Arad Fortress
Cetatea Aradului
Arad Fortress
FlorinCB, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons
Condition:
Ruined
Entrance:
Closed to the public
Settlement:
Historical Hungarian county:
Arad
Country:
Romania
County:
Arad
Geographic region:
Maros Plain, Great Hungarian Plain
GPS coordinates:
46.171332, 21.331997
Google map:
History
895
Arrival of the Hungarians
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895
The alliance of the seven Hungarian tribes took possession of the then largely uninhabited Carpathian Basin. Until then, the sparse Slavic population of the north-western Carpathians had lived under Moravian rule for a few decades after the collapse of the Avar Khaganate in the early 9th century.
1000
Foundation of the Hungarian Kingdom
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1000
The Kingdom of Hungary was established with the coronation of King Stephen I. He converted the Hungarians to Christianity and created two archdioceses (Esztergom and Kalocsa) and ten dioceses. He divided Hungary into counties led by ispáns, who were appointed by the king.
1000's
The pagan leader Ajtony broke away from the Christian Kingdom of Hungary ruled by King Stephen I. He established his centre in Marosvár and allied himself to the Bulgars. Ajtony's ethnic origin is unknown, but his name comes from the Turk Altyn word, which means gold. His state is taken to be Proto-Romanian by official Romanian history without any credible evidence. His people were engaged in animal husbandry (horse and cattle breeding) and to a smaller extent in cultivation of land. The most important income of Ajtony was the duty levied arbitrarily on salt transported on the Maros River.
1019
Basil II the Bulgar Slayer, Byzantine Emperor, occupied Bulgaria. Ajtony pledged allegiance to the Greek emperor. He was baptized in Vidin and he invited Greek monks to his domain, but he continued to have seven wives according to the custom of the Bulgar aristocracy and lived a pagan life.
1028
After the death of Emperor Basil II, King Stephen I of Hungary sent an army to deal with Ajtony. According to the legend, Csanád, the leader of the Hungarian army, lost the first battle. But when St. George appeared in his dream in the form of a lion, he immediately set off and attacked the camp of Ajtony by night. The Hungarian army defeated Ajtony on the plain near Nagyősz, who was beheaded. King Stephen I renamed Marosvár to Csanád after the victorious commander and made him the firts ispán of Csanád County.
1029
Arad County was established after the defeat of Ajtony. The name Arad comes from a personal name. Arad (Urod, Orod) was most likely the name of the fist ispán of the castle appointed by King Stephen I after the victory over Ajtony.
11th century
It was the centre of a castle county. The first castle stood 7 kilometres to the east from the present-day town in the territory of the former village of Öthalom or Glogovác.
1132
The castle was mentioned for the first time. This was not identical to the present-day fortress. It stood 7 kilometres to the east.
1241-1242
Mongol Invasion
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1241-1242
The hordes of the Mongol Empire invaded Hungary and almost completely destroyed it. One third to one half of the population was destroyed. The Mongols also suffered heavy losses in the battle of Muhi and they could not hunt down the king. After their withdrawal, King Béla IV reorganized Hungary. He allowed the feudal lords to build stone castles because they were able to successfully resist the nomadic Mongols. The vast majority of stone castles were built after this. The king called in German, Vlach (Romanian) and Slavic settlers to replace the destroyed population.
1241-42
Mongols destroyed the castle and the town of Arad (Orod). The town was burned to ashes and could hardly recover. The present-day town was founded by refugees fleeing from the Turkish raids on Hungary west of the old town of Orod on the banks of the Maros River.
1285
The town was devastated by the second Mongol invasion. In the following centuries Arad was not mentioned as a castle.
after 1241
Cumans and Vlachs settled in the neighbourhood.
1301
The extinction of the House of Árpád
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1301
The House of Árpád, the first Hungarian royal dynasty, died out with the death of King Andrew III. Hungary was ruled by oligarchs, the most powerful of whom was Csák Máté, whose main ally was the Aba family. King Charles I (1308-1342), supported by the Pope, eventually emerged as the most prominent of the contenders for the Hungarian throne. But it took decades to break the power of the oligarchs.
1526
Battle of Mohács and the splitting of Hungary into two parts
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1526
Sultan Suleiman I launched a war against Vienna, instigated by the French. Ferdinand I, Duke of Austria, was the brother-in-law of King Louis II of Hungary. The army of the Ottoman Empire defeated the much smaller Hungarian army at Mohács, and King Louis II died in the battle. A group of the barons elected Ferdinand I of the House of Habsburg to the throne, who promised to defend Hungary from the Turks. He was the younger brother of the most powerful European monarch Emperor Charles V. But the nobility chose the most powerful Hungarian baron, Szapolyai János, who was also crowned as King John I. The country was split in two and a decades-long struggle for power began.
1541
The Turkish occupation of the capital, Buda, and the division of Hungary into three parts
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1541
The Turks conquered Buda, the capital of Hungary, after the death of King John I. The central part of the country was under Turkish rule for 150 years. The western and northern parts (including present-day Slovakia) formed the Kingdom of Hungary ruled by the Habsburg emperors. The eastern parts (now mainly under Romanian rule) were ruled by the successors of King John I of Hungary, who later established the Principality of Transylvania.
1551
The child John Sigismund's guardian, George Martinuzzi, with Castaldo's imperial army, forced Queen Isabella to surrender the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom (including Transylvania) to King Ferdinand I. Isabella left for Poland with her child, the heir to the throne. The Turks then launched a punitive campaign against Hungary.
September 18, 1551
The Turks conquered the castle of Arad. The Turks completely destroyed the town and slaughtered its inhabitants.
1552 - 1554
The Turks built a new palisade near the present-day bridge of Újarad.
until 1554
Arad was the seat of a sanjak.
1556
The Estates of Transylvania, dissatisfied with Habsburg rule, recalled Queen Isabella to the throne, to which the Sultan gave his consent. On her return, she regained control of eastern Hungary.
1570
The establishment of the Principality of Transylvania
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1570
John II (John Sigismund), the son of King John I of Hungary, renounced the title of King of Hungary in favor of King Maximilian of the House of Habsburg, and henceforth held the title of Prince. This formally created the Principality of Transylvania, which was the eastern half of Hungary not ruled by the Habsburgs and was also a vassal of the Ottoman Empire. John II died in 1571, after which the three nations of Transylvania (the Hungarian nobility, the Székelys and the Saxons) elected the prince.
1591-1606
Fifteen Years' War
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1591-1606
The Ottoman Empire started a war against the Habsburg Empire. The war was waged in the territory of Hungary. The Turks defeated the combined armies of the Habsburg Empire and the Principality of Transylvania in the battle of Mezőkeresztes in 1596, but their victory was not decisive. The war devastated the Principality of Transylvania, which was occupied by the Habsburg army, and General Basta introduced a reign of terror.
June 11, 1594
Prince Báthory Zsigmond of Transylvania openly declared his break with the Ottoman Empire.
May 27, 1595
Prince Báthory Zsigmond of Transylvania appointed the battle-hardened Borbély György Bán of Karánsebes and Lugos. Borbély defeated the army of the Pasha of Temesvár at Facsád on 13 August and liberated Lippa on 1 September. Then he pressed on as far as Arad and liberated that town either, and several castles on his way.
1595
The army of Prince Báthory Zsigmond of Transylvania liberated Arad in the Thirteen Years War. Captain Szelestey János tried to rebuild and reinforce the castle.
1598
The Turks took the castle back, but Prince Bocskai István of Transylvania took control of Arad at the beginning of the 17th century.
1604-1606
Uprising of Bocskai István
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1604-1606
The alliance of the Habsburgs and the Principality of Transylvania was defeated by the Ottoman Empire in the Fifteen Years' War. The war devastated Transylvania, which was occupied by the Habsburg imperial army, and General Basta introduced a reign of terror. The nobility and the burghers were upset about the terror, the plundering mercenaries and the violent Counter-Reformation. Bocskai István decided to lead their uprising after the Habsburg emperor tried to confiscate his estates. Bocskai also rallied the hajdú warriors to his side. He was elected Prince of Transylvania and soon liberated the Kingdom of Hungary from the Habsburgs. In 1605 Bocskai István was crowned King of Hungary with the crown he received from the Turks.
23 June 1606
Peace of Vienna
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23 June 1606
Bocski István made peace with Emperor Rudolf. Their agreement secured the constitutional rights of the Estates of Hungary, and the freedom of religion. The counties of Szatmár, Bereg and Ugocsa were annexed to the Principality of Transylvania. Bocskai died of illness in the same year, leaving to his successors the idea of unifying Hungary from Transylvania.
1616
Prince Bethlen Gábor of Transylvania had to hand Arad over to the Turks, because they demanded it. Arad County ceased to exist; it was only recreated in 1735.
1619
The campaign of Prince Bethlen Gábor of Transylvania in the Thirty Years' War
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1619
At the beginning of the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648), Prince Bethlen Gábor of Transylvania went to war against the Habsburg emperor as an ally of the rebelling Czech-Moravian-Austrian estates. The whole Kingdom of Hungary joined him, only the Austrian defenders of Pozsony had to be put to the sword. With his allies, he laid siege to Vienna. However, he was forced to abandon the siege because the Habsburg-loyal Hungarian aristocrat Homonnai Drugeth György attacked his heartland with Polish mercenaries. On 25 August 1620, the Diet of Besztercebánya elected Bethlen Gábor King of Hungary as vassal of the Turks. He continued to fight after the defeat of the Czechs at White Mountain on 8 November 1620, but without real chance to achieve decisive victory, he decided to come to an agreement with Emperor Ferdinand II.
31 December 1621
Peace of Nikolsburg
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31 December 1621
Prince Bethlen Gábor of Transylvania made peace with Emperor Ferdinand II. Their agreement secured the constitutional rights of the Estates of Hungary, and later it was supplemented with the freedom of religion. Bethlen renounced the title of King of Hungary in exchange for seven counties of the Upper Tisza region (Szabolcs, Szatmár, Bereg, Ugocsa, Zemplén, Borsod, Abaúj) for the rest of his life, other estates in Hungary as his private property and the imperial title of Duke of Oppeln and Ratibor (Opole and Racibórz), one of the Duchies of Silesia. Prince Bethlen went to war against the Habsburgs in 1623 and 1626, but was unable to negotiate more favourable terms.
1644-1645
The campaign of Prince Rákóczi György I of Transylvania in the Thirty Years' War
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1644-1645
Prince Rákóczi György I of Transylvania allied with the Swedes and the French in the Thirty Years' War and went to war against the Habsburg Emperor Ferdinand III. On 18 July 1645 his army joined forces with Torstenson's Swedish army under Brno (Moravia). The excellent artillery of Transylvania opened fire on the city walls. However, Rákóczi had to give up the siege, having been informed that the Turks were planning a punitive campaign against Transylvania, because he went to war against the Sultan's prohibition.
16 December 1645
Peace of Linz
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16 December 1645
Prince Rákóczi György I of Transylvania made peace with Emperor Ferdinand III. It secured the freedom of religion for the Protestants and extended it also to the serfs. Rákóczi received the same seven Hungarian counties that Prince Bethlen Gábor had also held (Abauj, Zemplén, Borsod, Bereg, Ugocsa, Szabolcs, Szatmár) until his death, and the counties of Szabolcs and Szatmár were also to be inherited by his sons. The Rákóczi family also received several new estates.
1657
Prince Rákóczi György II of Transylvania launched a campaign for the crown of Poland in alliance with Carl X Gustaf of Sweden. His aim was to unite the Hungarian-Polish-Wallachian forces against the Turks. The campaign started successfully with the prince taking Kraków and Warsawa, but then the King of Sweden abandoned him. The vengeful Poles invaded northern Transylvania, burning defenceless villages, destroying churches and castles. Soon the punitive campaign of Turkish and Tatar armies devastated Transylvania, as the prince launched his Polish campaign against the Sultan's will.
July 14, 1658
Prince Rákóczi György II of Transylvania defeated the army of the Pasha of Buda here. The prince captured the town for a short time and set it on fire.
1683
Turkish defeat at Vienna and the formation of the Holy League
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1683
The combined armies of the Habsburg Empire and the Kingdom of Poland defeated the Turkish army besieging Vienna. Emperor Leopold I wanted to make peace with the Turks, but was refused by Sultan Mehmed IV. In 1684, at the persistent urging of Pope Innocent XI, the Holy League, an alliance of the Kingdom of Poland, the Habsburg Empire, the Republic of Venice and the Papal States, was formed to expel the Turks from Hungary. Thököly Imre, who had allied himself with the Turks, was gradually driven out of northern Hungary.
December 5, 1685
Arad was taken back from the Turks.
1686
Recapture of Buda and the liberation of Hungary from the Turks
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1686
The army of the Holy League recaptured Buda from the Turks by siege. In 1687, the Imperial army invaded the Principality of Transylvania. The liberation was hindered by the French breaking their promise of peace in 1688 and attacking the Habsburg Empire. By 1699, when the Peace of Karlóca was signed, all of Hungary and Croatia had been liberated from the Ottoman Empire with the exception of Temesköz, the area bounded by the Maros, the Tisza and the Danube rivers. It was not until the Peace of Požarevac in 1718 that Temesköz was liberated from the Turks. However, the continuous war against the Turkish invaders and the Habsburg autocracy, which lasted for more than 150 years, wiped out large areas of the Hungarian population, which had previously made up 80% of the country's population, and was replaced by Vlachs (Romanians), Serbs and other Slavic settlers and Germans. The Habsburgs also favoured the settlement of these foreign peoples over the 'rebellious' Hungarians.
1688
Arad was liberated from Turkish rule permanently.
1690
Transylvania became part of the Kingdom of Hungary again, with internal autonomy and freedom of religion
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1690
According to the Diploma Leopoldinum issued by Emperor Leopold I, Transylvania became part of the Kingdom of Hungary again and Hungarian law remained in force. The three nations (the Hungarians, the Székelys – who are also Hungarians –, and the Saxons) administered its internal affairs with autonomy and the freedom of religion was also preserved. The incorporation of Transylvania into the Habsburg Empire was prevented by the temporary election of Thököly Imre as Prince of Transylvania in 1690 with Turkish help.
1698
The palisade was repaired.
1699 - 1741
After the Peace of Karlóca, Arad was the seat of the Military Frontier of Maros, which was a special territory under military administration along Turkish border. The Maros River formed the border between the Habsburg ruled Hungary and the Ottoman Empire.
1703-1711
Hungarian War of Independence led by Prince Rákóczi Ferenc II
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1703-1711
After the expulsion of the Turks, the Habsburgs treated Hungary as a newly conquered province and did not respect its constitution. The serfs rose up against the Habsburg ruler because of the sufferings caused by the war and the heavy burdens, and they invited Rákóczi Ferenc II to lead them. Trusting in the help promised by King Louis XIV of France, he accepted. Rákóczi rallied the nobility to his side, and soon most of the country was under his control. The rebels were called the kurucs. In 1704, the French and the Bavarians were defeated at the Battle of Blenheim, depriving the Hungarians of their international allies. The Rusyn, Slovak and Vlach peasants and the Saxons of Szepes supported the fight for freedom, while the Serbs in the south and the Saxons in Transylvania served the Habsburgs. Due to lack of funds Rákóczi could not raise a strong regular army, and in 1710, Hungary was also hit by a severe plague. Rákóczi tried unsuccessfully to forge an alliance with Tsar Peter the Great of Russia. In his absence, without his knowledge, his commander-in-chief, Károlyi Sándor, accepted Emperor Joseph I's peace offer. The Peace of Szatmár formally restored the Hungarian constitution and religious freedom and granted amnesty, but did not ease the burden of serfdom. Rákóczi refused to accept the pardon and went into exile. He died in Rodosto, Turkey.
1750
Empress Maria Theresia forbade the inhabitants of Arad to settle in the neighbourhood of the new fortress that was under construction. The town handed over the island covered with forest at the bend of the Maros River for the purpose of the construction. The regular hexagonal star shape fortress was built in Vauban style according to the plans of General Philipp Ferdinand Harsch.
between 1763 and 1783
The fortress was constructed. It had a perimeter of 3,180 metres and it covered a huge area of 730 thousand square metres. A bastion was located on each sides and it had six gates. The fortress was surrounded with ramparts and moats, which could be flooded by the water of the Maros River when needed. The fortress could accommodate 3,600 soldiers and 296 cannons.
1848-1849
Hungarian Revolution and War of Independence
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1848-1849
Following the news of the Paris Revolution on 22 February 1848, the Hungarian liberal opposition led by Kossuth Lajos demanded the abolition of serfdom, the abolition of the tax exemption of the nobility, a parliament elected by the people, and an independent and accountable national government. The revolution that broke out in Pest on 15 March expressed its demands in 12 points, which, in addition to the above mentioned, included the freedom of the press, equality before the law, the release of the political prisoners and the union with Transylvania. A Hungarian government was formed, Batthyány Lajos became prime minister, and on 11 April Emperor Ferdinand V ratified the reform laws. On August 31 the Emperor demanded the repeal of the laws threatening with military intervention. In September the Emperor unleashed the army of Jelacic, Ban of Croatia, on Hungary, but they were defeated by the Hungarians in the Battle of Pákozd on 29 September. An open war began for the independence of Hungary. The Habsburgs incited the nationalities against the Hungarians. The Rusyns, the Slovenes and most of the Slovaks and Germans supported the cause persistently, but the Vlachs (Romanians) and the Serbians turned against the Hungarians. The glorious Spring Campaign in 1849 led by General Görgei Artúr liberated almost all of Hungary. On 1 May 1849, Emperor Franz Joseph, effectively admitting defeat, asked for the help of Tsar Nicholas I of Russia, who sent an intervention army of 200,000 soldiers against Hungary. The resistance became hopeless against the overwhelming enemy forces and on 13 August Görgei Artúr surrendered to the Russians at Világos. Bloody reprisals followed, and on 6 October 1849, 12 generals and a colonel of the Hungarian Revolution, the martyrs of Arad, were executed in Arad. On the same day, Batthyány Lajos, the first Hungarian Prime Minister, was executed by firing squad in Pest. The Habsburgs introduced total authoritarianism in Hungary, but they also failed to fulfil their promises to the nationalities that had betrayed the Hungarians.
March 17, 1848
Local youths read the 12 points of the Hungarian Revolution out loud in the Hirschl Theatre and recited the National Song (Nemzeti dal) written by Petőfi Sándor. The town's council accepted the 12 points on 20 March, but the fortress remained under Habsburg command.
June 28, 1849
Hungarian forces captured the fortress of Arad after nine months of bloody siege. The imperials left the fortress in accordance with the agreement. The Austrian garrison bombarded the town incessantly during the siege. Arad became the new centre of the Hungarian war of independence.
August 11, 1849
Kossuth Lajos ceded the supreme command of the Hungarian military to General Görgey Artúr in Arad.
August 17, 1849
General Damjanich János gave up the fortress after the Hungarians surrendered to the Russians at Világos. The Austrian commander Haynau moved his headquarters to Arad afterwards.
October 6, 1849
13 Hungarian military commanders (12 generals and 1 colonel) were executed in Arad as retaliation for the Hungarian war of independence. The executions were ordered by Haynau. A stone obelisk was raised on the supposed site of the executions in 1881. The Statue of Liberty was erected in 1890 in memory of the martyrs and the Hungarian war of independence in the main square. The statue was torn down by the Romanian invaders in 1925. The Statue of Liberty could only be re-erected in 2004 in a much less spectacular location next to a Romanian triumphal arch.
1867
Austro-Hungarian Compromise
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1867
The Habsburg Empire was weakened by the defeats it suffered in the implementation of Italian and German unity. The Hungarians wanted to return to the reform laws of 1848, but they did not have the strength to do so. Emperor Franz Joseph and the Hungarian opposition, led by Deák Ferenc, finally agreed to restructure the Empire and abolish absolutism. Hungary was given autonomy in its internal affairs, with its own government and parliament, which was essential for the development of its economy and culture. However, foreign and military affairs remained in the hands of the Habsburgs and served their aspiration for becoming a great power. The majority wanted Hungary's independence, but they were excluded from political power.
1914-1918
World War I
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1914-1918
As part of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, Hungary took part in the war on the side of the Central Powers.
4 June 1920
Trianon Dictate
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4 June 1920
Hungary was forced to sign the Treaty of Trianon, although the country was not invited to the peace talks. Hungary lost two thirds of its territory that had belonged to it for more than 1000 years. One-third of the Hungarian population came under foreign rule. On the basis of the national principle, countries with a more mixed and less ethnically balanced composition than the former Hungary were created, such as Czechoslovakia and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later Yugoslavia). For example, while 48% of the population of the territory ceded to Czechoslovakia was Slovak and 30% Hungarian, 54% of the population of the former Hungary was Hungarian and 10.6% Slovak. And in the territory that is now part of Serbia, the Hungarians outnumbered the Serbs. The part of the territory allocated to Romania from Hungary was larger than the remaining territory of Hungary, despite the fact that there were 10 million Hungarians and less than 3 million Romanians in the former Hungary. While Hungary used to have the most liberal nationality policy in Europe, the successor states had no respect at all for the national and cultural rights of the indigenous Hungarians and engaged in forced assimilation. The Trianon Dictate destroyed the organic economic unity of the region. Before the First World War, Hungary had a dynamic economy, more advanced than Spain's. After 1920, the successor states formed the so-called "Little Entente", putting Hungary under an economic blockade and sabotaging it on the international stage.
Source: varak.hu , Wikipedia, aradvaros.com: Arad története , acta.bibl.u-szeged.hu: Arad rövid története , arcanum.hu - Bánlaky József: A magyar nemzet hadtörténelme
Check out other castles in Transylvania as well!
© OpenStreetMap contributors
{"item":"castle","set":{"castleId":187,"townId":64,"active":1,"name_LO":"Cetatea Aradului","settlement_HU":"Arad","settlement_LO":"Arad","address":"","listorder":5,"gps_lat":"46.1713320000","gps_long":"21.3319970000","oldcounty":27,"country":4,"division":14,"cond":4,"entrance":0,"varaklink":"https:\/\/varak.hu\/latnivalo\/index\/1266-Arad-Var\/","homepage":"http:\/\/cetatea-aradului.ro\/","openinghours":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022FlorinCB, CC BY-SA 3.0 \u003Chttps:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Cetatea_Aradului.png\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Cetatea Aradului\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/dc\/Cetatea_Aradului.png\/512px-Cetatea_Aradului.png\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Cetatea_Aradului.png\u0022\u003EFlorinCB\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Arad Fortress","georegion":"Maros Plain, Great Hungarian Plain","description":"","nameorigin":"","history":"#1|@#3|@1000's|The pagan leader Ajtony broke away from the Christian Kingdom of Hungary ruled by King Stephen I. He established his centre in Marosv\u00e1r and allied himself to the Bulgars. Ajtony's ethnic origin is unknown, but his name comes from the Turk Altyn word, which means gold. His state is taken to be Proto-Romanian by official Romanian history without any credible evidence. His people were engaged in animal husbandry (horse and cattle breeding) and to a smaller extent in cultivation of land. The most important income of Ajtony was the duty levied arbitrarily on salt transported on the Maros River.@1019|Basil II the Bulgar Slayer, Byzantine Emperor, occupied Bulgaria. Ajtony pledged allegiance to the Greek emperor. He was baptized in Vidin and he invited Greek monks to his domain, but he continued to have seven wives according to the custom of the Bulgar aristocracy and lived a pagan life.@1028|After the death of Emperor Basil II, King Stephen I of Hungary sent an army to deal with Ajtony. According to the legend, Csan\u00e1d, the leader of the Hungarian army, lost the first battle. But when St. George appeared in his dream in the form of a lion, he immediately set off and attacked the camp of Ajtony by night. The Hungarian army defeated Ajtony on the plain near Nagy\u0151sz, who was beheaded. King Stephen I renamed Marosv\u00e1r to Csan\u00e1d after the victorious commander and made him the firts isp\u00e1n of Csan\u00e1d County.@1029|Arad County was established after the defeat of Ajtony. The name Arad comes from a personal name. Arad (Urod, Orod) was most likely the name of the fist isp\u00e1n of the castle appointed by King Stephen I after the victory over Ajtony.@11th century|It was the centre of a castle county. The first castle stood 7 kilometres to the east from the present-day town in the territory of the former village of \u00d6thalom or Glogov\u00e1c.@1132|The castle was mentioned for the first time. This was not identical to the present-day fortress. It stood 7 kilometres to the east.@#5|@1241-42|Mongols destroyed the castle and the town of Arad (Orod). The town was burned to ashes and could hardly recover. The present-day town was founded by refugees fleeing from the Turkish raids on Hungary west of the old town of Orod on the banks of the Maros River.@1285|The town was devastated by the second Mongol invasion. In the following centuries Arad was not mentioned as a castle.@after 1241|Cumans and Vlachs settled in the neighbourhood.@#6|@#8|@#9|@1551|The child John Sigismund's guardian, George Martinuzzi, with Castaldo's imperial army, forced Queen Isabella to surrender the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom (including Transylvania) to King Ferdinand I. Isabella left for Poland with her child, the heir to the throne. The Turks then launched a punitive campaign against Hungary.@September 18, 1551|The Turks conquered the castle of Arad. The Turks completely destroyed the town and slaughtered its inhabitants.@1552 - 1554|The Turks built a new palisade near the present-day bridge of \u00dajarad.@until 1554|Arad was the seat of a sanjak.@1556|The Estates of Transylvania, dissatisfied with Habsburg rule, recalled Queen Isabella to the throne, to which the Sultan gave his consent. On her return, she regained control of eastern Hungary.@#10|@#12|@June 11, 1594|Prince B\u00e1thory Zsigmond of Transylvania openly declared his break with the Ottoman Empire.@May 27, 1595|Prince B\u00e1thory Zsigmond of Transylvania appointed the battle-hardened Borb\u00e9ly Gy\u00f6rgy B\u00e1n of Kar\u00e1nsebes and Lugos. Borb\u00e9ly defeated the army of the Pasha of Temesv\u00e1r at Facs\u00e1d on 13 August and liberated Lippa on 1 September. Then he pressed on as far as Arad and liberated that town either, and several castles on his way.@1595|The army of Prince B\u00e1thory Zsigmond of Transylvania liberated Arad in the Thirteen Years War. Captain Szelestey J\u00e1nos tried to rebuild and reinforce the castle.@1598|The Turks took the castle back, but Prince Bocskai Istv\u00e1n of Transylvania took control of Arad at the beginning of the 17th century.@#13|@#14|@1616|Prince Bethlen G\u00e1bor of Transylvania had to hand Arad over to the Turks, because they demanded it. Arad County ceased to exist; it was only recreated in 1735.@#15|@#16|@#17|@#18|@1657|Prince R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Gy\u00f6rgy II of Transylvania launched a campaign for the crown of Poland in alliance with Carl X Gustaf of Sweden. His aim was to unite the Hungarian-Polish-Wallachian forces against the Turks. The campaign started successfully with the prince taking Krak\u00f3w and Warsawa, but then the King of Sweden abandoned him. The vengeful Poles invaded northern Transylvania, burning defenceless villages, destroying churches and castles. Soon the punitive campaign of Turkish and Tatar armies devastated Transylvania, as the prince launched his Polish campaign against the Sultan's will.@July 14, 1658|Prince R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Gy\u00f6rgy II of Transylvania defeated the army of the Pasha of Buda here. The prince captured the town for a short time and set it on fire.@#23|@December 5, 1685|Arad was taken back from the Turks.@#25|@1688|Arad was liberated from Turkish rule permanently.@#26|@1698|The palisade was repaired.@1699 - 1741|After the Peace of Karl\u00f3ca, Arad was the seat of the Military Frontier of Maros, which was a special territory under military administration along Turkish border. The Maros River formed the border between the Habsburg ruled Hungary and the Ottoman Empire.@#27|@1750|Empress Maria Theresia forbade the inhabitants of Arad to settle in the neighbourhood of the new fortress that was under construction. The town handed over the island covered with forest at the bend of the Maros River for the purpose of the construction. The regular hexagonal star shape fortress was built in Vauban style according to the plans of General Philipp Ferdinand Harsch.@between 1763 and 1783|The fortress was constructed. It had a perimeter of 3,180 metres and it covered a huge area of 730 thousand square metres. A bastion was located on each sides and it had six gates. The fortress was surrounded with ramparts and moats, which could be flooded by the water of the Maros River when needed. The fortress could accommodate 3,600 soldiers and 296 cannons.@#28|@March 17, 1848|Local youths read the 12 points of the Hungarian Revolution out loud in the Hirschl Theatre and recited the National Song (Nemzeti dal) written by Pet\u0151fi S\u00e1ndor. The town's council accepted the 12 points on 20 March, but the fortress remained under Habsburg command.@June 28, 1849|Hungarian forces captured the fortress of Arad after nine months of bloody siege. The imperials left the fortress in accordance with the agreement. The Austrian garrison bombarded the town incessantly during the siege. Arad became the new centre of the Hungarian war of independence.@August 11, 1849|Kossuth Lajos ceded the supreme command of the Hungarian military to General G\u00f6rgey Art\u00far in Arad.@August 17, 1849|General Damjanich J\u00e1nos gave up the fortress after the Hungarians surrendered to the Russians at Vil\u00e1gos. The Austrian commander Haynau moved his headquarters to Arad afterwards.@October 6, 1849|13 Hungarian military commanders (12 generals and 1 colonel) were executed in Arad as retaliation for the Hungarian war of independence. The executions were ordered by Haynau. A stone obelisk was raised on the supposed site of the executions in 1881. The Statue of Liberty was erected in 1890 in memory of the martyrs and the Hungarian war of independence in the main square. The statue was torn down by the Romanian invaders in 1925. The Statue of Liberty could only be re-erected in 2004 in a much less spectacular location next to a Romanian triumphal arch.@#30|@#31|@#36|&aradvaros.com: Arad t\u00f6rt\u00e9nete|https:\/\/www.aradvaros.com\/scurt-istoric\nacta.bibl.u-szeged.hu: Arad r\u00f6vid t\u00f6rt\u00e9nete|http:\/\/acta.bibl.u-szeged.hu\/4976\/1\/belvedere_2004_007_008_035-040.pdf"},"language":"en","region":"romania","regionid":4,"offer":[{"id":"112","settlement_HU":"Szal\u00e1rd","settlement_LO":"S\u0103lard","gps_lat":"47.2378340000","gps_long":"22.0440240000","cond":"6","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Utilizator:Grossecali at ro.wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0 <http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Cetatea_Adorjan_Salard.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022256\u0022 alt=\u0022Cetatea Adorjan Salard\u0022 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