Barcaföldvár Castle, Marienburg
Cetatea Feldioara
Barcaföldvár Castle, Marienburg
Hungarian:
Barcaföldvár
Romanian:
Feldioara
Stan Ioan Ovidiu, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons
.jpg){kind=link}
Condition:
Renovated / Good
Entrance:
Entrance fee
Settlement:
Barcaföldvár, Feldioara
Historical Hungarian county:
Brassó
Country:
Romania
County:
Brașov
Geographic region:
Barcaság
GPS coordinates:
45.820286, 25.606029
Google map:
History
895
Arrival of the Hungarians
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895
The alliance of the seven Hungarian tribes took possession of the then largely uninhabited Carpathian Basin. Until then, the sparse Slavic population of the north-western Carpathians had lived under Moravian rule for a few decades after the collapse of the Avar Khaganate in the early 9th century.
1000
Foundation of the Hungarian Kingdom
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1000
The Kingdom of Hungary was established with the coronation of King Stephen I. He converted the Hungarians to Christianity and created two archdioceses (Esztergom and Kalocsa) and ten dioceses. He divided Hungary into counties led by ispáns, who were appointed by the king.
1211
King Andrew II of Hungary donated the land called Borza (present day Barcaság), which became deserted due to the Cuman raids, to the Teutonic knights (the crusaders of the Saint Mary hospital in Acre). They were supposed to help defend the southern borders of Hungary and to participate in the conversion of the Cumans to Christianity. The King of Hungary granted them extensive privileges.
after 1211
The Teutonic knights built several wooden castles, including the one in Földvár, and even conquered a large part of Cumania (present day Wallachia), where they built a castle and made it their European headquarters. Dominican monks led by Blessed Paul the Hungarian (Paulus Hungarus) converted most of the Cumans and Pechenegs to Christianity.
1222
King Andrew II allowed the knights to build stone castles and recognised their jurisdiction over the territory spreading from the Carpathian mountain ranges to the Danube River and to the land of the Vlachs.
1224
The Grand Master of the Teutonic Order, Hermann of Salza, offered all the lands received from the Hungarian king and conquered from the Cumans to the Pope as a vassal state independent from Hungary. Pope Honorius III accepted it and encouraged them to fight. The Order had already begun arbitrary seizures of territory and the capture of royal soldiers, which led King Andrew III to complain to the Pope.
1225
King Andrew II drove the Teutonic Order out of Hungary because of their treason. The Hungarian king captured the knights' headquarters in Cumania as well. The Teutonic knights then fled through Moldavia to Polish territory. After that, the relationship between King Andrew II and the Pope became cold for a long time. The Saxon settlers were allowed to stay in Hungary and keep their privileges since they hadn’t aided the knights.
1240
The fortification of Földvár was mentioned for the first time. Its name Castrum Sancte Mariae refers to Virgin Mary, the patron saint of the Teutonic Order.
1241-1242
Mongol Invasion
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1241-1242
The hordes of the Mongol Empire invaded Hungary and almost completely destroyed it. One third to one half of the population was destroyed. The Mongols also suffered heavy losses in the battle of Muhi and they could not hunt down the king. After their withdrawal, King Béla IV reorganized Hungary. He allowed the feudal lords to build stone castles because they were able to successfully resist the nomadic Mongols. The vast majority of stone castles were built after this. The king called in German, Vlach (Romanian) and Slavic settlers to replace the destroyed population.
1345
According to the tradition the Tatar raiders destroyed the old castle, and the present one was built in the 15th century on a nearby hill. This was a typical Saxon peasant castle.
1526
Battle of Mohács and the splitting of Hungary into two parts
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1526
Sultan Suleiman I launched a war against Vienna, instigated by the French. Ferdinand I, Duke of Austria, was the brother-in-law of King Louis II of Hungary. The army of the Ottoman Empire defeated the much smaller Hungarian army at Mohács, and King Louis II died in the battle. A group of the barons elected Ferdinand I of the House of Habsburg to the throne, who promised to defend Hungary from the Turks. He was the younger brother of the most powerful European monarch Emperor Charles V. But the nobility chose the most powerful Hungarian baron, Szapolyai János, who was also crowned as King John I. The country was split in two and a decades-long struggle for power began.
1528
King John I suffered a decisive defeat on 20 March in the battle of Szina and fled to Poland. Ferdinand I was crowned King of Hungary and he took control of Transylvania as well. After King John I was let down by his French and Polish allies, he asked the Sultan for help
1529
The Turks launched a campaign and captured Buda, the capitol of Hungary, and handed it over to King John I, whom they recognized as King of Hungary.
1529
Voivode Petru Rareș of Moldova broke into Transylvania with the consent of the Sultan, and, in alliance with the Székelys, they defeated the army of King Ferdinand I at Földvár (near Brassó) on 29 June. As the Saxons refused to swear loyalty to King John I even after Buda was taken back from Ferdinand, the voivode returned at the end of October and helped Kun Kocsárd, the commander of King John I, crush the Saxons at Földvár again.
June 1529
The Saxons supporting King Ferdinand and the imperial army of Enyingi Török Bálint clashed with the army of King John I on the field under the castle. The bloody battle brought the victory of King John I.
1541
The Turkish occupation of the capital, Buda, and the division of Hungary into three parts
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1541
The Turks conquered Buda, the capital of Hungary, after the death of King John I. The central part of the country was under Turkish rule for 150 years. The western and northern parts (including present-day Slovakia) formed the Kingdom of Hungary ruled by the Habsburg emperors. The eastern parts (now mainly under Romanian rule) were ruled by the successors of King John I of Hungary, who later established the Principality of Transylvania.
1570
The establishment of the Principality of Transylvania
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1570
John II (John Sigismund), the son of King John I of Hungary, renounced the title of King of Hungary in favor of King Maximilian of the House of Habsburg, and henceforth held the title of Prince. This formally created the Principality of Transylvania, which was the eastern half of Hungary not ruled by the Habsburgs and was also a vassal of the Ottoman Empire. John II died in 1571, after which the three nations of Transylvania (the Hungarian nobility, the Székelys and the Saxons) elected the prince.
1591-1606
Fifteen Years' War
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1591-1606
The Ottoman Empire started a war against the Habsburg Empire. The war was waged in the territory of Hungary. The Turks defeated the combined armies of the Habsburg Empire and the Principality of Transylvania in the battle of Mezőkeresztes in 1596, but their victory was not decisive. The war devastated the Principality of Transylvania, which was occupied by the Habsburg army, and General Basta introduced a reign of terror.
October 17, 1599
Instigated by Emperor Rudolf, Voivode Mihai (Viteazul) of Wallachia broke into Transylvania through the Bodza Pass, after Prince Báthory Zsigmond, contrary to his promise, hand over power over Transylvania to his cousin Cardinal Báthory András instead of Emperor Rudolf. Voivode Mihai sided with the Székelys, who were dissatisfied with the Báthory dynasty, by promising to restore their rights, and with their help he defeated the army of Prince Báthory András at Sellenberk on 28 October.
November 1, 1599
Voivode Mihai Viteazul of Wallachia marched into Gyulafehérvár, the capitol of Transylvania, and took over power as governor appointed by Emperor Rudolf. But soon he started to act on his own behalf and introduced a reign of terror. He arbitrarily appointed Wallachian boyars to every position, looted the treasury and his unpaid mercenaries plundered and murdered throughout the land. The Vlach peasants rose up and started to exterminate Hungarian and Saxon population in Transylvania, which had a Hungarian majority at that time.
1599
Voivode Mihai of Wallachia burned the settlement.
September 18, 1600
Voivode Mihai of Wallachia was defeated in the battle of Miriszló and driven out by the combined armies of the Transylvanian nobility led by Báthory Zsigmond and General Basta’s imperial mercenaries. At the beginning of next year, the Estates of Transylvanian broke with the Emperor and Báthory Zsigmond was elected prince once more.
August 3, 1601
The combined armies of General Basta and Voivode Mihai of Wallachia defeated the Transylvanian army of Prince Báthory Zsigmond in the battle of Goroszló. After that, the army of Voivode Mihai sacked and burned the towns of Torda, Nagyenyed and Gyulafehérvár, where they robbed the tombs of the Hunyadi family, King John II of Hungary and his mother Queen Isabella. Then, on 19 August, Voivode Mihai was assassinated by the mercenaries of General Basta, because Mihai tried to usurp the throne of Transylvania once again. Genral Basta also introduced a reign of terror in Transylvania and let his mercenaries ravage freely throughout the land.
July 2, 1602
General Giorgio Basta defeated the army of Székely Mózes at Tövis. Székely Mózes became the leader of the Transylvanian uprising against the Habsburg Empire after the battle of Goroszló.
1603
General Basta left Transylvania with his imperial army. Székely Mózes set out from Temesvár with Székely and Turkish armies to liberate Transylvania. The estates of Transylvania, having enough of Basta’s terror, welcomed him in Gyulafehérvár and elected him Prince of Transylvania on 9 May. The Habsburgs mobilized their vassal, Voivode Radu Serban of Wallachia, who attacked the camp of Székely Mózes at Brassó at night on 17 July. The Prince was killed and General Basta returned to Transylvania.
1603
The Vlach army of Voivode Radu defeated the army of Prince Székely Mózes of Transylvania here.
1604
The inhabitants retreated to the castle from the plundering imperial mercenaries of General Basta, who brought misery to all Transylvania. They could avoid being besieged only by paying a tribute of 7,000 forints.
1604-1606
Uprising of Bocskai István
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1604-1606
The alliance of the Habsburgs and the Principality of Transylvania was defeated by the Ottoman Empire in the Fifteen Years' War. The war devastated Transylvania, which was occupied by the Habsburg imperial army, and General Basta introduced a reign of terror. The nobility and the burghers were upset about the terror, the plundering mercenaries and the violent Counter-Reformation. Bocskai István decided to lead their uprising after the Habsburg emperor tried to confiscate his estates. Bocskai also rallied the hajdú warriors to his side. He was elected Prince of Transylvania and soon liberated the Kingdom of Hungary from the Habsburgs. In 1605 Bocskai István was crowned King of Hungary with the crown he received from the Turks.
23 June 1606
Peace of Vienna
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23 June 1606
Bocski István made peace with Emperor Rudolf. Their agreement secured the constitutional rights of the Estates of Hungary, and the freedom of religion. The counties of Szatmár, Bereg and Ugocsa were annexed to the Principality of Transylvania. Bocskai died of illness in the same year, leaving to his successors the idea of unifying Hungary from Transylvania.
December, 1610
Prince Báthory Gábor of Transylvania launched a campaign for the throne of Wallachia, which was the vassal of the Habsburgs at that time. Voivode Radu Serban fled, and Báthory captured his capitol, Targoviste, without any resistance. He wanted to gain the consent of the Turks by saying that his campaign was part of the preparation for the conquest of Poland, but the Turks didn't give their consent.
1611
Weiss Mihály, Judge of Brassó, denied the entrance to the town for Prince Báthory Gábor of Transylvania. Instead, he turned to Radu Serban, the former voivode of Wallachia removed by Báthory, for help. Radu crossed the mountains with his mercenaries and took Báthory by surprise at Szentpéter on 8 July. The Prince retreated to Szeben. Radu besieged Szeben and Forgách Zsigmond, the captain of Kassa, hurried to his aid without the approval of the nádor of Hungary. Báthory was saved by the army of Pasha Omer of Bosnia, from which both Radu and Forgách also fled.
1612
Prince Báthory Gábor tried to convince the Estates of Transylvania to join the Habsburgs, but they did not want to agree. Ghéczy András gained the support of the Turks against Báthory.
1612
The army of the town of Brassó rebelling against Prince Báthori Gábor of Transylvania captured the castle with a second assault.
October 15, 1612
Prince Báthory Gábor of Transylvania defeated the combined armies of Ghéczy András and the Saxons of Brassó. Judge Weiss Mihály was also killed in the battle. The decisive battle was fought on the plain of Földvár, when the mercenaries of Weiss Mihály, Judge of Brassó, ran away and the soldiers of Prince Báthori Gábor slaughtered most of the remaining Saxon students. The judge was also killed in his flight and his head put on display in the Saxon town of Nagyszeben.
1613
Instead of the violently ruling and immoral Báthory Gábor, the Transylvanian estates elected Bethlen Gábor, who was supported by the Turks, as their prince. At that time, the fallen prince was staying in Várad, and was willing to hand over the most important border fortress of Transylvania to the Turks just to keep the throne, but the hajdú warriors hired by Ghéczy András murdered him on 27 October, 1613.
1619
The campaign of Prince Bethlen Gábor of Transylvania in the Thirty Years' War
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1619
At the beginning of the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648), Prince Bethlen Gábor of Transylvania went to war against the Habsburg emperor as an ally of the rebelling Czech-Moravian-Austrian estates. The whole Kingdom of Hungary joined him, only the Austrian defenders of Pozsony had to be put to the sword. With his allies, he laid siege to Vienna. However, he was forced to abandon the siege because the Habsburg-loyal Hungarian aristocrat Homonnai Drugeth György attacked his heartland with Polish mercenaries. On 25 August 1620, the Diet of Besztercebánya elected Bethlen Gábor King of Hungary as vassal of the Turks. He continued to fight after the defeat of the Czechs at White Mountain on 8 November 1620, but without real chance to achieve decisive victory, he decided to come to an agreement with Emperor Ferdinand II.
31 December 1621
Peace of Nikolsburg
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31 December 1621
Prince Bethlen Gábor of Transylvania made peace with Emperor Ferdinand II. Their agreement secured the constitutional rights of the Estates of Hungary, and later it was supplemented with the freedom of religion. Bethlen renounced the title of King of Hungary in exchange for seven counties of the Upper Tisza region (Szabolcs, Szatmár, Bereg, Ugocsa, Zemplén, Borsod, Abaúj) for the rest of his life, other estates in Hungary as his private property and the imperial title of Duke of Oppeln and Ratibor (Opole and Racibórz), one of the Duchies of Silesia. Prince Bethlen went to war against the Habsburgs in 1623 and 1626, but was unable to negotiate more favourable terms.
1664
Victory over the Turks at Szentgotthárd and the shameful Peace of Vasvár
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1664
The imperial army achieved a significant victory over the Turks at the battle of Szentgotthárd. Despite this, Emperor Leopold I concluded a 20-year peace treaty with the Turks at Vasvár on terms that made it look as if the Turks had won. This caused a huge outcry in Europe and among the Hungarian nobility, who expected the country to be liberated after the victory. The formerly Habsburg-loyal Catholic Hungarian barons began to plot against the Emperor with the leadership of Wesselényi Ferenc. In 1668, at the end of the Franco-Spanish War, King Louis XIV of France withdrew his support for the conspiracy, and the support of the Turks was not obtained.
1671
Exposure of the Wesselényi conspiracy
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1671
After the exposure of the anti-Hapsburg Wesselényi conspiracy, the main organisers, Zrínyi Péter, Nádasdy Ferenc and Frangepán Ferenc were executed. Wesselényi Ferenc died in 1667. The Croatian uprising, which was part of the conspiracy, was crushed by the Habsburgs in 1670.
after 1671
Kuruc Movement
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after 1671
Many noble, burgher and preacher fled to the Principality of Transylvania and the territory under Turkish occupation from the reprisals after the exposure of the anti-Habsburg Wesselényi-conspiracy and from the violent Counter-Reformation. They were joined by dismissed Hungarian soldiers of the Turkish border forts, who were replaced by German mercenaries. They were called the fugitives (bujdosók). They started an armed movement against the Habsburg rule. Because of the Turkish ban, the Principality of Transylvania could not openly support them. From 1677, the French supported their cause with money and Polish mercenaries. They achieved their first serious success when they temporarily occupied the mining towns of northern Hungary (now central Slovakia) under the command of Thököly lmre. He then became the sole leader of the movement. In 1679, the French made peace with Emperor Leopold I and withdrew their support for the fugitives. Between 1678 and 1681 Thököly Imre led successful raids against the Habsburgs and their supporters in the territory of the Kingdom of Hungary. The insurgents were called kurucs.
1682
Thököly Imre, Prince of Upper Hungary
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1682
Thököly Imre, the leader of the kuruc insurgents, gained the support of the Turks. He launched a campaign against the Habsburgs in the Kingdom of Hungary. With the support of the Turkish army, he occupied the town of Kassa and also the important stronghold of Fülek. He was then recognized by the Turks as King of Hungary, but he chose the title of Prince of Upper Hungary.
1683
Turkish defeat at Vienna and the formation of the Holy League
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1683
The combined armies of the Habsburg Empire and the Kingdom of Poland defeated the Turkish army besieging Vienna. Emperor Leopold I wanted to make peace with the Turks, but was refused by Sultan Mehmed IV. In 1684, at the persistent urging of Pope Innocent XI, the Holy League, an alliance of the Kingdom of Poland, the Habsburg Empire, the Republic of Venice and the Papal States, was formed to expel the Turks from Hungary. Thököly Imre, who had allied himself with the Turks, was gradually driven out of northern Hungary.
1685
The Turkish captivity of Thököly Imre and the fall of the kuruc movement
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1685
The Pasha of Várad captured Thököly Imre as he was asking for Turkish help and offered him to Emperor Leopold I for peace. But the Imperial emissaries laughed at his face, because, having the upper hand, they no longer cared for Thököly. On the news of his capture, the town of Kassa and the kuruc strongholds surrendered to the Emperor one after the other. The Turks, seeing their fatal mistake, released Thököly the following year and tried to restore his authority, but his power was broken forever and the Hungarian insurgents no longer trusted the Turks. Most of the insurgents joined the imperial army and helped to liberate the rest of Hungary from the Turks.
1686
Recapture of Buda and the liberation of Hungary from the Turks
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1686
The army of the Holy League recaptured Buda from the Turks by siege. In 1687, the Imperial army invaded the Principality of Transylvania. The liberation was hindered by the French breaking their promise of peace in 1688 and attacking the Habsburg Empire. By 1699, when the Peace of Karlóca was signed, all of Hungary and Croatia had been liberated from the Ottoman Empire with the exception of Temesköz, the area bounded by the Maros, the Tisza and the Danube rivers. It was not until the Peace of Požarevac in 1718 that Temesköz was liberated from the Turks. However, the continuous war against the Turkish invaders and the Habsburg autocracy, which lasted for more than 150 years, wiped out large areas of the Hungarian population, which had previously made up 80% of the country's population, and was replaced by Vlachs (Romanians), Serbs and other Slavic settlers and Germans. The Habsburgs also favoured the settlement of these foreign peoples over the 'rebellious' Hungarians.
August 21, 1690
Thököly Imre, the former leader of the anti-Habsburg Hungarian kuruc uprising, crossed the mountains with Turkish and Wallachian auxiliaries, attacked the imperial army of General Heisler from behind and defeated him.
September 21, 1690
The nobility of Transylvania joined Thököly Imre and he was elected Prince of Transylvania in Szeben. Soon the combined armies of Castelli and Heisler pushed him out of Transylvania.
1690
Thököly Imre, former Prince of Upper Hungary, camped here with his army for a short time after he returned to Transylvania with Turkish and Tatar auxiliary troops and defeated the imperial army in the battle of Zernyest.
1690
Transylvania became part of the Kingdom of Hungary again, with internal autonomy and freedom of religion
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1690
According to the Diploma Leopoldinum issued by Emperor Leopold I, Transylvania became part of the Kingdom of Hungary again and Hungarian law remained in force. The three nations (the Hungarians, the Székelys – who are also Hungarians –, and the Saxons) administered its internal affairs with autonomy and the freedom of religion was also preserved. The incorporation of Transylvania into the Habsburg Empire was prevented by the temporary election of Thököly Imre as Prince of Transylvania in 1690 with Turkish help.
1703-1711
Hungarian War of Independence led by Prince Rákóczi Ferenc II
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1703-1711
After the expulsion of the Turks, the Habsburgs treated Hungary as a newly conquered province and did not respect its constitution. The serfs rose up against the Habsburg ruler because of the sufferings caused by the war and the heavy burdens, and they invited Rákóczi Ferenc II to lead them. Trusting in the help promised by King Louis XIV of France, he accepted. Rákóczi rallied the nobility to his side, and soon most of the country was under his control. The rebels were called the kurucs. In 1704, the French and the Bavarians were defeated at the Battle of Blenheim, depriving the Hungarians of their international allies. The Rusyn, Slovak and Vlach peasants and the Saxons of Szepes supported the fight for freedom, while the Serbs in the south and the Saxons in Transylvania served the Habsburgs. Due to lack of funds Rákóczi could not raise a strong regular army, and in 1710, Hungary was also hit by a severe plague. Rákóczi tried unsuccessfully to forge an alliance with Tsar Peter the Great of Russia. In his absence, without his knowledge, his commander-in-chief, Károlyi Sándor, accepted Emperor Joseph I's peace offer. The Peace of Szatmár formally restored the Hungarian constitution and religious freedom and granted amnesty, but did not ease the burden of serfdom. Rákóczi refused to accept the pardon and went into exile. He died in Rodosto, Turkey.
1703-1711
The castle didn't play any role in the Hungarian War of Independence led by Rákóczi Ferenc II. The neighbourhood, with its centre in Brassó, was firmly held by the Habsburg imperial army.
1848-1849
Hungarian Revolution and War of Independence
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1848-1849
Following the news of the Paris Revolution on 22 February 1848, the Hungarian liberal opposition led by Kossuth Lajos demanded the abolition of serfdom, the abolition of the tax exemption of the nobility, a parliament elected by the people, and an independent and accountable national government. The revolution that broke out in Pest on 15 March expressed its demands in 12 points, which, in addition to the above mentioned, included the freedom of the press, equality before the law, the release of the political prisoners and the union with Transylvania. A Hungarian government was formed, Batthyány Lajos became prime minister, and on 11 April Emperor Ferdinand V ratified the reform laws. On August 31 the Emperor demanded the repeal of the laws threatening with military intervention. In September the Emperor unleashed the army of Jelacic, Ban of Croatia, on Hungary, but they were defeated by the Hungarians in the Battle of Pákozd on 29 September. An open war began for the independence of Hungary. The Habsburgs incited the nationalities against the Hungarians. The Rusyns, the Slovenes and most of the Slovaks and Germans supported the cause persistently, but the Vlachs (Romanians) and the Serbians turned against the Hungarians. The glorious Spring Campaign in 1849 led by General Görgei Artúr liberated almost all of Hungary. On 1 May 1849, Emperor Franz Joseph, effectively admitting defeat, asked for the help of Tsar Nicholas I of Russia, who sent an intervention army of 200,000 soldiers against Hungary. The resistance became hopeless against the overwhelming enemy forces and on 13 August Görgei Artúr surrendered to the Russians at Világos. Bloody reprisals followed, and on 6 October 1849, 12 generals and a colonel of the Hungarian Revolution, the martyrs of Arad, were executed in Arad. On the same day, Batthyány Lajos, the first Hungarian Prime Minister, was executed by firing squad in Pest. The Habsburgs introduced total authoritarianism in Hungary, but they also failed to fulfil their promises to the nationalities that had betrayed the Hungarians.
1850s
The local Saxons used the building as storages.
1867
Austro-Hungarian Compromise
Little more...
1867
The Habsburg Empire was weakened by the defeats it suffered in the implementation of Italian and German unity. The Hungarians wanted to return to the reform laws of 1848, but they did not have the strength to do so. Emperor Franz Joseph and the Hungarian opposition, led by Deák Ferenc, finally agreed to restructure the Empire and abolish absolutism. Hungary was given autonomy in its internal affairs, with its own government and parliament, which was essential for the development of its economy and culture. However, foreign and military affairs remained in the hands of the Habsburgs and served their aspiration for becoming a great power. The majority wanted Hungary's independence, but they were excluded from political power.
1870s
Orbán Balázs visited the settlement and was outraged to see the castle's walls being demolished. The miserly Saxon inhabitants demolished the gate tower and the adjacent walls to cover the costs of the construction of the local barracks imposed upon them. The dilapidation of the castle continued in the following century and it was culminated by the earthquake in 1977, when large portions of the wall collapsed.
4 June 1920
Trianon Dictate
Little more...
4 June 1920
Hungary was forced to sign the Treaty of Trianon, although the country was not invited to the peace talks. Hungary lost two thirds of its territory that had belonged to it for more than 1000 years. One-third of the Hungarian population came under foreign rule. On the basis of the national principle, countries with a more mixed and less ethnically balanced composition than the former Hungary were created, such as Czechoslovakia and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later Yugoslavia). For example, while 48% of the population of the territory ceded to Czechoslovakia was Slovak and 30% Hungarian, 54% of the population of the former Hungary was Hungarian and 10.6% Slovak. And in the territory that is now part of Serbia, the Hungarians outnumbered the Serbs. The part of the territory allocated to Romania from Hungary was larger than the remaining territory of Hungary, despite the fact that there were 10 million Hungarians and less than 3 million Romanians in the former Hungary. While Hungary used to have the most liberal nationality policy in Europe, the successor states had no respect at all for the national and cultural rights of the indigenous Hungarians and engaged in forced assimilation. The Trianon Dictate destroyed the organic economic unity of the region. Before the First World War, Hungary had a dynamic economy, more advanced than Spain's. After 1920, the successor states formed the so-called "Little Entente", putting Hungary under an economic blockade and sabotaging it on the international stage.
autumn, 1944
The Romanian paramilitary organization called Maniu Guard committed a series of murders and robberies against the Hungarian population of Transylvania. They murdered 200 innocent civilians in September and in October. The members of the Maniu Guard and the Romanian gendarmes interned thousands of Hungarians in death camps. 4000 Hungarians, including 450 children, were taken to Barcaföldvár (near Brassó) and other camps (e.g. Tagru Jiu) only from Maros-Torda County. Most of them died in the camps due to cruel treatment. When the death camp at Barcaföldvár was shut down on 29 October 1945, only 90 captives were alive.
November 12, 1944
The Soviet General Vinogradov expelled the Romanian authorities from northern Transylvania because of the ethnic cleansing committed by the Maniu Guard. The Romanian authorities were allowed to return after the establishment of the Petru Groza government on 6 March 1945.
Source: varak.hu , Wikipedia, wikipedia: Barcaföldvári vár , konfliktuskutato.hu/: Erdély, 1944 ősze: román atrocitások a magyarok ellen , arcanum.hu - Bánlaky József: A magyar nemzet hadtörténelme
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{"item":"castle","set":{"castleId":183,"townId":0,"active":1,"name_LO":"Cetatea Feldioara","settlement_HU":"Barcaf\u00f6ldv\u00e1r","settlement_LO":"Feldioara","address":"","listorder":11,"gps_lat":"45.8202860000","gps_long":"25.6060290000","oldcounty":40,"country":4,"division":22,"cond":1,"entrance":1,"varaklink":"https:\/\/varak.hu\/latnivalo\/index\/1309-Foldvar-var\/","homepage":"https:\/\/www.primaria-feldioara.ro\/cetatea-feldioara-marienburg\/","openinghours":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Stan Ioan Ovidiu, CC BY-SA 4.0 \u003Chttps:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Cetatea_Feldioara_(1).jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Cetatea Feldioara (1)\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/17\/Cetatea_Feldioara_%281%29.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Cetatea_Feldioara_(1).jpg\u0022\u003EStan Ioan Ovidiu\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 4.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Barcaf\u00f6ldv\u00e1r Castle;Marienburg","georegion":"Barcas\u00e1g","description":"","nameorigin":"","history":"#1|@#3|@1211|King Andrew II of Hungary donated the land called Borza (present day Barcas\u00e1g), which became deserted due to the Cuman raids, to the Teutonic knights (the crusaders of the Saint Mary hospital in Acre). They were supposed to help defend the southern borders of Hungary and to participate in the conversion of the Cumans to Christianity. The King of Hungary granted them extensive privileges.@after 1211|The Teutonic knights built several wooden castles, including the one in F\u00f6ldv\u00e1r, and even conquered a large part of Cumania (present day Wallachia), where they built a castle and made it their European headquarters. Dominican monks led by Blessed Paul the Hungarian (Paulus Hungarus) converted most of the Cumans and Pechenegs to Christianity.@1222|King Andrew II allowed the knights to build stone castles and recognised their jurisdiction over the territory spreading from the Carpathian mountain ranges to the Danube River and to the land of the Vlachs.@1224|The Grand Master of the Teutonic Order, Hermann of Salza, offered all the lands received from the Hungarian king and conquered from the Cumans to the Pope as a vassal state independent from Hungary. Pope Honorius III accepted it and encouraged them to fight. The Order had already begun arbitrary seizures of territory and the capture of royal soldiers, which led King Andrew III to complain to the Pope.@1225|King Andrew II drove the Teutonic Order out of Hungary because of their treason. The Hungarian king captured the knights' headquarters in Cumania as well. The Teutonic knights then fled through Moldavia to Polish territory. After that, the relationship between King Andrew II and the Pope became cold for a long time. The Saxon settlers were allowed to stay in Hungary and keep their privileges since they hadn\u2019t aided the knights.@1240|The fortification of F\u00f6ldv\u00e1r was mentioned for the first time. Its name Castrum Sancte Mariae refers to Virgin Mary, the patron saint of the Teutonic Order.@#5|@1345|According to the tradition the Tatar raiders destroyed the old castle, and the present one was built in the 15th century on a nearby hill. This was a typical Saxon peasant castle.@#8|@1528|King John I suffered a decisive defeat on 20 March in the battle of Szina and fled to Poland. Ferdinand I was crowned King of Hungary and he took control of Transylvania as well. After King John I was let down by his French and Polish allies, he asked the Sultan for help@1529|The Turks launched a campaign and captured Buda, the capitol of Hungary, and handed it over to King John I, whom they recognized as King of Hungary.@1529|Voivode Petru Rare\u0219 of Moldova broke into Transylvania with the consent of the Sultan, and, in alliance with the Sz\u00e9kelys, they defeated the army of King Ferdinand I at F\u00f6ldv\u00e1r (near Brass\u00f3) on 29 June. As the Saxons refused to swear loyalty to King John I even after Buda was taken back from Ferdinand, the voivode returned at the end of October and helped Kun Kocs\u00e1rd, the commander of King John I, crush the Saxons at F\u00f6ldv\u00e1r again.@June 1529|The Saxons supporting King Ferdinand and the imperial army of Enyingi T\u00f6r\u00f6k B\u00e1lint clashed with the army of King John I on the field under the castle. The bloody battle brought the victory of King John I.@#9|@#10|@#12|@October 17, 1599|Instigated by Emperor Rudolf, Voivode Mihai (Viteazul) of Wallachia broke into Transylvania through the Bodza Pass, after Prince B\u00e1thory Zsigmond, contrary to his promise, hand over power over Transylvania to his cousin Cardinal B\u00e1thory Andr\u00e1s instead of Emperor Rudolf. Voivode Mihai sided with the Sz\u00e9kelys, who were dissatisfied with the B\u00e1thory dynasty, by promising to restore their rights, and with their help he defeated the army of Prince B\u00e1thory Andr\u00e1s at Sellenberk on 28 October.@November 1, 1599|Voivode Mihai Viteazul of Wallachia marched into Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r, the capitol of Transylvania, and took over power as governor appointed by Emperor Rudolf. But soon he started to act on his own behalf and introduced a reign of terror. He arbitrarily appointed Wallachian boyars to every position, looted the treasury and his unpaid mercenaries plundered and murdered throughout the land. The Vlach peasants rose up and started to exterminate Hungarian and Saxon population in Transylvania, which had a Hungarian majority at that time.@1599|Voivode Mihai of Wallachia burned the settlement.@September 18, 1600|Voivode Mihai of Wallachia was defeated in the battle of Miriszl\u00f3 and driven out by the combined armies of the Transylvanian nobility led by B\u00e1thory Zsigmond and General Basta\u2019s imperial mercenaries. At the beginning of next year, the Estates of Transylvanian broke with the Emperor and B\u00e1thory Zsigmond was elected prince once more.@August 3, 1601|The combined armies of General Basta and Voivode Mihai of Wallachia defeated the Transylvanian army of Prince B\u00e1thory Zsigmond in the battle of Goroszl\u00f3. After that, the army of Voivode Mihai sacked and burned the towns of Torda, Nagyenyed and Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r, where they robbed the tombs of the Hunyadi family, King John II of Hungary and his mother Queen Isabella. Then, on 19 August, Voivode Mihai was assassinated by the mercenaries of General Basta, because Mihai tried to usurp the throne of Transylvania once again. Genral Basta also introduced a reign of terror in Transylvania and let his mercenaries ravage freely throughout the land.@July 2, 1602|General Giorgio Basta defeated the army of Sz\u00e9kely M\u00f3zes at T\u00f6vis. Sz\u00e9kely M\u00f3zes became the leader of the Transylvanian uprising against the Habsburg Empire after the battle of Goroszl\u00f3.@1603|General Basta left Transylvania with his imperial army. Sz\u00e9kely M\u00f3zes set out from Temesv\u00e1r with Sz\u00e9kely and Turkish armies to liberate Transylvania. The estates of Transylvania, having enough of Basta\u2019s terror, welcomed him in Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r and elected him Prince of Transylvania on 9 May. The Habsburgs mobilized their vassal, Voivode Radu Serban of Wallachia, who attacked the camp of Sz\u00e9kely M\u00f3zes at Brass\u00f3 at night on 17 July. The Prince was killed and General Basta returned to Transylvania.@1603|The Vlach army of Voivode Radu defeated the army of Prince Sz\u00e9kely M\u00f3zes of Transylvania here.@1604|The inhabitants retreated to the castle from the plundering imperial mercenaries of General Basta, who brought misery to all Transylvania. They could avoid being besieged only by paying a tribute of 7,000 forints.@#13|@#14|@December, 1610|Prince B\u00e1thory G\u00e1bor of Transylvania launched a campaign for the throne of Wallachia, which was the vassal of the Habsburgs at that time. Voivode Radu Serban fled, and B\u00e1thory captured his capitol, Targoviste, without any resistance. He wanted to gain the consent of the Turks by saying that his campaign was part of the preparation for the conquest of Poland, but the Turks didn't give their consent.@1611|Weiss Mih\u00e1ly, Judge of Brass\u00f3, denied the entrance to the town for Prince B\u00e1thory G\u00e1bor of Transylvania. Instead, he turned to Radu Serban, the former voivode of Wallachia removed by B\u00e1thory, for help. Radu crossed the mountains with his mercenaries and took B\u00e1thory by surprise at Szentp\u00e9ter on 8 July. The Prince retreated to Szeben. Radu besieged Szeben and Forg\u00e1ch Zsigmond, the captain of Kassa, hurried to his aid without the approval of the n\u00e1dor of Hungary. B\u00e1thory was saved by the army of Pasha Omer of Bosnia, from which both Radu and Forg\u00e1ch also fled.@1612|Prince B\u00e1thory G\u00e1bor tried to convince the Estates of Transylvania to join the Habsburgs, but they did not want to agree. Gh\u00e9czy Andr\u00e1s gained the support of the Turks against B\u00e1thory.@1612|The army of the town of Brass\u00f3 rebelling against Prince B\u00e1thori G\u00e1bor of Transylvania captured the castle with a second assault.@October 15, 1612|Prince B\u00e1thory G\u00e1bor of Transylvania defeated the combined armies of Gh\u00e9czy Andr\u00e1s and the Saxons of Brass\u00f3. Judge Weiss Mih\u00e1ly was also killed in the battle. The decisive battle was fought on the plain of F\u00f6ldv\u00e1r, when the mercenaries of Weiss Mih\u00e1ly, Judge of Brass\u00f3, ran away and the soldiers of Prince B\u00e1thori G\u00e1bor slaughtered most of the remaining Saxon students. The judge was also killed in his flight and his head put on display in the Saxon town of Nagyszeben.@1613|Instead of the violently ruling and immoral B\u00e1thory G\u00e1bor, the Transylvanian estates elected Bethlen G\u00e1bor, who was supported by the Turks, as their prince. At that time, the fallen prince was staying in V\u00e1rad, and was willing to hand over the most important border fortress of Transylvania to the Turks just to keep the throne, but the hajd\u00fa warriors hired by Gh\u00e9czy Andr\u00e1s murdered him on 27 October, 1613.@#15|@#16|@#19|@#20|@#21|@#22|@#23|@#24|@#25|@August 21, 1690|Th\u00f6k\u00f6ly Imre, the former leader of the anti-Habsburg Hungarian kuruc uprising, crossed the mountains with Turkish and Wallachian auxiliaries, attacked the imperial army of General Heisler from behind and defeated him.@September 21, 1690|The nobility of Transylvania joined Th\u00f6k\u00f6ly Imre and he was elected Prince of Transylvania in Szeben. Soon the combined armies of Castelli and Heisler pushed him out of Transylvania.@1690|Th\u00f6k\u00f6ly Imre, former Prince of Upper Hungary, camped here with his army for a short time after he returned to Transylvania with Turkish and Tatar auxiliary troops and defeated the imperial army in the battle of Zernyest.@#26|@#27|@1703-1711|The castle didn't play any role in the Hungarian War of Independence led by R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Ferenc II. The neighbourhood, with its centre in Brass\u00f3, was firmly held by the Habsburg imperial army.@#28|@1850s|The local Saxons used the building as storages.@#30|@1870s|Orb\u00e1n Bal\u00e1zs visited the settlement and was outraged to see the castle's walls being demolished. The miserly Saxon inhabitants demolished the gate tower and the adjacent walls to cover the costs of the construction of the local barracks imposed upon them. The dilapidation of the castle continued in the following century and it was culminated by the earthquake in 1977, when large portions of the wall collapsed.@#36|@autumn, 1944|The Romanian paramilitary organization called Maniu Guard committed a series of murders and robberies against the Hungarian population of Transylvania. They murdered 200 innocent civilians in September and in October. The members of the Maniu Guard and the Romanian gendarmes interned thousands of Hungarians in death camps. 4000 Hungarians, including 450 children, were taken to Barcaf\u00f6ldv\u00e1r (near Brass\u00f3) and other camps (e.g. Tagru Jiu) only from Maros-Torda County. Most of them died in the camps due to cruel treatment. When the death camp at Barcaf\u00f6ldv\u00e1r was shut down on 29 October 1945, only 90 captives were alive.@November 12, 1944|The Soviet General Vinogradov expelled the Romanian authorities from northern Transylvania because of the ethnic cleansing committed by the Maniu Guard. The Romanian authorities were allowed to return after the establishment of the Petru Groza government on 6 March 1945.&wikipedia: Barcaf\u00f6ldv\u00e1ri v\u00e1r|https:\/\/hu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Barcaf%C3%B6ldv%C3%A1ri_v%C3%A1r\nkonfliktuskutato.hu\/: Erd\u00e9ly, 1944 \u0151sze: rom\u00e1n atrocit\u00e1sok a magyarok ellen|http:\/\/konfliktuskutato.hu\/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=319:erdely-1944-sze-roman-atrocitasok-a-magyarok-ellen&catid=39:dka-hatter&Itemid=203"},"language":"en","region":"romania","regionid":4,"offer":[{"id":"112","settlement_HU":"Szal\u00e1rd","settlement_LO":"S\u0103lard","gps_lat":"47.2378340000","gps_long":"22.0440240000","cond":"6","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Utilizator:Grossecali at ro.wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0 <http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Cetatea_Adorjan_Salard.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022256\u0022 alt=\u0022Cetatea Adorjan Salard\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/2e\/Cetatea_Adorjan_Salard.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Cetatea_Adorjan_Salard.jpg\u0022\u003EUtilizator:Grossecali at ro.wikipedia\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Adorj\u00e1n","seolink":"adorjan-castle"},{"id":"113","settlement_HU":"V\u00e1ralm\u00e1s","settlement_LO":"Alma\u0219u","gps_lat":"46.9361130000","gps_long":"23.1472870000","cond":"6","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022almasu2012, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Le_ch%C3%A2teau_m%C3%A9dieval_de_Almasu_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Le ch\u00e2teau m\u00e9dieval de Almasu - 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Commons","name":"Nagyb\u00e1nya Castle ","seolink":"nagybanya-castle-cetatea-baia-mare"},{"id":"117","settlement_HU":"Gyergy\u00f3szentmikl\u00f3s","settlement_LO":"Gheorgheni","gps_lat":"46.7284390000","gps_long":"25.6346430000","cond":"7","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Ukiy, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Chapelle_ch%C3%A2teau_Both_Both_v%C3%A1rai_k%C3%A1polna.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Chapelle ch\u00e2teau Both Both v\u00e1rai k\u00e1polna\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/bb\/Chapelle_ch%C3%A2teau_Both_Both_v%C3%A1rai_k%C3%A1polna.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Chapelle_ch%C3%A2teau_Both_Both_v%C3%A1rai_k%C3%A1polna.jpg\u0022\u003EUkiy\u003C\/a\u003E, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Both Castle","seolink":"gyergyoszentmiklos-both-castle-gheorgheni"},{"id":"118","settlement_HU":"Cenk-hegy, Brass\u00f3","settlement_LO":"T\u00e2mpa, Bra\u0219ov","gps_lat":"45.6334490000","gps_long":"25.5921770000","cond":"6","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Ecologicmarket, CC BY-SA 3.0 \u003Chttps:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Tampa_Natural_Reservation_from_Brasov_Romania.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Tampa Natural Reservation from Brasov Romania\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/82\/Tampa_Natural_Reservation_from_Brasov_Romania.jpg\/512px-Tampa_Natural_Reservation_from_Brasov_Romania.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Tampa_Natural_Reservation_from_Brasov_Romania.jpg\u0022\u003EEcologicmarket\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca 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href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Csics%C3%B3v%C3%A1r_(Vas%C3%A1rnapi_%C3%BAjs%C3%A1g_1866._35._sz%C3%A1m).jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Csics\u00f3v\u00e1r (Vas\u00e1rnapi \u00fajs\u00e1g 1866. 35. sz\u00e1m)\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/6f\/Csics%C3%B3v%C3%A1r_%28Vas%C3%A1rnapi_%C3%BAjs%C3%A1g_1866._35._sz%C3%A1m%29.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Csics%C3%B3v%C3%A1r_(Vas%C3%A1rnapi_%C3%BAjs%C3%A1g_1866._35._sz%C3%A1m).jpg\u0022\u003EUnknown author\u003C\/a\u003E, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Csics\u00f3 Castle","seolink":"csicso-castle-cetatea-ciceului"},{"id":"122","settlement_HU":"Sz\u00e9kelyudvarhely","settlement_LO":"Odorheiu Secuiesc","gps_lat":"46.3055270000","gps_long":"25.2960670000","cond":"4","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Andrei kokelburg, CC BY-SA 3.0 RO 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title=\u0022Nenea hartia, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Drencova_Romania.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Drencova Romania\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/eb\/Drencova_Romania.jpg\/512px-Drencova_Romania.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Drencova_Romania.jpg\u0022\u003ENenea hartia\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 4.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Drank\u00f3 Castle","seolink":"dranko-castle"},{"id":"124","settlement_HU":"Facs\u00e1d","settlement_LO":"F\u0103get","gps_lat":"45.8662280000","gps_long":"22.1741410000","cond":"6","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Yo6own, CC BY-SA 3.0 RO 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