly the following year and tried to restore his authority, but his power was broken forever and the Hungarian insurgents no longer trusted the Turks. Most of the insurgents joined the imperial army and helped to liberate the rest of Hungary from the Turks.
1686
Recapture of Buda and the liberation of Hungary from the Turks
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1686
The army of the Holy League recaptured Buda from the Turks by siege. In 1687, the Imperial army invaded the Principality of Transylvania. The liberation was hindered by the French breaking their promise of peace in 1688 and attacking the Habsburg Empire. By 1699, when the Peace of Karlóca was signed, all of Hungary and Croatia had been liberated from the Ottoman Empire with the exception of Temesköz, the area bounded by the Maros, the Tisza and the Danube rivers. It was not until the Peace of Požarevac in 1718 that Temesköz was liberated from the Turks. However, the continuous war against the Turkish invaders and the Habsburg autocracy, which lasted for more than 150 years, wiped out large areas of the Hungarian population, which had previously made up 80% of the country's population, and was replaced by Vlachs (Romanians), Serbs and other Slavic settlers and Germans. The Habsburgs also favoured the settlement of these foreign peoples over the 'rebellious' Hungarians.
August 21, 1690
Thököly Imre, the former leader of the anti-Habsburg Hungarian kuruc uprising, crossed the mountains with Turkish and Wallachian auxiliaries, attacked the imperial army of General Heisler from behind and defeated him.
September 21, 1690
The nobility of Transylvania joined Thököly Imre and he was elected Prince of Transylvania in Szeben. Soon the combined armies of Castelli and Heisler pushed him out of Transylvania.
1690
The castle was pawned to Prince Thököly Imre of Transylvania, but the royal treasury acquired it after his defeat.
1690
Transylvania became part of the Kingdom of Hungary again, with internal autonomy and freedom of religion
Little more...
1690
According to the Diploma Leopoldinum issued by Emperor Leopold I, Transylvania became part of the Kingdom of Hungary again and Hungarian law remained in force. The three nations (the Hungarians, the Székelys – who are also Hungarians –, and the Saxons) administered its internal affairs with autonomy and the freedom of religion was also preserved. The incorporation of Transylvania into the Habsburg Empire was prevented by the temporary election of Thököly Imre as Prince of Transylvania in 1690 with Turkish help.
1703-1711
Hungarian War of Independence led by Prince Rákóczi Ferenc II
Little more...
1703-1711
After the expulsion of the Turks, the Habsburgs treated Hungary as a newly conquered province and did not respect its constitution. The serfs rose up against the Habsburg ruler because of the sufferings caused by the war and the heavy burdens, and they invited Rákóczi Ferenc II to lead them. Trusting in the help promised by King Louis XIV of France, he accepted. Rákóczi rallied the nobility to his side, and soon most of the country was under his control. The rebels were called the kurucs. In 1704, the French and the Bavarians were defeated at the Battle of Blenheim, depriving the Hungarians of their international allies. The Rusyn, Slovak and Vlach peasants and the Saxons of Szepes supported the fight for freedom, while the Serbs in the south and the Saxons in Transylvania served the Habsburgs. Due to lack of funds Rákóczi could not raise a strong regular army, and in 1710, Hungary was also hit by a severe plague. Rákóczi tried unsuccessfully to forge an alliance with Tsar Peter the Great of Russia. In his absence, without his knowledge, his commander-in-chief, Károlyi Sándor, accepted Emperor Joseph I's peace offer. The Peace of Szatmár formally restored the Hungarian constitution and religious freedom and granted amnesty, but did not ease the burden of serfdom. Rákóczi refused to accept the pardon and went into exile. He died in Rodosto, Turkey.
end of 1703
The kuruc insurgents captured the castle.
November 1705
The kuruc insurgents were forced to abandon the castle after the lost battle at Zsibó.
spring, 1706
The insurgents captured the castle again.
October, 1707
The imperial army of General Rabutin besieged the castle. The kuruc garrison resisted bravely for five months in spite of the heavy cannon fire. But after the captain, Rátoni István, had fallen, the defenders, suffering also from the lack of food, charged out of the ruined castle the night of 10 March, 1708. They broke through the blockade of the besiegers and fled to the mountains. The imperials marched into the castle and destroyed the defences that were not ruined by the siege.
18-19th century
Most of the ruins were demolished and transported to the constructions of the expansion of the castle in Görgényszentimre.
Source: varak.hu , Wikipedia, Joska Dénes: A görgényszentimrei vár története , arcanum.hu - Bánlaky József: A magyar nemzet hadtörténelme
Check out other castles in Transylvania as well!
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It was the centre of the royal estate in the area of the G\u00f6rg\u00e9ny Mountains. 24 settlements and an oppidum (serf town) belonged to it. The castle\u2019s royal garrison was also in charge of the customs clearance for the merchants heading towards Moldova along the valley of the Maros River ten kilometres from the castle.@#5|@#6|@1358|G\u00f6rg\u00e9ny was mentioned for the first time in a diploma. It was a royal castle that belonged to the office of the isp\u00e1n of the Sz\u00e9kelys.@1364|The castle was mentioned as the seat of the vajda of Transylvania.@1366|King Louis I of Hungary sent a letter to the Doge of Venice from G\u00f6rg\u00e9ny Castle.@1426|According to a letter written by King Sigismund of Hungary, the royal castle belonged to the office of the isp\u00e1n of the Sz\u00e9kelys.@1443|King Ul\u00e1szl\u00f3 I of Hungary donated the castle to his most powerful supporter Hunyadi J\u00e1nos, who was vajda of Transylvania. He expanded the castle, which meant the construction of the middle and lower gates and the defensive walls connecting them (the so called Zwinger).@1445|The castle was controlled by \u00dajlaki Mikl\u00f3s, who shared the title vajda of Transylvania with Hunyadi. As the vajda of Transylvania was generally also the Sz\u00e9kely isp\u00e1n, he received the castles and estates that belonged to this title as well for the duration of his office.@1453|King L\u00e1szl\u00f3 V of Hungary donated G\u00f6rg\u00e9ny to Hunyadi J\u00e1nos, former governor of Hungary, as a fief. His younger son M\u00e1ty\u00e1s (Matthias) inherited it from him.@#7|@1458|The castle became a royal property after the election of King Matthias, and generally the Sz\u00e9kely isp\u00e1n dwelt within its walls. This was continued in the 16th century. During the Principality of Transylvania, the Prince wore the title of Sz\u00e9kely isp\u00e1n.@#8|@1539|King John I of Hungary gave G\u00f6rg\u00e9ny to his Polish wife Queen Isabella as a wedding gift. She probably also carried out constructions in the castle, since the memorial plaque bearing her coat of arms was seen in 1652.@end of 1540|The castle was besieged by the Habsburg supporter Captain Mayl\u00e1d Istv\u00e1n.@#9|@1551|The child John Sigismund's guardian, George Martinuzzi, with Castaldo's imperial army, forced Queen Isabella to surrender the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom (including Transylvania) to King Ferdinand I. Isabella left for Poland with her child, the heir to the throne. The Turks then launched a punitive campaign against Hungary.@1551|The castle was acquired by the royal treasury after Queen Isabella left for Poland.@1556|The Estates of Transylvania, dissatisfied with Habsburg rule, recalled Queen Isabella to the throne, to which the Sultan gave his consent. On her return, she regained control of eastern Hungary.@1557|Queen Isabella pawned G\u00f6rg\u00e9ny to vajda Kendi Ferenc of Transylvania.@1561-62|King John II continued the constructions in the castle started by his mother, Queen Isabella.@1562|King John II pawned G\u00f6rg\u00e9ny to Bekes G\u00e1sp\u00e1r.@#10|@from 1570|The castle belonged to the Principality of Transylvania.@1660|A paper mill was established on the estate of G\u00f6rg\u00e9ny. Later a glassworks and a stoneware factory were also established.@March 14, 1571|John II died in Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r. The prince got seriously sick and was transported from G\u00f6rg\u00e9ny to his capital. As the forests of the G\u00f6rg\u00e9ny Mountains had rich wildlife, it was a hunting ground favoured by John II and the princes of Transylvania after him.@after 1571|Prince B\u00e1thory Istv\u00e1n of Transylvania acquired the castle with the death of John II.@#12|@1593|Chancellor Hagym\u00e1si Krist\u00f3f owned G\u00f6rg\u00e9ny during the reign of Prince B\u00e1thory Zsigmond of Transylvania. He pawned half the estate to the noble Kovacs\u00f3czy Farkas. Both of them participated in the conspiracy against Prince B\u00e1thory Zsigmond, since they opposed the Prince\u2019s alliance with the Habsburgs and wanted to keep Transylvania independent under Turkish patronage. They were captured by order of the Prince and executed in 1594.@1595|The Prince donated the estate to Bocskai Istv\u00e1n. The castle was recovered by the Chamber of Transylvania with his death in 1606.@#13|@#14|@#15|@#16|@17th century|The castle was significantly reinforced and modernized against the possible attacks from Hungary controlled by the Habsburgs.@1638|G\u00f6rg\u00e9ny was acquired by Prince R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Gy\u00f6rgy I of Transylvania.@1639|Prince R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Gy\u00f6rgy I of Transylvania ordered the last defensive constructions in the castle. It lasted for two years and three thousand carts of stone were used up. The castle in G\u00f6rg\u00e9nyszentimre was also built at that time. A terrace was built on the south side for cannons to control the valley under the castle hill. On the north side a bastion was built with casemates with the purpose of destroying the enemy artillery possibly set up by the besiegers on the opposite hill called Sz\u0151l\u0151hegy, which was higher than the castle hill. The bastion was also surrounded by a dry moat and a rampart was raised from the excavated earth to protect the stone walls from cannon balls.@#17|@#18|@1648|Prince R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Gy\u00f6rgy II inherited G\u00f6rg\u00e9ny and continued the constructions.@1657|Prince R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Gy\u00f6rgy II of Transylvania launched a campaign for the crown of Poland in alliance with Carl X Gustaf of Sweden. His aim was to unite the Hungarian-Polish-Wallachian forces against the Turks. The campaign started successfully with the prince taking Krak\u00f3w and Warsawa, but then the King of Sweden abandoned him. The vengeful Poles invaded northern Transylvania, burning defenceless villages, destroying churches and castles. Soon the punitive campaign of Turkish and Tatar armies devastated Transylvania, as the prince launched his Polish campaign against the Sultan's will.@1657|The castle was taken from Prince R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Gy\u00f6rgy and was pawned to his wife, B\u00e1thory Zs\u00f3fia, and her son R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Ferenc.@1658|The Tartars ravaged and plundered throughout Transylvania and Grand Vizier K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc Mehmed captured Jen\u0151 Castle. The Estates of Transylvania sent Barcsay \u00c1kos to the camp of the grand vizier to beg for mercy. In return, the Grand Vizier demanded that the annual tax be raised from 15 to 40 thousand forints (gold coins) and that Lugos and Karansebes be ceded. This was the price for the Turks to leave Transylvania. The grand vizier appointed Barcsay prince on 14 September.@1659|Prince R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Gy\u00f6rgy II returned to Transylvania and forced Barcsay \u00c1kos to retreat to Szeben and besieged him.@May 22, 1660|In the battle of S\u00e1szfenes, Pasha Shejdi Ahmed of Buda defeated R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Gy\u00f6rgy II, who lost his life. The Tatar armies invaded Transylvania for the second time.@1660|The castle was leased to Barcsay \u00c1kos.@November 1660|Kem\u00e9ny J\u00e1nos, the former commander of R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Gy\u00f6rgy II, defeated the army of G\u00e1sp\u00e1r, the brother of Prince Barcsay Andr\u00e1s, at \u00d6rm\u00e9nyes. Barcsay G\u00e1sp\u00e1r fell in the battle. Then, on 31 December, Barcsay \u00c1kos renounced the throne.@December 31, 1660|Prince Barcsay \u00c1kos resigned from the throne of Transylvania, after he fled to the castle and realized that his situation was unsustainable.@1661|Kem\u00e9ny J\u00e1nos had Barcsay \u00c1kos captured and murdered.@1661|The army of Pasha Seydi Ahmed of Buda marched into Transylvania, after the country assembly held in Beszterce on 23 April declared the independence of Transylvania from the Ottoman Empire and placed the country under the protection of Emperor Leopold I. On 14 September, Pasha Ali forced the country assembly to elect Apafi Mih\u00e1ly Prince of Transylvania in Marosv\u00e1s\u00e1rhely.@January 23, 1662|The deposed prince Kem\u00e9ny J\u00e1nos, having been abandoned by his imperial allies, was defeated by the Turks at Nagysz\u0151l\u0151s (near Segesv\u00e1r), where he fell.@#19|@#20|@#21|@#22|@#23|@#24|@#25|@August 21, 1690|Th\u00f6k\u00f6ly Imre, the former leader of the anti-Habsburg Hungarian kuruc uprising, crossed the mountains with Turkish and Wallachian auxiliaries, attacked the imperial army of General Heisler from behind and defeated him.@September 21, 1690|The nobility of Transylvania joined Th\u00f6k\u00f6ly Imre and he was elected Prince of Transylvania in Szeben. Soon the combined armies of Castelli and Heisler pushed him out of Transylvania.@1690|The castle was pawned to Prince Th\u00f6k\u00f6ly Imre of Transylvania, but the royal treasury acquired it after his defeat.@#26|@#27|@end of 1703|The kuruc insurgents captured the castle.@November 1705|The kuruc insurgents were forced to abandon the castle after the lost battle at Zsib\u00f3.@spring, 1706|The insurgents captured the castle again.@October, 1707|The imperial army of General Rabutin besieged the castle. The kuruc garrison resisted bravely for five months in spite of the heavy cannon fire. But after the captain, R\u00e1toni Istv\u00e1n, had fallen, the defenders, suffering also from the lack of food, charged out of the ruined castle the night of 10 March, 1708. They broke through the blockade of the besiegers and fled to the mountains. The imperials marched into the castle and destroyed the defences that were not ruined by the siege.@18-19th century|Most of the ruins were demolished and transported to the constructions of the expansion of the castle in G\u00f6rg\u00e9nyszentimre.&Joska D\u00e9nes: A g\u00f6rg\u00e9nyszentimrei v\u00e1r t\u00f6rt\u00e9nete|https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/23504795\/A_g%C3%B6rg%C3%A9nyszentimrei_v%C3%A1r_tort%C3%A9nete"},"language":"en","region":"romania","regionid":4,"offer":[{"id":"112","settlement_HU":"Szal\u00e1rd","settlement_LO":"S\u0103lard","gps_lat":"47.2378340000","gps_long":"22.0440240000","cond":"6","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Utilizator:Grossecali at ro.wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0 <http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Cetatea_Adorjan_Salard.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022256\u0022 alt=\u0022Cetatea Adorjan Salard\u0022 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Mare","gps_lat":"47.6915750000","gps_long":"23.5204630000","cond":"7","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022VRicardo95, CC BY-SA 3.0 RO \u003Chttps:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/ro\/deed.en\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Cetatea_din_Baia_Mare,_punct_%22Valea_Borcutului%22.JPG\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Cetatea din Baia Mare, punct Valea Borcutului\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/6c\/Cetatea_din_Baia_Mare%2C_punct_%22Valea_Borcutului%22.JPG\/512px-Cetatea_din_Baia_Mare%2C_punct_%22Valea_Borcutului%22.JPG\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Cetatea_din_Baia_Mare,_punct_%22Valea_Borcutului%22.JPG\u0022\u003EVRicardo95\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/ro\/deed.en\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0 RO\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Nagyb\u00e1nya Castle ","seolink":"nagybanya-castle-cetatea-baia-mare"},{"id":"117","settlement_HU":"Gyergy\u00f3szentmikl\u00f3s","settlement_LO":"Gheorgheni","gps_lat":"46.7284390000","gps_long":"25.6346430000","cond":"7","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Ukiy, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Chapelle_ch%C3%A2teau_Both_Both_v%C3%A1rai_k%C3%A1polna.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Chapelle ch\u00e2teau Both Both v\u00e1rai k\u00e1polna\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/bb\/Chapelle_ch%C3%A2teau_Both_Both_v%C3%A1rai_k%C3%A1polna.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Chapelle_ch%C3%A2teau_Both_Both_v%C3%A1rai_k%C3%A1polna.jpg\u0022\u003EUkiy\u003C\/a\u003E, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Both Castle","seolink":"gyergyoszentmiklos-both-castle-gheorgheni"},{"id":"118","settlement_HU":"Cenk-hegy, Brass\u00f3","settlement_LO":"T\u00e2mpa, Bra\u0219ov","gps_lat":"45.6334490000","gps_long":"25.5921770000","cond":"6","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Ecologicmarket, CC BY-SA 3.0 \u003Chttps:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Tampa_Natural_Reservation_from_Brasov_Romania.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Tampa Natural Reservation from Brasov Romania\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/82\/Tampa_Natural_Reservation_from_Brasov_Romania.jpg\/512px-Tampa_Natural_Reservation_from_Brasov_Romania.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Tampa_Natural_Reservation_from_Brasov_Romania.jpg\u0022\u003EEcologicmarket\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Castle on Cenk Hill;Brassovia Castle","seolink":"brasso-castle-on-cenk-hill-tampa-brasov"},{"id":"119","settlement_HU":"Sz\u00e9kelyudvarhely","settlement_LO":"Odorheiu Secuiesc","gps_lat":"46.2948450000","gps_long":"25.2728550000","cond":"7","picture":"","picture_ref":"","name":"Budv\u00e1r","seolink":"szekelyudvarhely-budvar-castle-odorheiu-secuiesc"},{"id":"120","settlement_HU":"Beszterce","settlement_LO":"Bistri\u021ba","gps_lat":"47.1693380000","gps_long":"24.4814300000","cond":"7","picture":"","picture_ref":"","name":"Beszterce Castle","seolink":"beszterce-castle-bistrita"},{"id":"121","settlement_HU":"Csics\u00f3\u00fajfalu","settlement_LO":"Ciceu-Corabia","gps_lat":"47.2510600000","gps_long":"23.9672930000","cond":"5","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Unknown author, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Csics%C3%B3v%C3%A1r_(Vas%C3%A1rnapi_%C3%BAjs%C3%A1g_1866._35._sz%C3%A1m).jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Csics\u00f3v\u00e1r (Vas\u00e1rnapi \u00fajs\u00e1g 1866. 35. sz\u00e1m)\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/6f\/Csics%C3%B3v%C3%A1r_%28Vas%C3%A1rnapi_%C3%BAjs%C3%A1g_1866._35._sz%C3%A1m%29.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Csics%C3%B3v%C3%A1r_(Vas%C3%A1rnapi_%C3%BAjs%C3%A1g_1866._35._sz%C3%A1m).jpg\u0022\u003EUnknown author\u003C\/a\u003E, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Csics\u00f3 Castle","seolink":"csicso-castle-cetatea-ciceului"},{"id":"122","settlement_HU":"Sz\u00e9kelyudvarhely","settlement_LO":"Odorheiu Secuiesc","gps_lat":"46.3055270000","gps_long":"25.2960670000","cond":"4","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Andrei kokelburg, CC BY-SA 3.0 RO \u003Chttps:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/ro\/deed.en\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Odorheiu_Secuiesc_Cetatea.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Odorheiu Secuiesc Cetatea\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/42\/Odorheiu_Secuiesc_Cetatea.jpg\/512px-Odorheiu_Secuiesc_Cetatea.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Odorheiu_Secuiesc_Cetatea.jpg\u0022\u003EAndrei kokelburg\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/ro\/deed.en\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0 RO\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Sz\u00e9kely T\u00e1madt Castle; Csonkav\u00e1r","seolink":"szekely-tamadt-castle"},{"id":"123","settlement_HU":"Drenkova","settlement_LO":"Drencova","gps_lat":"44.6357930000","gps_long":"21.9752810000","cond":"6","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Nenea hartia, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Drencova_Romania.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Drencova Romania\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/eb\/Drencova_Romania.jpg\/512px-Drencova_Romania.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Drencova_Romania.jpg\u0022\u003ENenea hartia\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 4.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Drank\u00f3 Castle","seolink":"dranko-castle"},{"id":"124","settlement_HU":"Facs\u00e1d","settlement_LO":"F\u0103get","gps_lat":"45.8662280000","gps_long":"22.1741410000","cond":"6","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Yo6own, CC BY-SA 3.0 RO 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