Déva Castle
Cetatea Devei
Déva Castle
Radu Muntean, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons
Condition:
Spectacular ruins
Entrance:
Entrance fee
Address:
Strada Cetății
Settlement:
Historical Hungarian county:
Hunyad
Country:
Romania
County:
Hunedoara
Geographic region:
Ruszka Mountains, Bánság Mountains
GPS coordinates:
45.888786, 22.89691
Google map:
History
895
Arrival of the Hungarians
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895
The alliance of the seven Hungarian tribes took possession of the then largely uninhabited Carpathian Basin. Until then, the sparse Slavic population of the north-western Carpathians had lived under Moravian rule for a few decades after the collapse of the Avar Khaganate in the early 9th century.
1000
Foundation of the Hungarian Kingdom
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1000
The Kingdom of Hungary was established with the coronation of King Stephen I. He converted the Hungarians to Christianity and created two archdioceses (Esztergom and Kalocsa) and ten dioceses. He divided Hungary into counties led by ispáns, who were appointed by the king.
1241-1242
Mongol Invasion
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1241-1242
The hordes of the Mongol Empire invaded Hungary and almost completely destroyed it. One third to one half of the population was destroyed. The Mongols also suffered heavy losses in the battle of Muhi and they could not hunt down the king. After their withdrawal, King Béla IV reorganized Hungary. He allowed the feudal lords to build stone castles because they were able to successfully resist the nomadic Mongols. The vast majority of stone castles were built after this. The king called in German, Vlach (Romanian) and Slavic settlers to replace the destroyed population.
after 1241
King Béla IV of Hungary built the castle after the Mongol invasion. It was owned by the king or the vajda of Transylvania later as well. According to the Romanians, there was a Dacian and a Roman fortress on the castle hill, but it was not proven by archaeologists.
1262
A war broke out between King Béla IV of Hungary and his son, István. They made an agreement in Pozsony at the end of the year, and divided the country between themselves. The eastern part of Hungary, including Transylvania, became the domain of István.
1264
King Béla IV launched an attack against István. The army of Kán László and Gyula consisting of mainly Cumans was defeated by Csák Péter, the follower of István, at Déva („castrum Dewa”). But István had to retreat to the castle of Feketehalom from the army of Judge Royal Lőrinc son of Kemény, where he was besieged.
early 1265
When the liberation army arrived, István broke out from Feketehalom Castle and defeated the besiegers. He launched a counter-attack and defeated the royal army led by bán Béla of Macsó and nádor Kőszegi Nagy Henrik in the battle of Isaszeg.
1269
The castle was mentioned for the first time as Dewa. Some suggest that the name comes from the Slavic deva word meaning girl. This may be connected to the legend of the woman walled up in the castle. Legend has it, that the walls of the castle kept on crumbling during the construction, and the masons feared that they would not be paid. The 12 masons agreed that one of their wives, whoever showed up at the castle first, would be burned and her ashes would be mixed into the mortar. The victim was the wife of Kelemen, the castle was completed and the masons got paid. According to another theory, the name comes from an old Hungarian personal name of Turk origin, the original form of which was Győ preserved in the Algyő settlement name.
from the end of the 13th century
The castle belonged to the domain of vajda Kán László of Transylvania, who was one of the most powerful oligarchs of Hungary after the last king of the House of Árpád died.
from 1302
Déva Castle was the seat of the vice vajda of Transylvania.
1307
The oligarch Kán László captured Otto, Duke of Lower Bavaria, a pretender to the throne of Hungary, who came to Transylvania to get married. Duke Otto was crowned King of Hungary in 1305, but the coronation was invalid according to the traditions. He was held captive in Déva Castle for a couple of months until he was ransomed. But Kán László kept the Holy Crown of Hungary, which he had taken from Otto.
1309
Kán László delivered the Holy Crown of Hungary to Charles Robert (later King Charles I of Hungary), after Gentile, the papal legate threatened him with excommunication.
1316
Kán László died. King Charles I appointed Miklós of the Pok clan vajda of Transylvania, which the sons of Kán László refused to accept. The royal army defeated the army of the sons of Kán under Déva Castle and occupied the castle. Déva belonged to the vajda of Transylvania afterwards.
from 1442
Hunyadi János and Újlaki Miklós controlled Déva as vajdas of Transylvania.
around 1443-1444
King Ulászló I of Hungary donated Déva to Hunyadi János, but as the king fell in the battle of Varna in 1444, Hunyadi wasn’t officially registered as its owner and Déva remained a royal casatle.
1453
King László V of Hungary donated Déva to Hunyadi János.
1456
Siege of Nándorfehérvár (Belgrade)
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1456
The Turkish army of Sultan Mehmed II, the conqueror of Constantinople, besieged the castle of Nándorfehérvár (Belgrade), which was the southern gateway to Hungary. But the Hungarian army, led by Hunyadi János, won a decisive victory over the twice to three times larger Turkish army. The Pope had earlier ordered that church bells should be rung every noon to pray for the victory of the defenders. Hunyadi János died of plague in the camp after the battle.
1456
Hunyadi János died from plague. His widow, Szilágyi Erzsébet, had to return Déva to the king along with other castles.
1457
King László V of Hungary died. The castle was acquired by Szilágyi Mihály, who gave it to his nephew, Hunyadi Mátyás (later King Matthias).
1490
King Ulászló II of Hungary donated Déva to Báthory István of Ecsed, who was Judge Royal and vajda of Transylvania. Later it was acquired by vajda Szapolyi János of Transylvania.
1504
The castle was owned by the Hunyadi family until the death of Corvin János.
1526
Battle of Mohács and the splitting of Hungary into two parts
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1526
Sultan Suleiman I launched a war against Vienna, instigated by the French. Ferdinand I, Duke of Austria, was the brother-in-law of King Louis II of Hungary. The army of the Ottoman Empire defeated the much smaller Hungarian army at Mohács, and King Louis II died in the battle. A group of the barons elected Ferdinand I of the House of Habsburg to the throne, who promised to defend Hungary from the Turks. He was the younger brother of the most powerful European monarch Emperor Charles V. But the nobility chose the most powerful Hungarian baron, Szapolyai János, who was also crowned as King John I. The country was split in two and a decades-long struggle for power began.
after 1526
Vajda Perényi Péter received Déva after the battle of Mohács.
1529
King John I of Hungary acquired the castle.
1539
King John I of Hungary gave Déva to his wife, Queen Isabella, as a wedding gift.
1541
The Turkish occupation of the capital, Buda, and the division of Hungary into three parts
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1541
The Turks conquered Buda, the capital of Hungary, after the death of King John I. The central part of the country was under Turkish rule for 150 years. The western and northern parts (including present-day Slovakia) formed the Kingdom of Hungary ruled by the Habsburg emperors. The eastern parts (now mainly under Romanian rule) were ruled by the successors of King John I of Hungary, who later established the Principality of Transylvania.
November 1550
Török János of Enying, ispán of Hunyad County, defeated the outpost of the army of Pasha Kasim here. The damages caused by the Turks were later repaired.
1551
King Ferdinand I took control of Déva. The child John Sigismund's guardian, George Martinuzzi, with Castaldo's imperial army, forced Queen Isabella to surrender the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom (including Transylvania) to King Ferdinand I. Isabella left for Poland with her child, the heir to the throne. The Turks then launched a punitive campaign against Hungary.
1552
The Turks captured the castles of Temesvár, Solymos and Lippa during their campaign launched to take revenge for the surrender of Hungary to the Habsburgs. Déva became part of the frontier.
1553
King Ferdinand I of Hungry appointed Kendy Ferenc and Dobó István vajdas of Transylvania. Dobó István was gifted the castles of Déva and Szamosújvár as a reward for having defended heroically Eger Castle against the Turkish army.
1556
The Estates of Transylvania, dissatisfied with Habsburg rule, recalled Queen Isabella to the throne, to which the Sultan gave his consent. On her return, she regained control of eastern Hungary.
1556
Queen Isabella returned to Hungary and took control of Déva. Dobó István was removed from the office of vajda of Transylvania by the Estates of Transylvania. He was held captive for nearly 10 months in the castle of Szamosújvár until he managed to escape.
1570
The establishment of the Principality of Transylvania
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1570
John II (John Sigismund), the son of King John I of Hungary, renounced the title of King of Hungary in favor of King Maximilian of the House of Habsburg, and henceforth held the title of Prince. This formally created the Principality of Transylvania, which was the eastern half of Hungary not ruled by the Habsburgs and was also a vassal of the Ottoman Empire. John II died in 1571, after which the three nations of Transylvania (the Hungarian nobility, the Székelys and the Saxons) elected the prince.
November 15, 1579
The first Unitarian bishop of Transylvania, Dávid Ferenc, died in the prison of Déva Castle. John II, the son of King John I of Hungary and Queen Isabella, who also converted to the Unitarian faith in 1567, gave Dávid Ferenc the printing press in Gyulafehérvár. After the death of John II in 1571, the Catholic Báthory István became Prince of Transylvania, who took the printing press from the Unitarians and prohibited any further renewal of faith. In 1579, Dávid Ferenc was arrested for denying the divinity of Jesus and the country assembly gathered in Gyulafehérvár sentenced him for life imprisonment.
around 1580
The castle was reinforced due to its military significance.
1581
Geszthy Ferenc arrived in Transylvania and became the counsellor of Prince Báthory Kristóf and the captain of Déva Castle. He expanded the castle and built a manor house at the foot of the castle hill. Geszthy Ferenc published the first Vlach language translation of the Old Testament at his own expense, which was based on the work of Heltai Gáspár, the first Hungarian translation of the Bible.
1591-1606
Fifteen Years' War
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1591-1606
The Ottoman Empire started a war against the Habsburg Empire. The war was waged in the territory of Hungary. The Turks defeated the combined armies of the Habsburg Empire and the Principality of Transylvania in the battle of Mezőkeresztes in 1596, but their victory was not decisive. The war devastated the Principality of Transylvania, which was occupied by the Habsburg army, and General Basta introduced a reign of terror.
1594
Prince Báthory Zsigmond of Transylvania donated Déva to Geszthy Ferenc. Geszthy died in 1595 and established the first school in Déva in his will. His widow, Horváth Anna, gave Déva Castle back to Prince Báthory Zsigmond in 1596. After that, the castle was held by the princes of Transylvania.
September 9, 1603
The imperial general Giorgio Basta wanted to execute the aristocrats of Transylvania in Déva.
1604-1606
Uprising of Bocskai István
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1604-1606
The alliance of the Habsburgs and the Principality of Transylvania was defeated by the Ottoman Empire in the Fifteen Years' War. The war devastated Transylvania, which was occupied by the Habsburg imperial army, and General Basta introduced a reign of terror. The nobility and the burghers were upset about the terror, the plundering mercenaries and the violent Counter-Reformation. Bocskai István decided to lead their uprising after the Habsburg emperor tried to confiscate his estates. Bocskai also rallied the hajdú warriors to his side. He was elected Prince of Transylvania and soon liberated the Kingdom of Hungary from the Habsburgs. In 1605 Bocskai István was crowned King of Hungary with the crown he received from the Turks.
23 June 1606
Peace of Vienna
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23 June 1606
Bocski István made peace with Emperor Rudolf. Their agreement secured the constitutional rights of the Estates of Hungary, and the freedom of religion. The counties of Szatmár, Bereg and Ugocsa were annexed to the Principality of Transylvania. Bocskai died of illness in the same year, leaving to his successors the idea of unifying Hungary from Transylvania.
1610
Prince Báthory Gábor of Transylvania donated Déva to Bethlen Gábor.
1614
Prince Bethlen Gábor of Transylvania donated Déva to his wife, Károlyi Zsuzsanna, who died in 1622.
1616
The importance of Déva as a frontier castle of Transylvania increased, after Prince Bethlen Gábor of Transylvania handed over Lippa to the Turks, in exchange for helping him to power. In spite of this, the castle was never reinforced with the defences the military standards of that age would have demanded. The Turks never besieged the castle.
1619
The campaign of Prince Bethlen Gábor of Transylvania in the Thirty Years' War
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1619
At the beginning of the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648), Prince Bethlen Gábor of Transylvania went to war against the Habsburg emperor as an ally of the rebelling Czech-Moravian-Austrian estates. The whole Kingdom of Hungary joined him, only the Austrian defenders of Pozsony had to be put to the sword. With his allies, he laid siege to Vienna. However, he was forced to abandon the siege because the Habsburg-loyal Hungarian aristocrat Homonnai Drugeth György attacked his heartland with Polish mercenaries. On 25 August 1620, the Diet of Besztercebánya elected Bethlen Gábor King of Hungary as vassal of the Turks. He continued to fight after the defeat of the Czechs at White Mountain on 8 November 1620, but without real chance to achieve decisive victory, he decided to come to an agreement with Emperor Ferdinand II.
31 December 1621
Peace of Nikolsburg
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31 December 1621
Prince Bethlen Gábor of Transylvania made peace with Emperor Ferdinand II. Their agreement secured the constitutional rights of the Estates of Hungary, and later it was supplemented with the freedom of religion. Bethlen renounced the title of King of Hungary in exchange for seven counties of the Upper Tisza region (Szabolcs, Szatmár, Bereg, Ugocsa, Zemplén, Borsod, Abaúj) for the rest of his life, other estates in Hungary as his private property and the imperial title of Duke of Oppeln and Ratibor (Opole and Racibórz), one of the Duchies of Silesia. Prince Bethlen went to war against the Habsburgs in 1623 and 1626, but was unable to negotiate more favourable terms.
1621
Prince Bethlen Gábor of Transylvania converted the manor house built by Geszthy Ferenc to a Renaissance palace. It has been called Bethlen Palace as well ever since.
1622
The castle was acquired by Bethlen István, the nephew of Prince Bethlen Gábor. In 1627, he married Széchy Mária, who was later called "Venus of Murány".
1632
Bethlen István died young. Széchy Mária lived in the manor house of Déva. In 1634, she married again to Kun István, ispán of Szatmár County, but she abandoned his violent husband soon and moved back to Déva. Kun István went after her with his soldiers, but Széchy Mária managed to flee from the manor house to the castle on the hill, which Kun István didn’t dare to besiege.
1640
Széchy Mária sold Déva to Prince Rákóczi György I of Transylvania. The prince ordered the construction of the round bastion to protect the castle from the east.
1644-1645
The campaign of Prince Rákóczi György I of Transylvania in the Thirty Years' War
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1644-1645
Prince Rákóczi György I of Transylvania allied with the Swedes and the French in the Thirty Years' War and went to war against the Habsburg Emperor Ferdinand III. On 18 July 1645 his army joined forces with Torstenson's Swedish army under Brno (Moravia). The excellent artillery of Transylvania opened fire on the city walls. However, Rákóczi had to give up the siege, having been informed that the Turks were planning a punitive campaign against Transylvania, because he went to war against the Sultan's prohibition.
16 December 1645
Peace of Linz
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16 December 1645
Prince Rákóczi György I of Transylvania made peace with Emperor Ferdinand III. It secured the freedom of religion for the Protestants and extended it also to the serfs. Rákóczi received the same seven Hungarian counties that Prince Bethlen Gábor had also held (Abauj, Zemplén, Borsod, Bereg, Ugocsa, Szabolcs, Szatmár) until his death, and the counties of Szabolcs and Szatmár were also to be inherited by his sons. The Rákóczi family also received several new estates.
I657
Prince Rákóczi György II of Transylvania donated Déva to Barcsay Ákos.
1657
Prince Rákóczi György II of Transylvania launched a campaign for the crown of Poland in alliance with Carl X Gustaf of Sweden. His aim was to unite the Hungarian-Polish-Wallachian forces against the Turks. The campaign started successfully with the prince taking Kraków and Warsawa, but then the King of Sweden abandoned him. The vengeful Poles invaded northern Transylvania, burning defenceless villages, destroying churches and castles. Soon the punitive campaign of Turkish and Tatar armies devastated Transylvania, as the prince launched his Polish campaign against the Sultan's will.
1658
The Tartars ravaged and plundered throughout Transylvania and Grand Vizier Köprülü Mehmed captured Jenő Castle. The Estates of Transylvania sent Barcsay Ákos to the camp of the grand vizier to beg for mercy. In return, the Grand Vizier demanded that the annual tax be raised from 15 to 40 thousand forints (gold coins) and that Lugos and Karansebes be ceded. This was the price for the Turks to leave Transylvania. The grand vizier appointed Barcsay prince on 14 September.
1659
Prince Rákóczi György II returned to Transylvania and forced Barcsay Ákos to retreat to Szeben and besieged him.
May 22, 1660
In the battle of Sászfenes, Pasha Shejdi Ahmed of Buda defeated Rákóczi György II, who lost his life. The Tatar armies invaded Transylvania for the second time.
November 1660
Kemény János, the former commander of Rákóczi György II, defeated the army of Gáspár, the brother of Prince Barcsay András, at Örményes. Barcsay Gáspár fell in the battle. Then, on 31 December, Barcsay Ákos renounced the throne. Déva Castle was handed over to Kemény János by its German garrison. In 1661 Kemény János had Barcsay Ákos captured and murdered.
1661
The army of Pasha Seydi Ahmed of Buda marched into Transylvania, after the country assembly held in Beszterce on 23 April declared the independence of Transylvania from the Ottoman Empire and placed the country under the protection of Emperor Leopold I. On 14 September, Pasha Ali forced the country assembly to elect Apafi Mihály Prince of Transylvania in Marosvásárhely.
January 23, 1662
The deposed prince Kemény János, having been abandoned by his imperial allies, was defeated by the Turks at Nagyszőlős (near Segesvár), where he fell.
1661-1690
The castle operated as a prison during the reign of Prince Apafi Mihály I of Transylvania.
1683
Turkish defeat at Vienna and the formation of the Holy League
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1683
The combined armies of the Habsburg Empire and the Kingdom of Poland defeated the Turkish army besieging Vienna. Emperor Leopold I wanted to make peace with the Turks, but was refused by Sultan Mehmed IV. In 1684, at the persistent urging of Pope Innocent XI, the Holy League, an alliance of the Kingdom of Poland, the Habsburg Empire, the Republic of Venice and the Papal States, was formed to expel the Turks from Hungary. Thököly Imre, who had allied himself with the Turks, was gradually driven out of northern Hungary.
1686
Recapture of Buda and the liberation of Hungary from the Turks
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1686
The army of the Holy League recaptured Buda from the Turks by siege. In 1687, the Imperial army invaded the Principality of Transylvania. The liberation was hindered by the French breaking their promise of peace in 1688 and attacking the Habsburg Empire. By 1699, when the Peace of Karlóca was signed, all of Hungary and Croatia had been liberated from the Ottoman Empire with the exception of Temesköz, the area bounded by the Maros, the Tisza and the Danube rivers. It was not until the Peace of Požarevac in 1718 that Temesköz was liberated from the Turks. However, the continuous war against the Turkish invaders and the Habsburg autocracy, which lasted for more than 150 years, wiped out large areas of the Hungarian population, which had previously made up 80% of the country's population, and was replaced by Vlachs (Romanians), Serbs and other Slavic settlers and Germans. The Habsburgs also favoured the settlement of these foreign peoples over the 'rebellious' Hungarians.
1690
Transylvania became part of the Kingdom of Hungary again, with internal autonomy and freedom of religion
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1690
According to the Diploma Leopoldinum issued by Emperor Leopold I, Transylvania became part of the Kingdom of Hungary again and Hungarian law remained in force. The three nations (the Hungarians, the Székelys – who are also Hungarians –, and the Saxons) administered its internal affairs with autonomy and the freedom of religion was also preserved. The incorporation of Transylvania into the Habsburg Empire was prevented by the temporary election of Thököly Imre as Prince of Transylvania in 1690 with Turkish help.
1701
Emperor Leopold I ordered the destruction of many Hungarian castles, but Déva was spared, because its German garrison was to keep the rebellious population of the neighbourhood at bay.
1703-1711
Hungarian War of Independence led by Prince Rákóczi Ferenc II
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1703-1711
After the expulsion of the Turks, the Habsburgs treated Hungary as a newly conquered province and did not respect its constitution. The serfs rose up against the Habsburg ruler because of the sufferings caused by the war and the heavy burdens, and they invited Rákóczi Ferenc II to lead them. Trusting in the help promised by King Louis XIV of France, he accepted. Rákóczi rallied the nobility to his side, and soon most of the country was under his control. The rebels were called the kurucs. In 1704, the French and the Bavarians were defeated at the Battle of Blenheim, depriving the Hungarians of their international allies. The Rusyn, Slovak and Vlach peasants and the Saxons of Szepes supported the fight for freedom, while the Serbs in the south and the Saxons in Transylvania served the Habsburgs. Due to lack of funds Rákóczi could not raise a strong regular army, and in 1710, Hungary was also hit by a severe plague. Rákóczi tried unsuccessfully to forge an alliance with Tsar Peter the Great of Russia. In his absence, without his knowledge, his commander-in-chief, Károlyi Sándor, accepted Emperor Joseph I's peace offer. The Peace of Szatmár formally restored the Hungarian constitution and religious freedom and granted amnesty, but did not ease the burden of serfdom. Rákóczi refused to accept the pardon and went into exile. He died in Rodosto, Turkey.
1704
The castle was captured by the kuruc insurgents.
1706
Csáky András took the castle back for the Emperor by three months of siege.
1717-1719
General Steinville, the military commander of Transylvania, repaired the damages of the castle, and reinforced and expanded it in Vauban-style.
1733
The castle was acquired by the Haller family.
1752
Count Maximilian Ulisse Broune renovated and reinforced the castle, but it already had little military value.
1773
The heir, Joseph II, visited the castle.
1784
A significant part of the nobility of Hunyad County retreated to Déva Castle from the Vlach peasant uprising of Horea. Some of the captured participants were executed in Déva. In 1784, Emperor Joseph II ordered an increase in the number of border guards. The Valch serfs in Transylvania were under the misapprehension that the conscription had been started, and began to gather en masse, as the military service was the only way for the Vlach migrants that overpopulated in the Transylvanian mountains to escape the misery. The leaders of the local administration, believing that they were being bypassed by the imperial court, tried to block the process. In addition, the Vlach Orthodox priests incited the Vlach population against the Hungarians, whom they hated, and fooled the Vlachs with the myth of their Daco-Roman origin. Horea spread the word that the emperor had appointed him as the leader of the Vlachs. The enraged Vlach peasants attacked the Hungarian and Saxon citizens and began a terrible ethnic cleansing, exterminating 133 mostly Hungarian settlements and murdering thousands of people. After the mob was crushed, two of their leaders, Horea and Cloșca, were executed by the wheel in Gyulafehérvár. The third leader, Crişan, cowardly committed suicide in the prison. There was no mass reprisal.
1800
The movables of the castle were purchased by Pogány Franciska for only 150 forints in an auction. She took everything from the castle,that could be moved. The stones of the castle were used for the constructions in the town.
1817
King Francis I of Hungary visited Déva and liked the castle and its neighbourhood. He ordered its restoration, which took 12 years and cost 216 thousand forints.
1848-1849
Hungarian Revolution and War of Independence
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1848-1849
Following the news of the Paris Revolution on 22 February 1848, the Hungarian liberal opposition led by Kossuth Lajos demanded the abolition of serfdom, the abolition of the tax exemption of the nobility, a parliament elected by the people, and an independent and accountable national government. The revolution that broke out in Pest on 15 March expressed its demands in 12 points, which, in addition to the above mentioned, included the freedom of the press, equality before the law, the release of the political prisoners and the union with Transylvania. A Hungarian government was formed, Batthyány Lajos became prime minister, and on 11 April Emperor Ferdinand V ratified the reform laws. On August 31 the Emperor demanded the repeal of the laws threatening with military intervention. In September the Emperor unleashed the army of Jelacic, Ban of Croatia, on Hungary, but they were defeated by the Hungarians in the Battle of Pákozd on 29 September. An open war began for the independence of Hungary. The Habsburgs incited the nationalities against the Hungarians. The Rusyns, the Slovenes and most of the Slovaks and Germans supported the cause persistently, but the Vlachs (Romanians) and the Serbians turned against the Hungarians. The glorious Spring Campaign in 1849 led by General Görgei Artúr liberated almost all of Hungary. On 1 May 1849, Emperor Franz Joseph, effectively admitting defeat, asked for the help of Tsar Nicholas I of Russia, who sent an intervention army of 200,000 soldiers against Hungary. The resistance became hopeless against the overwhelming enemy forces and on 13 August Görgei Artúr surrendered to the Russians at Világos. Bloody reprisals followed, and on 6 October 1849, 12 generals and a colonel of the Hungarian Revolution, the martyrs of Arad, were executed in Arad. On the same day, Batthyány Lajos, the first Hungarian Prime Minister, was executed by firing squad in Pest. The Habsburgs introduced total authoritarianism in Hungary, but they also failed to fulfil their promises to the nationalities that had betrayed the Hungarians.
1848
An Austrian garrison stationed in the castle at the beginning of the Hungarian War of Independence.
May 27, 1849
The Austrian garrison of Déva Castle consisting of 200 soldiers surrendered to the Hungarians after four weeks of encirclement. The Hungarians let the Austrians retreat to Temesvár. General Bem József set up an ammunition depot in the castle.
August 13, 1849
After the Hungarian army had to give up the siege of Temesvár due to the Russian intervention, the munitions stored in Déva Castle exploded under unknown circumstances causing the death of more than one hundred Hungarian soldiers. Only the ruined walls on top of the castle hill can be seen of the once important and extensive fortification ever since.
1867
Austro-Hungarian Compromise
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1867
The Habsburg Empire was weakened by the defeats it suffered in the implementation of Italian and German unity. The Hungarians wanted to return to the reform laws of 1848, but they did not have the strength to do so. Emperor Franz Joseph and the Hungarian opposition, led by Deák Ferenc, finally agreed to restructure the Empire and abolish absolutism. Hungary was given autonomy in its internal affairs, with its own government and parliament, which was essential for the development of its economy and culture. However, foreign and military affairs remained in the hands of the Habsburgs and served their aspiration for becoming a great power. The majority wanted Hungary's independence, but they were excluded from political power.
1914-1918
World War I
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1914-1918
As part of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, Hungary took part in the war on the side of the Central Powers.
November 1918 - January 1919
The Czech, Romanian and Serbian occupation of Hungary
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November 1918 - January 1919
In Hungary, the freemasonic subversion brought the pro-Entente Károlyi Mihály to power. The new government, naively trusting the Entente powers, met all their demands and disbanded the Hungarian military, which rendered the country completely defenseless in the most dire need. Under French and Italian command, Czech, Romanian and Serbian troops invaded large parts of Hungary, where they immediately began the takeover. They fired Hungarian railway workers, officials and teachers, banned the use of the Hungarian language, abolished Hungarian education, and disposed of everything that reminded them of the country's Hungarian past. Hundreds of thousands of Hungarians were forced to leave their homeland, and the forcible assimilation of the remaining Hungarians was begun.
4 June 1920
Trianon Dictate
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4 June 1920
Hungary was forced to sign the Treaty of Trianon, although the country was not invited to the peace talks. Hungary lost two thirds of its territory that had belonged to it for more than 1000 years. One-third of the Hungarian population came under foreign rule. On the basis of the national principle, countries with a more mixed and less ethnically balanced composition than the former Hungary were created, such as Czechoslovakia and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later Yugoslavia). For example, while 48% of the population of the territory ceded to Czechoslovakia was Slovak and 30% Hungarian, 54% of the population of the former Hungary was Hungarian and 10.6% Slovak. And in the territory that is now part of Serbia, the Hungarians outnumbered the Serbs. The part of the territory allocated to Romania from Hungary was larger than the remaining territory of Hungary, despite the fact that there were 10 million Hungarians and less than 3 million Romanians in the former Hungary. While Hungary used to have the most liberal nationality policy in Europe, the successor states had no respect at all for the national and cultural rights of the indigenous Hungarians and engaged in forced assimilation. The Trianon Dictate destroyed the organic economic unity of the region. Before the First World War, Hungary had a dynamic economy, more advanced than Spain's. After 1920, the successor states formed the so-called "Little Entente", putting Hungary under an economic blockade and sabotaging it on the international stage.
2010
Extensive restorations started in the castle.
Source: varak.hu , Wikipedia, studhist.blog.hu: Déva vára és a tizenkét kőmives , studhist.blog.hu: Déva vára és a Murányi Vénusz , arcanum.hu - Bánlaky József: A magyar nemzet hadtörténelme
Check out other castles in Transylvania as well!
© OpenStreetMap contributors
{"item":"castle","set":{"castleId":169,"townId":71,"active":1,"name_LO":"Cetatea Devei","settlement_HU":"D\u00e9va","settlement_LO":"Deva","address":"Strada Cet\u0103\u021bii","listorder":2,"gps_lat":"45.8887860000","gps_long":"22.8969100000","oldcounty":35,"country":4,"division":20,"cond":3,"entrance":1,"varaklink":"https:\/\/varak.hu\/latnivalo\/index\/1432-Deva-Var\/","homepage":"","openinghours":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Radu Muntean, CC BY-SA 4.0 \u003Chttps:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Cetatea_Plutitoare.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Cetatea Plutitoare\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/4d\/Cetatea_Plutitoare.jpg\/512px-Cetatea_Plutitoare.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Cetatea_Plutitoare.jpg\u0022\u003ERadu Muntean\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 4.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"D\u00e9va Castle","georegion":"Ruszka Mountains, B\u00e1ns\u00e1g Mountains","description":"","nameorigin":"","history":"#1|@#3|@#5|@after 1241|King B\u00e9la IV of Hungary built the castle after the Mongol invasion. It was owned by the king or the vajda of Transylvania later as well. According to the Romanians, there was a Dacian and a Roman fortress on the castle hill, but it was not proven by archaeologists.@1262|A war broke out between King B\u00e9la IV of Hungary and his son, Istv\u00e1n. They made an agreement in Pozsony at the end of the year, and divided the country between themselves. The eastern part of Hungary, including Transylvania, became the domain of Istv\u00e1n.@1264|King B\u00e9la IV launched an attack against Istv\u00e1n. The army of K\u00e1n L\u00e1szl\u00f3 and Gyula consisting of mainly Cumans was defeated by Cs\u00e1k P\u00e9ter, the follower of Istv\u00e1n, at D\u00e9va (\u201ecastrum Dewa\u201d). But Istv\u00e1n had to retreat to the castle of Feketehalom from the army of Judge Royal L\u0151rinc son of Kem\u00e9ny, where he was besieged.@early 1265|When the liberation army arrived, Istv\u00e1n broke out from Feketehalom Castle and defeated the besiegers. He launched a counter-attack and defeated the royal army led by b\u00e1n B\u00e9la of Macs\u00f3 and n\u00e1dor K\u0151szegi Nagy Henrik in the battle of Isaszeg.@1269|The castle was mentioned for the first time as Dewa. Some suggest that the name comes from the Slavic deva word meaning girl. This may be connected to the legend of the woman walled up in the castle. Legend has it, that the walls of the castle kept on crumbling during the construction, and the masons feared that they would not be paid. The 12 masons agreed that one of their wives, whoever showed up at the castle first, would be burned and her ashes would be mixed into the mortar. The victim was the wife of Kelemen, the castle was completed and the masons got paid. According to another theory, the name comes from an old Hungarian personal name of Turk origin, the original form of which was Gy\u0151 preserved in the Algy\u0151 settlement name.@from the end of the 13th century|The castle belonged to the domain of vajda K\u00e1n L\u00e1szl\u00f3 of Transylvania, who was one of the most powerful oligarchs of Hungary after the last king of the House of \u00c1rp\u00e1d died.@from 1302|D\u00e9va Castle was the seat of the vice vajda of Transylvania.@1307|The oligarch K\u00e1n L\u00e1szl\u00f3 captured Otto, Duke of Lower Bavaria, a pretender to the throne of Hungary, who came to Transylvania to get married. Duke Otto was crowned King of Hungary in 1305, but the coronation was invalid according to the traditions. He was held captive in D\u00e9va Castle for a couple of months until he was ransomed. But K\u00e1n L\u00e1szl\u00f3 kept the Holy Crown of Hungary, which he had taken from Otto.@1309|K\u00e1n L\u00e1szl\u00f3 delivered the Holy Crown of Hungary to Charles Robert (later King Charles I of Hungary), after Gentile, the papal legate threatened him with excommunication.@1316|K\u00e1n L\u00e1szl\u00f3 died. King Charles I appointed Mikl\u00f3s of the Pok clan vajda of Transylvania, which the sons of K\u00e1n L\u00e1szl\u00f3 refused to accept. The royal army defeated the army of the sons of K\u00e1n under D\u00e9va Castle and occupied the castle. D\u00e9va belonged to the vajda of Transylvania afterwards.@from 1442|Hunyadi J\u00e1nos and \u00dajlaki Mikl\u00f3s controlled D\u00e9va as vajdas of Transylvania.@around 1443-1444|King Ul\u00e1szl\u00f3 I of Hungary donated D\u00e9va to Hunyadi J\u00e1nos, but as the king fell in the battle of Varna in 1444, Hunyadi wasn\u2019t officially registered as its owner and D\u00e9va remained a royal casatle.@1453|King L\u00e1szl\u00f3 V of Hungary donated D\u00e9va to Hunyadi J\u00e1nos.@#7|@1456|Hunyadi J\u00e1nos died from plague. His widow, Szil\u00e1gyi Erzs\u00e9bet, had to return D\u00e9va to the king along with other castles.@1457|King L\u00e1szl\u00f3 V of Hungary died. The castle was acquired by Szil\u00e1gyi Mih\u00e1ly, who gave it to his nephew, Hunyadi M\u00e1ty\u00e1s (later King Matthias).@1490|King Ul\u00e1szl\u00f3 II of Hungary donated D\u00e9va to B\u00e1thory Istv\u00e1n of Ecsed, who was Judge Royal and vajda of Transylvania. Later it was acquired by vajda Szapolyi J\u00e1nos of Transylvania.@1504|The castle was owned by the Hunyadi family until the death of Corvin J\u00e1nos.@#8|@after 1526|Vajda Per\u00e9nyi P\u00e9ter received D\u00e9va after the battle of Moh\u00e1cs.@1529|King John I of Hungary acquired the castle.@1539|King John I of Hungary gave D\u00e9va to his wife, Queen Isabella, as a wedding gift.@#9|@November 1550|T\u00f6r\u00f6k J\u00e1nos of Enying, isp\u00e1n of Hunyad County, defeated the outpost of the army of Pasha Kasim here. The damages caused by the Turks were later repaired.@1551|King Ferdinand I took control of D\u00e9va. The child John Sigismund's guardian, George Martinuzzi, with Castaldo's imperial army, forced Queen Isabella to surrender the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom (including Transylvania) to King Ferdinand I. Isabella left for Poland with her child, the heir to the throne. The Turks then launched a punitive campaign against Hungary.@1552|The Turks captured the castles of Temesv\u00e1r, Solymos and Lippa during their campaign launched to take revenge for the surrender of Hungary to the Habsburgs. D\u00e9va became part of the frontier.@1553|King Ferdinand I of Hungry appointed Kendy Ferenc and Dob\u00f3 Istv\u00e1n vajdas of Transylvania. Dob\u00f3 Istv\u00e1n was gifted the castles of D\u00e9va and Szamos\u00fajv\u00e1r as a reward for having defended heroically Eger Castle against the Turkish army.@1556|The Estates of Transylvania, dissatisfied with Habsburg rule, recalled Queen Isabella to the throne, to which the Sultan gave his consent. On her return, she regained control of eastern Hungary.@1556|Queen Isabella returned to Hungary and took control of D\u00e9va. Dob\u00f3 Istv\u00e1n was removed from the office of vajda of Transylvania by the Estates of Transylvania. He was held captive for nearly 10 months in the castle of Szamos\u00fajv\u00e1r until he managed to escape.@#10|@November 15, 1579|The first Unitarian bishop of Transylvania, D\u00e1vid Ferenc, died in the prison of D\u00e9va Castle. John II, the son of King John I of Hungary and Queen Isabella, who also converted to the Unitarian faith in 1567, gave D\u00e1vid Ferenc the printing press in Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r. After the death of John II in 1571, the Catholic B\u00e1thory Istv\u00e1n became Prince of Transylvania, who took the printing press from the Unitarians and prohibited any further renewal of faith. In 1579, D\u00e1vid Ferenc was arrested for denying the divinity of Jesus and the country assembly gathered in Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r sentenced him for life imprisonment.@around 1580|The castle was reinforced due to its military significance.@1581|Geszthy Ferenc arrived in Transylvania and became the counsellor of Prince B\u00e1thory Krist\u00f3f and the captain of D\u00e9va Castle. He expanded the castle and built a manor house at the foot of the castle hill. Geszthy Ferenc published the first Vlach language translation of the Old Testament at his own expense, which was based on the work of Heltai G\u00e1sp\u00e1r, the first Hungarian translation of the Bible.@#12|@1594|Prince B\u00e1thory Zsigmond of Transylvania donated D\u00e9va to Geszthy Ferenc. Geszthy died in 1595 and established the first school in D\u00e9va in his will. His widow, Horv\u00e1th Anna, gave D\u00e9va Castle back to Prince B\u00e1thory Zsigmond in 1596. After that, the castle was held by the princes of Transylvania.@September 9, 1603|The imperial general Giorgio Basta wanted to execute the aristocrats of Transylvania in D\u00e9va.@#13|@#14|@1610|Prince B\u00e1thory G\u00e1bor of Transylvania donated D\u00e9va to Bethlen G\u00e1bor.@1614|Prince Bethlen G\u00e1bor of Transylvania donated D\u00e9va to his wife, K\u00e1rolyi Zsuzsanna, who died in 1622.@1616|The importance of D\u00e9va as a frontier castle of Transylvania increased, after Prince Bethlen G\u00e1bor of Transylvania handed over Lippa to the Turks, in exchange for helping him to power. In spite of this, the castle was never reinforced with the defences the military standards of that age would have demanded. The Turks never besieged the castle.@#15|@#16|@1621|Prince Bethlen G\u00e1bor of Transylvania converted the manor house built by Geszthy Ferenc to a Renaissance palace. It has been called Bethlen Palace as well ever since.@1622|The castle was acquired by Bethlen Istv\u00e1n, the nephew of Prince Bethlen G\u00e1bor. In 1627, he married Sz\u00e9chy M\u00e1ria, who was later called \u0022Venus of Mur\u00e1ny\u0022.@1632|Bethlen Istv\u00e1n died young. Sz\u00e9chy M\u00e1ria lived in the manor house of D\u00e9va. In 1634, she married again to Kun Istv\u00e1n, isp\u00e1n of Szatm\u00e1r County, but she abandoned his violent husband soon and moved back to D\u00e9va. Kun Istv\u00e1n went after her with his soldiers, but Sz\u00e9chy M\u00e1ria managed to flee from the manor house to the castle on the hill, which Kun Istv\u00e1n didn\u2019t dare to besiege.@1640|Sz\u00e9chy M\u00e1ria sold D\u00e9va to Prince R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Gy\u00f6rgy I of Transylvania. The prince ordered the construction of the round bastion to protect the castle from the east.@#17|@#18|@I657|Prince R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Gy\u00f6rgy II of Transylvania donated D\u00e9va to Barcsay \u00c1kos.@1657|Prince R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Gy\u00f6rgy II of Transylvania launched a campaign for the crown of Poland in alliance with Carl X Gustaf of Sweden. His aim was to unite the Hungarian-Polish-Wallachian forces against the Turks. The campaign started successfully with the prince taking Krak\u00f3w and Warsawa, but then the King of Sweden abandoned him. The vengeful Poles invaded northern Transylvania, burning defenceless villages, destroying churches and castles. Soon the punitive campaign of Turkish and Tatar armies devastated Transylvania, as the prince launched his Polish campaign against the Sultan's will.@1658|The Tartars ravaged and plundered throughout Transylvania and Grand Vizier K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc Mehmed captured Jen\u0151 Castle. The Estates of Transylvania sent Barcsay \u00c1kos to the camp of the grand vizier to beg for mercy. In return, the Grand Vizier demanded that the annual tax be raised from 15 to 40 thousand forints (gold coins) and that Lugos and Karansebes be ceded. This was the price for the Turks to leave Transylvania. The grand vizier appointed Barcsay prince on 14 September.@1659|Prince R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Gy\u00f6rgy II returned to Transylvania and forced Barcsay \u00c1kos to retreat to Szeben and besieged him.@May 22, 1660|In the battle of S\u00e1szfenes, Pasha Shejdi Ahmed of Buda defeated R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Gy\u00f6rgy II, who lost his life. The Tatar armies invaded Transylvania for the second time.@November 1660|Kem\u00e9ny J\u00e1nos, the former commander of R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Gy\u00f6rgy II, defeated the army of G\u00e1sp\u00e1r, the brother of Prince Barcsay Andr\u00e1s, at \u00d6rm\u00e9nyes. Barcsay G\u00e1sp\u00e1r fell in the battle. Then, on 31 December, Barcsay \u00c1kos renounced the throne. D\u00e9va Castle was handed over to Kem\u00e9ny J\u00e1nos by its German garrison. In 1661 Kem\u00e9ny J\u00e1nos had Barcsay \u00c1kos captured and murdered.@1661|The army of Pasha Seydi Ahmed of Buda marched into Transylvania, after the country assembly held in Beszterce on 23 April declared the independence of Transylvania from the Ottoman Empire and placed the country under the protection of Emperor Leopold I. On 14 September, Pasha Ali forced the country assembly to elect Apafi Mih\u00e1ly Prince of Transylvania in Marosv\u00e1s\u00e1rhely.@January 23, 1662|The deposed prince Kem\u00e9ny J\u00e1nos, having been abandoned by his imperial allies, was defeated by the Turks at Nagysz\u0151l\u0151s (near Segesv\u00e1r), where he fell.@1661-1690|The castle operated as a prison during the reign of Prince Apafi Mih\u00e1ly I of Transylvania.@#23|@#25|@#26|@1701|Emperor Leopold I ordered the destruction of many Hungarian castles, but D\u00e9va was spared, because its German garrison was to keep the rebellious population of the neighbourhood at bay.@#27|@1704|The castle was captured by the kuruc insurgents.@1706|Cs\u00e1ky Andr\u00e1s took the castle back for the Emperor by three months of siege.@1717-1719|General Steinville, the military commander of Transylvania, repaired the damages of the castle, and reinforced and expanded it in Vauban-style.@1733|The castle was acquired by the Haller family.@1752|Count Maximilian Ulisse Broune renovated and reinforced the castle, but it already had little military value.@1773|The heir, Joseph II, visited the castle.@1784|A significant part of the nobility of Hunyad County retreated to D\u00e9va Castle from the Vlach peasant uprising of Horea. Some of the captured participants were executed in D\u00e9va. In 1784, Emperor Joseph II ordered an increase in the number of border guards. The Valch serfs in Transylvania were under the misapprehension that the conscription had been started, and began to gather en masse, as the military service was the only way for the Vlach migrants that overpopulated in the Transylvanian mountains to escape the misery. The leaders of the local administration, believing that they were being bypassed by the imperial court, tried to block the process. In addition, the Vlach Orthodox priests incited the Vlach population against the Hungarians, whom they hated, and fooled the Vlachs with the myth of their Daco-Roman origin. Horea spread the word that the emperor had appointed him as the leader of the Vlachs. The enraged Vlach peasants attacked the Hungarian and Saxon citizens and began a terrible ethnic cleansing, exterminating 133 mostly Hungarian settlements and murdering thousands of people. After the mob was crushed, two of their leaders, Horea and Clo\u0219ca, were executed by the wheel in Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r. The third leader, Cri\u015fan, cowardly committed suicide in the prison. There was no mass reprisal.@1800|The movables of the castle were purchased by Pog\u00e1ny Franciska for only 150 forints in an auction. She took everything from the castle,that could be moved. The stones of the castle were used for the constructions in the town.@1817|King Francis I of Hungary visited D\u00e9va and liked the castle and its neighbourhood. He ordered its restoration, which took 12 years and cost 216 thousand forints.@#28|@1848|An Austrian garrison stationed in the castle at the beginning of the Hungarian War of Independence.@May 27, 1849|The Austrian garrison of D\u00e9va Castle consisting of 200 soldiers surrendered to the Hungarians after four weeks of encirclement. The Hungarians let the Austrians retreat to Temesv\u00e1r. General Bem J\u00f3zsef set up an ammunition depot in the castle.@August 13, 1849|After the Hungarian army had to give up the siege of Temesv\u00e1r due to the Russian intervention, the munitions stored in D\u00e9va Castle exploded under unknown circumstances causing the death of more than one hundred Hungarian soldiers. Only the ruined walls on top of the castle hill can be seen of the once important and extensive fortification ever since.@#30|@#31|@#32|@#36|@2010|Extensive restorations started in the castle.&studhist.blog.hu: D\u00e9va v\u00e1ra \u00e9s a tizenk\u00e9t k\u0151mives|https:\/\/studhist.blog.hu\/2017\/11\/30\/deva_vara_es_a_tizenket_komives\nstudhist.blog.hu: D\u00e9va v\u00e1ra \u00e9s a Mur\u00e1nyi V\u00e9nusz|https:\/\/studhist.blog.hu\/2017\/12\/06\/deva_vara_es_a_muranyi_venusz"},"language":"en","region":"romania","regionid":4,"offer":[{"id":"112","settlement_HU":"Szal\u00e1rd","settlement_LO":"S\u0103lard","gps_lat":"47.2378340000","gps_long":"22.0440240000","cond":"6","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Utilizator:Grossecali at ro.wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0 <http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Cetatea_Adorjan_Salard.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022256\u0022 alt=\u0022Cetatea Adorjan Salard\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/2e\/Cetatea_Adorjan_Salard.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Cetatea_Adorjan_Salard.jpg\u0022\u003EUtilizator:Grossecali at ro.wikipedia\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Adorj\u00e1n","seolink":"adorjan-castle"},{"id":"113","settlement_HU":"V\u00e1ralm\u00e1s","settlement_LO":"Alma\u0219u","gps_lat":"46.9361130000","gps_long":"23.1472870000","cond":"6","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022almasu2012, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Le_ch%C3%A2teau_m%C3%A9dieval_de_Almasu_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Le ch\u00e2teau m\u00e9dieval de Almasu - panoramio\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/02\/Le_ch%C3%A2teau_m%C3%A9dieval_de_Almasu_-_panoramio.jpg\/512px-Le_ch%C3%A2teau_m%C3%A9dieval_de_Almasu_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Le_ch%C3%A2teau_m%C3%A9dieval_de_Almasu_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003Ealmasu2012\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Alm\u00e1s Castle; Rezs\u0151 Castle; Dezs\u0151 Castle","seolink":"almas-castle-cetatea-almasului"},{"id":"114","settlement_HU":"B\u00e1lv\u00e1nyosf\u00fcrd\u0151, Torja","settlement_LO":"B\u0103ile Balvanyos, Turia","gps_lat":"46.1137020000","gps_long":"25.9654040000","cond":"5","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Andrei kokelburg, CC BY-SA 3.0 RO \u003Chttps:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/ro\/deed.en\u003E, via Wikimedia 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